Colloid displacement lithography is proving to be very effective in the designing of nanometer scale electronic devices. Precise control of the structure of matter at the nanometer scale has brought a revolutionary change in science and technology. The use of these nanometer scale devices ranges from the diagnosis of various diseases to cell repair to ultra strong materials. This research focused on optimizing the conditions for gold colloid particle adsorption for colloid displacement lithography, an expansion on gold colloid particle manipulation techniques using a scanned probe microscope. The system consists of a scrupulously cleaned glass surface that is coated with poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) and then with 5- or 10- nm gold colloid particles. The optimum conditions include the use of very low molecular weight PDDA (Avg MW <100,000 g/mol) or low molecular weight PDDA (Avg MW 100,000-200,000 g/mol) with an exposure time to the glass substrate of 120 to 150 minutes. This is then followed by a 24-hour exposure to the colloid solution. An atomic force microscope (AFM) is used to pattern the thus prepared colloid coated slides. In this work a variety of salts are used as potential blocking agents to prevent or modify the colloid adsorption. These include potassium iodide, potassium bromide, potassium chloride, sodium fluoride, sodiumsulfate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phthalate, and sodium citrate. In summary, the following were found as a result of this work: The optimum conditions that lead to efficient patterning are: Low molecular weight PDDA with a coating time of 120 to 150 minutes. Exposure to 5-nm gold colloid for 24 hours The most interesting potential blocking agents are the phosphate, sulfate and citrate salts, as they show some potential for modifying the adsorption of the gold colloids on the PDDA. The dispersion of the colloid particles on the PDDA does not change when using the potential blocking agents compared to direct adsorption on the unmodified PDDA layer. The use of the potential blocking agents reduces the force required to pattern by a factor of 100 to 300.

An experimental study was conducted to explore the possible application of dynamically actuated nanowires to effectively disturb the wall layer in fully developed, turbulent channel flow. Actuated nanowires have the potential to be used for the mixing and filtering of chemicals, enhancing convective heat transfer and reducing drag. The first experimental evidence is presented suggesting it is possible to manipulate and subsequently control turbulent flow structures with active nanowires. An array of rigid, ultra-long (40 μm) TiO2 nanowires was fabricated and installed in the bounding wall of turbulent channel flow then oscillated using an attached piezoelectric actuator. Flow velocity and variance measurements were taken using a single sensor hot-wire with results indicating the nanowire array significantly influenced the flow by increasing the turbulent kinetic energy through the entire wall layer.