The problem with narcotics is one of Sweden’s biggest social problems. Statistics shows that the number of narcotic related deaths and the numbers of heavy drug users are increasing. The present narcotic policy has been questioned due to this increase. As a social worker you meet drug users on a daily basis. A possible review of the current law requires that the social workers are well knowledgeable in order to take part in the debate. To be able to discuss new political directions you need to have knowledge about the history. The purpose with this dissertation is to understand the Swedish social political ideas that resulted in the 1968’s narcotic penalty law. This dissertation has a social constructive perspective and in the analysis has the labeling theiry been applied. As a method a document analysis has been used. The material has mainly been Parliamentary protocols and SOU-investigations. An analysis of the contents was made when the material was read. The younger drug users, the increasing consumption, the drug users groups and the illegal drug traffic was main factors that influenced the social political thought and ideas that lead to the 1968’s narcotic penalty law. Author: Emma Porsblad Käll Title: The social policy discussion that laid the ground for the narcotic law 1968. (Translated title) Supervisor: Erik Wångmar, University lecture by the institute of civics by Växjö University. Assessor: Torbjörn Hjort, University lecture by the institute of healthscience and social work by Växjö University. Key words: Social policy, narcotics, social history, and law-drafting board. 2

<p>The problem with narcotics is one of Sweden’s biggest social problems. Statistics shows that</p><p>the number of narcotic related deaths and the numbers of heavy drug users are increasing. The</p><p>present narcotic policy has been questioned due to this increase. As a social worker you meet</p><p>drug users on a daily basis. A possible review of the current law requires that the social</p><p>workers are well knowledgeable in order to take part in the debate. To be able to discuss new</p><p>political directions you need to have knowledge about the history. The purpose with this</p><p>dissertation is to understand the Swedish social political ideas that resulted in the 1968’s</p><p>narcotic penalty law. This dissertation has a social constructive perspective and in the analysis</p><p>has the labeling theiry been applied. As a method a document analysis has been used. The</p><p>material has mainly been Parliamentary protocols and SOU-investigations. An analysis of the</p><p>contents was made when the material was read. The younger drug users, the increasing</p><p>consumption, the drug users groups and the illegal drug traffic was main factors that</p><p>influenced the social political thought and ideas that lead to the 1968’s narcotic penalty law.</p><p>Author: Emma Porsblad Käll</p><p>Title: The social policy discussion that laid the ground for the</p><p>narcotic law 1968. (Translated title)</p><p>Supervisor: Erik Wångmar, University lecture by the institute of civics by</p><p>Växjö University.</p><p>Assessor: Torbjörn Hjort, University lecture by the institute of healthscience</p><p>and social work by Växjö University.</p><p>Key words: Social policy, narcotics, social history, and law-drafting board.</p><p>2</p>

published_or_final_version / Sociology / Master / Master of Social Sciences

An Attitude Survey consisting of 70 variables was administered to 1007 Indiana high school students. This sample came from public, parochial, and private schools. The survey was designed to investigate the backgrounds, attitudes, and personality characteristics of the high school drug user.Significant correlates of high school drug use were: sex, age, and grade in school, mother working outside the home, lack of closeness to family members, and parental drinking, smoking, and medicating habits. Users tended to identify strongly with their peers and depend upon them. They generally exhibited a negative attitude toward school and authority, a pessimistic assessment of life in general and of their own futures, and a positive evaluation of the effects of drugs.The high school drug user’s personality was marked by: depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, self-seeking, and a lack of religiosity. They also combined multiple personal worries and fears with few effective coping mechanisms.

Drug Consumption Rooms (DCRs), where injecting drug users (IDUs) can use pre-obtained drugs in a hygienic and professionally supervised low threshold setting, aim to engage high risk IDUs, reduce public drug use, injecting-related morbidity and mortality, and improve access to drug treatment. This thesis evaluates the service demand, accessibility, utilisation, and coverage of Australia???s first DCR, the Sydney Medically Supervised Injecting Centre (MSIC), located in an area with a history of illegal shooting gallery operation. MSIC impact on injecting practices and injecting related health, and referral to drug treatment were also examined. Methods included cross-sectional IDU surveys, key informant interviews, staff focus groups, analysis of client registration and surveillance data and routinely collected data on needles and syringes - including multiple indirect prevalence estimation, and prospective follow-up of MSIC referrals. Shooting gallery users expressed demand for and willingness to use the MSIC. Injecting episodes previously occurring in shooting galleries appear to have been transferred to the MSIC, although shooting galleries continued to operate at a reduced level. The MSIC service model was accessible, with few refusals of entry, high levels of client satisfaction and limited non-use for reasons relating to the model. MSIC engaged high risk IDUs - regular injectors, sex workers, and those injecting in public places and shooting galleries - who were also more likely to be frequent attendees. MSIC clients were more likely than other IDUs to inject in public places and shooting galleries, be HCV seropositive, have riskier injecting practices and more severe injecting related health problems. MSIC achieved good coverage of the local IDU population (70.7%, range 59.1%-86.7%) and modest coverage of their estimated total injecting episodes during its operating hours (8.8%, range 7.3%-10.8%). MSIC use was associated with improvements in injecting practices and health. Frequent MSIC use was also associated with higher rates of referral to drug treatment than less frequent use. Drug treatment referral uptake was positively associated with a recent history of daily injection and sex work and negatively associated with a lifetime history of psychiatric treatment and/or self harm. This research was confounded by substantial changes in heroin availability during the study period but provides new evidence on DCR coverage, impact on injecting practices and health, and referral to drug treatment. Implications for future research are discussed.

Drug Consumption Rooms (DCRs), where injecting drug users (IDUs) can use pre-obtained drugs in a hygienic and professionally supervised low threshold setting, aim to engage high risk IDUs, reduce public drug use, injecting-related morbidity and mortality, and improve access to drug treatment. This thesis evaluates the service demand, accessibility, utilisation, and coverage of Australia???s first DCR, the Sydney Medically Supervised Injecting Centre (MSIC), located in an area with a history of illegal shooting gallery operation. MSIC impact on injecting practices and injecting related health, and referral to drug treatment were also examined. Methods included cross-sectional IDU surveys, key informant interviews, staff focus groups, analysis of client registration and surveillance data and routinely collected data on needles and syringes - including multiple indirect prevalence estimation, and prospective follow-up of MSIC referrals. Shooting gallery users expressed demand for and willingness to use the MSIC. Injecting episodes previously occurring in shooting galleries appear to have been transferred to the MSIC, although shooting galleries continued to operate at a reduced level. The MSIC service model was accessible, with few refusals of entry, high levels of client satisfaction and limited non-use for reasons relating to the model. MSIC engaged high risk IDUs - regular injectors, sex workers, and those injecting in public places and shooting galleries - who were also more likely to be frequent attendees. MSIC clients were more likely than other IDUs to inject in public places and shooting galleries, be HCV seropositive, have riskier injecting practices and more severe injecting related health problems. MSIC achieved good coverage of the local IDU population (70.7%, range 59.1%-86.7%) and modest coverage of their estimated total injecting episodes during its operating hours (8.8%, range 7.3%-10.8%). MSIC use was associated with improvements in injecting practices and health. Frequent MSIC use was also associated with higher rates of referral to drug treatment than less frequent use. Drug treatment referral uptake was positively associated with a recent history of daily injection and sex work and negatively associated with a lifetime history of psychiatric treatment and/or self harm. This research was confounded by substantial changes in heroin availability during the study period but provides new evidence on DCR coverage, impact on injecting practices and health, and referral to drug treatment. Implications for future research are discussed.

Drug Consumption Rooms (DCRs), where injecting drug users (IDUs) can use pre-obtained drugs in a hygienic and professionally supervised low threshold setting, aim to engage high risk IDUs, reduce public drug use, injecting-related morbidity and mortality, and improve access to drug treatment. This thesis evaluates the service demand, accessibility, utilisation, and coverage of Australia???s first DCR, the Sydney Medically Supervised Injecting Centre (MSIC), located in an area with a history of illegal shooting gallery operation. MSIC impact on injecting practices and injecting related health, and referral to drug treatment were also examined. Methods included cross-sectional IDU surveys, key informant interviews, staff focus groups, analysis of client registration and surveillance data and routinely collected data on needles and syringes - including multiple indirect prevalence estimation, and prospective follow-up of MSIC referrals. Shooting gallery users expressed demand for and willingness to use the MSIC. Injecting episodes previously occurring in shooting galleries appear to have been transferred to the MSIC, although shooting galleries continued to operate at a reduced level. The MSIC service model was accessible, with few refusals of entry, high levels of client satisfaction and limited non-use for reasons relating to the model. MSIC engaged high risk IDUs - regular injectors, sex workers, and those injecting in public places and shooting galleries - who were also more likely to be frequent attendees. MSIC clients were more likely than other IDUs to inject in public places and shooting galleries, be HCV seropositive, have riskier injecting practices and more severe injecting related health problems. MSIC achieved good coverage of the local IDU population (70.7%, range 59.1%-86.7%) and modest coverage of their estimated total injecting episodes during its operating hours (8.8%, range 7.3%-10.8%). MSIC use was associated with improvements in injecting practices and health. Frequent MSIC use was also associated with higher rates of referral to drug treatment than less frequent use. Drug treatment referral uptake was positively associated with a recent history of daily injection and sex work and negatively associated with a lifetime history of psychiatric treatment and/or self harm. This research was confounded by substantial changes in heroin availability during the study period but provides new evidence on DCR coverage, impact on injecting practices and health, and referral to drug treatment. Implications for future research are discussed.

Thesis (M. Soc. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho problematiza um tipo específico de racionalidade que emergiu nos fins do século XIX e avançou no século XX, implicando na constituição de uma política mundial destinada à regulamentação de determinadas substâncias psicoativas. Tais práticas foram possíveis em virtude de uma produção discursiva cujos enunciados médico-sanitários reivindicavam a intervenção dos Estados Nacionais em assegurar a saúde coletiva. No caso do uso de psicoativos, tais discursos fizeram emergir uma série de tratados internacionais, leis nacionais, normas e regulações que modificaram o comércio e os hábitos de consumo de tais substâncias, criminalizando qualquer uso que não estivesse de acordo com a legislação vigente. O recorte que esta dissertação procura fazer tem por foco analisar como esse processo se deu no Brasil, mais especificamente a partir da criação da Comissão Nacional de Fiscalização de Entorpecentes CNFE, organização esta de caráter governamental, que após sua criação passou a centralizar as políticas sociais sobre drogas no país. A CNFE foi constituída por meio do Decreto-Lei n 780em 28 de abril de 1936, vinculada ao Ministério das Relações Exteriores em conjunto com o Departamento Nacional de Saúde, através do Serviço de Fiscalização do Exercício Profissional. Neste caso, utilizando a documentação encontrada no Arquivo Histórico do Itamaraty, na Biblioteca de Saúde Pública da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisa e Documentação da Fundação Getúlio Vargas, dentre outras. Procurei delimitar esta pesquisa nos primeiros dez anos de atuação da Comissão, isto é, entre 1936 e 1946, para tanto, utilizo como instrumento de análise teórico-metodológico duas noções que serviram às reflexões do pensador francês Michel Foucault; biopolítica e governamentalidade. Desta forma, procuro acionar tais noções para localizar as estratégias de poder que culminaram na governamentalização do Estado voltadas para a gestão da vida das populações, tendo como pano de fundo os interditos das políticas sociais sobre drogas. / This research aims to put in doubt a specific sort of rationality that began and made progress between the end of the nineteenth century and the early twentieth century, implying a world-wide policy for some psychoactive substances regulation. That was possible due to discursive production composed by medical and sanitary statements that claimed the action of National States in order to ensure collective health. In terms of psychoactive drugs, that discourse has resulted in a series of international treaties, national laws, rules and regulations that changed the sale and use of those substances and criminalized any use that was not according to the current legislation. At this point, the dissertation focus on the study of this process in Brazil, more specifically from the creation of ComissãoNacional de Fiscalização de Entorpecentes CNFE (National Narcotic Control Commission), a governmental organization that concentrates social policies about drugs in the country. CNFE was set up by decree law 780 on April 28, 1936, linked to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs together with National Department of Health, through Professional Exercise Supervision Service. In this case, using documents found in Itamaraty Historical Archives, in Public Health Library of Oswaldo Cruz Foundation and in Center for Research and Documentation of Getulio Vargas Foundation , among others, I have attempted to focus this research in the first ten years following the Commission creation, between 1936 and 1946. Therefore, I have used, as theoretical and methodological analysis tool, two concepts that helped French philosopher Michel Foulcault thoughts; biopolitics and governmentality. Thus, I try to use those concepts in order to find the power strategies that have led up to the Governmentalization of the State and have been directed to the management of peoples life, all this against the background of interdiction from social policies about drugs.