It is of continual topicality to understand the interaction between the stock market and the house market as they are central parts of the economy and important resources and investment alternatives for both households and firms. Hence, these two markets can be crucial for consumers and investors and consequently economic growth. With a focus on Sweden and Sweden's three largest cities, we examine the relationship between house prices and stock prices by including GDP, inflation and the repo rate over the period 1994-2018. We examine this by using time series analysis and investigating both the short and long run relationship by mainly focusing how the causal link looks like based on the theories of wealth effect and credit-price effect. Our results show a negative long run relationship in Sweden indicating that an increase in house prices decreases stock prices, and for the short run there is evidence of the credit-price effect. For Stockholm, we found a positive bidirectional long run relationship and a bidirectional causality was also confirmed for the short run. For Gothenburg, we find a negative long run relationship where an increase in stock prices decreases house prices, however there is no evidence of a causal relationship in the short run. For Malmö we find a positive long run relationship that goes from stock prices to house prices and the reverse causation is found for the short run demonstrating the credit-price effect. Although we find that these markets have a relationship, we still argue that they are relatively separated and that investors can diversify over these assets because of the low values our results show. Keywords: house prices, stock prices, Sweden, wealth effect, credit-price effect / Det är av ständig aktualitet att förstå samspelet mellan aktiemarknaden och husmarknaden eftersom de är centrala delar av ekonomin och viktiga resurser och investeringsalternativ för både hushåll och företag. Följaktligen kan dessa två marknader vara avgörande för konsumenter, investerare och därmed ekonomisk tillväxt. Med fokus på Sveriges och Sveriges tre största städer undersöker vi relationen mellan huspriser och aktiepriser genom att inkludera BNP, inflation och reporäntan över perioden 1994–2018. Vi utvärderar detta genom att använda tidsserieanalys och undersöker både den kortsiktiga och långsiktiga relationen, genom att i huvudsak fokusera på hur orsakssambandet ser ut baserat på teorierna inkomsteffekten och kredit-pris effekten. Våra resultat visar en negativ långsiktig relation i Sverige som indikerar att en ökning i huspriser orsakar en minskning aktiepriser och på kort sikt finner vi bevis för kredit-pris effekten. För Stockholm finner vi en positiv långsiktig relation som är dubbelriktat och en dubbelriktad kausalitet bekräftades även för kort sikt. För Göteborg finner vi en negativ långsiktig relation där en ökning av aktiepriserna minskar huspriserna, dock fann vi inga bevis för ett orsakssamband på kort sikt. För Malmö finner vi ett positivt långsiktigt relation som går från aktiepriser till huspriser och det omvända orsakssambandet hittar vi på kort sikt som tyder på kredit-pris effekten. Trots att vi kommer fram till att dessa marknader har en relation så argumenterar vi ändå för att de är relativt separerade och att investerare kan diversifiera över dessa tillgångar på grund av de låga värden våra resultat visar. Nyckelord: huspriser, aktiepriser, Sverige, inkomsteffekten, kredit-pris effekten

Many researchers have empirically and theoretically tried to model and explain the difference in wages that exists between males and female. Recurring justifications for wage differences between males and female is an obsolete view of females, discrimination and female’s choice of occupation. Females have begun to enter previous male-dominated businesses and female have entered previous male-dominated educations. Previous research has focused on wage differences between males and female as a whole in the labor market, hence it is of interest in this thesis to study how the wage difference looks in different labor market segments. The segments chosen for this study are female- and male-dominated activities. The purpose of this study is to contribute with an increased understanding of the wage distribution between males and females in female and male-dominated activities and to investigate how large a proportion of the pay gap that can be viewed as objective. Below, the study's questions are presented: ●How large is the wage difference on average between females and males in female- and male-dominated activities? ●How much of the pay gap between men and women in female- and male-dominated activities can be explained by the variables included in this study? The method used in this study was a regression between the dependent variable “wage differences between men and women” and "male-dominated activity", "education level", "average salary" and "estimated work experience (age)". The study consisted of 330 observations. The result of the study is that male on average have 11.3 % higher pay than females, and in male-dominated businesses males have an average salary of 5.18 % higher than females and finally in female-dominated activities males have 1.16 % higher pay than females. Furthermore, the control variables indicated that approximately 26 % of the pay gap between male and female in female and male-dominated activities is objective with a level of significance of at least 5 %.

This thesis provides a discussion and analysis of the factors that influence real estate return. The result is a combination of capital growth and rental profit, which are affected predominantly by changing location values, leverage, interest rates, and property use. These are analysed separately and brought together with formulas for calculating the total return, and demonstrations for how this return may be affected by changes in the underlying parameters.

Uppsatsen ämnar analysera hur antal förskrivna smärtstillande läkemedel utvecklats över tid, till följd av avregleringen av apoteksmonopolet. Uppsatsen undersöker även regionala-respektive genusskillnader vid förskrivning av smärtstillande läkemedel. Datamaterialet avser åren 2006–2017 och är uppdelat på länsnivå. Antal förskrivna smärtstillande läkemedel per capita är den beroende variabeln och förklaras av utbildningsnivå, andel utrikesfödda personer, korttidsarbetslöshet, långtidsarbetslöshet och inkomst. Resultatet visar att antal förskrivna smärtstillande läkemedel ökat sedan avregleringen, dessutom förekommer både regionala och genusskillnader där kvinnor förskrivs betydligt mer smärtstillande läkemedel än män.

Problem background: Swedish savings in mutual funds have increased by 53 times in 30 years, to a total of 3 837 billion kronor, where of a large share is through the Swedish pension system. A growing share of this capitalis invested in socially responsible investment products, where a popular approach is to use a negative screening to exclude companies based on ethical values. Problem statement: Are there any effects in terms of risk and return when investmentsare made using a negative screening for unethical companies? Arethere any differences during turbulent market conditions? Theory: This study is using Modern Portfolio Theory, pioneered by Harry Markowitz. It will be used to optimize and identify efficient portfolio based on expected return and risk under the assumption of a risk averse investor. The key is to minimize portfolio risk through diversification with low correlated assets, for each level of return. Methodology: I have used a deductive method with a quantitative approach. Using Bootstrap, a replication procedure with replacements, 4 000 optimal portfolios have been created from underlying holdings of OMX S30 Index and its corresponding ethical index, from two sets of market volatility. Paired sample t-tests have been performed to test for hypothesis significance. Result: There is a significant difference of risk-adjusted return using negative screening, regardless of market volatility. The risk adjusted return is relatively worse for ethical investments during high market volatility. Conclusions: The reduction of asset through negative screening, is a loss of potential risk-adjusted return because of diminishing diversification opportunities. Adjustments made to optimize ethical portfolios can attain at least as high optimal return but are instead penalized witha relatively higher expected risk.

This study investigates if there is a significant Phillips curve correlation and if the tradeoff changed during the financial crisis of 2008 in countries such as Sweden, Austria and Belgium. It tries to find the evidence for a change in the tradeoff using a time series regression model. The study will first go through the different modifications that has been done to the Phillips curve and how the theory has evolved since it was originally theorized. After that the data that was used in the regression is examined and evaluated. The regression on the Phillips curve that follows is done in two ways, first on a Phillips curve with backward-looking inflation expectations and then a regression with anchored inflation expectations. The results are ambiguous since the regression only found significance for a tradeoff in the Phillips curve with the anchored inflation expectations and not for the backward-looking inflation expectations model which is the more conventional model to use. If we follow the model with the anchored expectations we can see that the tradeoff does exist and that it was strengthened by the financial crash of 2008 in Belgium and Austria. In Sweden however, the only results the regression provided is that a significant Phillips curve correlation is present in the economy.

The purpose of this thesis is to test whether an active trading strategy using historical alpha values (a measure of risk-adjusted excess returns) for stocks can be used to achieve positive risk-adjusted profits. To do so, data on stocks in the Dow Jones Industrial Average and the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index from 1997 to 2018 are used to estimate the market model, using GARCH and TGARCH. Three kinds of portfolios are evaluated: portfolios to be held long, consisting of stocks with historical alpha values estimated to be larger than zero; portfolios to be held short, consisting of stocks with historical alpha values estimated to be less than zero; and self-financing portfolios, where stocks that have positive historical risk-adjusted returns are held long but stocks that have historical negative risk-adjusted returns are held short. The results of this study indicate that this trading strategy does not systematically “beat the market”.

Even though Bangladesh has made progress towards reaching some of the Millennium  Development  Goals (MDGs), it is still a major challenge for the government to further reduce poverty and improve human developments,  in particular achieving a 100 percent primary-school completion rate. As foreign aid is declining, resources need to be mobilized either by taxation or borrowing. Each funding option has drawbacks so it is important when government now chooses how to proceed to have an apprehension of the tradeoffs involved. Also issues arise in whether the composition of public spending should lean towards investment in human capital or infrastructural capital. In this paper, we apply the MAMS computable general equilibrium model developed by the World Bank to do a retrospective analysis study comparing a baseline scenario that mimics the actual development during the period 2005 - 2015 with four counterfactual scenarios in which the four most important MDG targets (education, child mortality, maternal mortality, water and sanitation) are achieved, based on either taxation, foreign borrowing, aid or domestic borrowing. Further, we compare the baseline with three public spending reallocation scenarios.  We find that full achievement of these goals would have led to a GDP loss of 17 percent and 10 percent from domestic borrowing or taxation, respectively. For public spending composition we find that the marginal impact on achievement of the targets from reallocating public spending from infrastructure investment to human development sectors in Bangladesh is small.

This aims to study how spending per student in primaryschool differs between all the 290 Swedish municipalities. Furthermore, it examines what factors effect how much is spent per student and what implications this has from an equality standpoint. The report used a cross-sectional data from 2016 and analysed the results using the OLS method. A number of variables were chosen based on earlier research. The results show that main variables that affect spending are tax, population, number of students per teacher, percentage children in the municipality and population density. The changes in spending results in that some students are allocated more resources than others and this could have consequences from an equality standpoint. However, overall the spending per student seems to be based more on factors that the municipality can’t control and less on individuals preferences.

This paper investigates the factors behind what determine household saving behaviour. Observing the persistence differences of household saving ratio in OECD countries, serves as the base for the empirical study. Taking stance from economic theory and previous papers to formulate the method and likely explanatory variables suitable for this study, a model is specified based on the theoretical and empirical discussions. The result of the empirical analysis estimation finds that the explanatory variables accomplish to explain some of the household saving behaviour. Confirming and expanding on the discussion on the theoretical and empirical discussions. Factors such as uncertainty and fiscal policy are found to have a significant effect on household saving, while failing to prove other established determinants, like demographic factors. Among other included factors considered.