This essay examines whether an investment in tertiary education in mid-age increase the probability to remain in the labor market after age 65 in Sweden. In addition, we analyze whether there is any difference in the probability to continue work after 65 if individuals choose to invest in tertiary education in mid-age or in any other age. This study utilizes already existing data that is a combination of a questionnaire survey and Swedish register data. In the sample there are 5235 individuals who are retired and 881 who are still in the labor market, born between 1938 and 1949. The implemented method is a linear probability model to obtain mean marginal effect. The results indicate that individuals who invested in tertiary education in mid-age have a higher probability to remain in the labor market after 65 than individuals with no tertiary education. There is, however, no statistically significant difference in probability depending on when they decide to invest in tertiary education.

Using panel data from 1960-2000 for 28 countries, this paper explores the relationship between inequality and economic growth.To mitigate the problem of endogeneity, dynamic panel data estimation technique such as difference GMM was used. Estimated results showed positive significant relationship in short to medium term between income inequality and economic growth. The results are robust to sensitivity analysis when the estimation was carried out by running the regression on sub samples to check if the sample selection influnces the results. The results obtained in this study oppose the common belief that growthwill increase by bringing down inequality.

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The cost of heating a house can be a large recurring cost for homeowners and rational buyers should capitalize this expense into the price they are willing to pay. I utilize hedonic price regressions to investigate if differences in heating costs are reflected in sales prices in the way theory would expect. I find that an increase in yearly heating expense is associated with a decrease in sales price ten times greater, this implies a capitalization rate of 30-50% under reasonable assumptions. These results are similar to or slightly lower than previous literature. Low capitalization of energy expense means that individuals are unlikely to invest in green home upgrades even when the net present value is positive.

I denna uppsats har effekterna av att öka inslaget av sibirisk lärk i det norrbottniska skogslandskapet studerats. Detta har undersökts genom en kostnads-nyttoanalys där konsekvenserna av att komplementera delar av de bestånd som idag beskogas av referensträdslagen tall och gran med sibirisk lärk. För att testa resultatets känslighet har tre diskonteringsräntor tillämpats: 1,5 procent, 2 procent samt 2,5 procent. Studien fann att det är en marginell skillnad i lönsamhet när sibirisk lärk jämförs med tall, gentemot gran så var dock de ekonomiska incitamenten starka för markägare att välja sibirisk lärk vid föryngring på granmark. Det samhällsekonomiska värdet av detta projekt har i de flesta scenarion vara positivt, det är dock möjligt att projektet skulle komma att visa sig vara förlustbringande om sibirisk lärks naturvärde och dess massaved bedöms vara av lågt värde och det går därmed inte att entydigt hävda att en subventionering av sibirisk lärk är samhällsekonomiskt rationell.

Den globala finanskrisen som startade år 2007 har lett till skärpta regleringar av banker. De internationella standarderna för bankregleringar beslutas av Baselkommittén. När den finansiella krisen bröt ut var Basel II det rådande regelverket. Det visade sig inte vara tillräcklig då bankerna bland annat hade för lite kapital för de risker de exponerades mot. Detta resulterade i att Baselkommittén reviderade det andra regelverket och Basel III antogs. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka om det ser ut som att regelverken har fungerat genom att undersöka europeiska bankers skuldsättningsgrad samt lönsamhet för två olika tidsperioder. Den första perioden avser det andra regelverket och den andra perioden avser det tredje regelverket. Lönsamhetsmåtten som undersöks är vinstmarginal och räntemarginal. Uppsatsen grundar sig i resonemanget att en ökning av kapitalet, som regleringen har som syfte att öka, bör bidrar till att vinstmarginalerna minskar eftersom det egna kapitalet utgör säkra tillgångar som inte har samma avkastning som mer riskfyllda tillgångar. Bankerna kan dock försöka höja sina utlåningsräntor för att öka sina intäkter. Resultatet visar att det finns en signifikant minskning mellan den första och andra perioden för de flesta nyckeltal som har studerats sett till alla länder som är med i studien. Detta resultat visar att det ser ut som att det tredje regelverket fungerar. Sett till bankerna i eurokrisländer finns det ingen signifikant skillnad mellan perioderna för skuldsättningsgraden. Detta är överraskande i och med att det blev tydligt under eurokrisen att banker i dessa länder hade för lite reserver. Korrelationen mellan de olika nyckeltalen är låga vilket har lett till att resonemanget om att alla dessa nyckeltal påverkar varandra inte kan påvisas statistiskt. / The global financial crisis that started in 2007 led to stricter banking regulations. The international standards for bank regulations are established by the Basel Committee. Basel II was the prevailing regulatory framework when the financial crisis started. During this period banks held too little capital for the risks they were exposed to and the regulation was therefore insufficient. This resulted in the Basel Committee revising the second regulation and Basel III was adopted.The aim of this paper is to investigate whether the regulations has had sufficient and statistically significant impact on the banks. The hypothesis is tested by examining European banks debt-equity ratio and profitability for two different time periods. The first period refers to the second regulation and the second period refers to the third regulation. The profitability measures that are examined is profit margin and interest margin. The paper is based on the reasoning that an increase in capital, which the regulation has as its main purpose to increase, should contribute to a reduction in profit margins due to that equity constitutes of safe assets that does not have the same return as more risky assets. Banks can however try to raise their lending rates to increase their revenues. The results imply that there is a significant decrease in the value of most of the key figures between the first and second period for the study that included all countries. Given the results it can be concluded that the third regulation appears to work. The authors also conclude that there is no significant difference in the debt-equity ratio between the periods for countries involved in the euro crises. This result is surprising since it became clear that banks in these countries during the euro crisis had lacked reserves. The low correlation between the key figures implies that the reasoning that all the ratios affect each other cannot be proved statistically.

The aim of this study is to estimate the efficiency of increased access made on the non- prescriptive drug market, explicitly the painkiller market. In 2009 the Swedish government chose to cease the monopoly on the pharmacy market and also allowed regular stores to sell some non-prescriptive drugs. To assess the efficiency of these two reforms, I will investigate how the access of painkillers has changed for the individual and if this could have an impact on health. I will use a fixed effects model, including county- and year fixed effects, with the access per 100,000 people as explanatory variable and estimate the effect of outcomes such as sales, intoxication, asthma, ADHD prescriptions and doctors visits. This study finds no effect of increased access on consumption or health, although the access of painkillers has unambiguously increased after 2009.

Every year English waste is exported to Sweden for treatment, the waste type is called Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF). Instead of being landfilled in England, the exported RDF is used as an input fuel in Swedish incineration plants to generate heat and electricity. In Sweden the RDF trade has been criticized for being immoral and causing unnecessary CO2-emissions due to shipping, hence calls has been raised for a ban on RDF imports. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate whether a continued free market policy or a banning policy is the preferable from an economic efficiency perspective. Under the free market policy scenario I evaluate costs and benefits accruing due to incineration of RDF in Sweden. Similarly, under the banning policy scenario I evaluate costs and benefits impacting Sweden when the English RDF instead is landfilled in England. Costs and benefits under each policy scenario are summarized in a net social cost estimate. Main analysis results suggest the net social cost of the free market policy scenario to -577 SEK2018/tonneRDF and the banning policy (English landfilling) to 381 SEK2018/tonneRDF. Thus, the cost of adopting a banning policy is 9582018/tonneRDF potentially no longer exported to Sweden due to a ban. Results are sensitive to a range of assumptions, however the free market policy scenario stay preferable under all conducted sensitivity tests.

Pakistan, India and Bangladesh are part of the developing countries in the world. These countries are continuously working hard and discovering different alternates to overcome its problems. The main objective of these south Asian countries is to stand among those countries which are considered to be developed. In my thesis I am pursuing trade as my main subject. Export is extensive issue and can affect the economy of any country in many ways. In trade I will opt for that portion, which is playing vital role in Pakistan, India and Bangladesh’s economy and affecting the economy in a severe way. I decided to focus on the two sector model to know about productivity differential between the export and non export sectors of these countries. To find out how much export, labor and investment contributes to gross domestic product within the period of 1962-2016 for Pakistan and India and 1971-2016 for Bangladesh. After working on these matter I reached to my results and I found that productivity differential between the export and non-export sectors is positive and statistically significant. I also concluded that labor force, weighted export and investment to GDP contribute positively to economic growth in these countries.