Thesis--Freiburg i. Br. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 5-12) and index.

O objetivo da pesquisa, Romanidade em Plínio, o Antigo, e a Naturalis Historia como um projeto político-pedagógico, consiste em analisar a Naturalis Historia (49-77 d.C.) como um discurso produzido dentro de um contexto sócio-histórico, onde Plínio, o Antigo (23-79 d.C.), reelaborou, baseado na tradição latina e grega, um ideal de romanidade, e ler esta romanidade a partir da problemática das identidades no mundo antigo greco-romano. No século I, num Império cada vez mais multicultural e multiétnico, a Pax proporcionada pela ascensão do governo de Vespasiano (69-79 d.C.), da dinastia dos Flávios, ampliou um processo de romanização do qual Plínio participou como intelectual e funcionário do círculo do poder, apresentando a Naturalis Historia como um thesauros ou memória, romano-itálica e grega, da grandeza de Roma e do Império. Nossa hipótese propõe a leitura integral da Naturalis Historia - enfatizando a análise do prefácio e dos livros 2 e 33 até 37 da História Natural - como um projeto político-pedagógico ou ideológico de Plínio, onde a romanidade pode ser lida como uma noção de identidade em Plínio, que se apresenta como supraétnica ou como modelo ideal de conduta imperial: política, econômica, social, cultural e moral. Através do discurso de Plínio, suas fontes e retórica de escrita e leitura ou de perspectivas de alcance do seu texto, de um ideal de romanitas e humanitas latinas, do contexto histórico de elaboração da obra e das teorias modernas sobre as identidades sociais no mundo antigo, propomos refletir sobre a romanidade como uma ideia de identidade romana, que rehierarquizou e reordenou o mundo imperial, a partir da cidade de Roma, dos costumes, da arte grega e da corte de Vespasiano, o novo Augusto. A Naturalis Historia como Enkyklios Paideia foi portadora de um thesauros, que repropôs a importância dos valores tradicionais romanos, enquanto descreveu a contemporaneidade ou conjuntura histórica do tempo de Plínio, o Antigo, o Principado dos Júlio-claudios ao de Vespasiano, de crises, Pax e integração cada vez maior de povos diversos. / The aim of this research, Romanness in Pliny the Elder and the Natural History as a political-pedagogical project, is to analyze the Natural History (44-77 AD) as a discourse produced in a specific socio-historical context, in which Pliny the Elder (23-79 AD), based on Latin and Greek tradition, introduced a new ideal of Romanness. The research also proposes to read this Romanness vis-à-vis the issue of identity in the ancient Greco-Roman world. In the 1st century, in an increasingly multicultural and multiethnic empire, the Pax provided by the government of Vespasian (69-79 AD), of the Flavian dynasty, expanded a process of romanization in which Pliny participated as intellectual and government official. Pliny presented his Natural History as a thesaurus or memoryItalian-Roman and Greekof the Roman Empires grandeur. Our hypothesis proposes the complete reading of the Natural History (with an emphasis on the analysis of the preface and books 2 and 33 through 37) as Plinys political-pedagogical or ideological project, in which the idea of Romanness can be read as a kind of supra-ethnic identity or as an ideal model of imperial conduct: political, economic, social, cultural, and moral. We propose to look at Romanness as a notion of Roman identity that reordered and recreated hierarchies for the imperial world, starting from the city of Rome, the customs, Greek art, and the court of Vespasian, the new Augustus. For this, we take into consideration Plinys discourse, his sources, reading and writing rhetoric, and the perspectives afforded by his text, by the ideal of Latin romanitas and humanitas, the historical context of his work, and modern theories about social identities in the ancient world. The Natural History as Enkyklios Paideia was the bearer of a thesaurus that reintroduced the importance of traditional Roman values as it described the historical conjuncture of Plinys time, the principality from the Julio-Claudian to the Vespasian dynasties, crises, Pax, and the increasing integration of several peoples.

O objetivo da pesquisa, Romanidade em Plínio, o Antigo, e a Naturalis Historia como um projeto político-pedagógico, consiste em analisar a Naturalis Historia (49-77 d.C.) como um discurso produzido dentro de um contexto sócio-histórico, onde Plínio, o Antigo (23-79 d.C.), reelaborou, baseado na tradição latina e grega, um ideal de romanidade, e ler esta romanidade a partir da problemática das identidades no mundo antigo greco-romano. No século I, num Império cada vez mais multicultural e multiétnico, a Pax proporcionada pela ascensão do governo de Vespasiano (69-79 d.C.), da dinastia dos Flávios, ampliou um processo de romanização do qual Plínio participou como intelectual e funcionário do círculo do poder, apresentando a Naturalis Historia como um thesauros ou memória, romano-itálica e grega, da grandeza de Roma e do Império. Nossa hipótese propõe a leitura integral da Naturalis Historia - enfatizando a análise do prefácio e dos livros 2 e 33 até 37 da História Natural - como um projeto político-pedagógico ou ideológico de Plínio, onde a romanidade pode ser lida como uma noção de identidade em Plínio, que se apresenta como supraétnica ou como modelo ideal de conduta imperial: política, econômica, social, cultural e moral. Através do discurso de Plínio, suas fontes e retórica de escrita e leitura ou de perspectivas de alcance do seu texto, de um ideal de romanitas e humanitas latinas, do contexto histórico de elaboração da obra e das teorias modernas sobre as identidades sociais no mundo antigo, propomos refletir sobre a romanidade como uma ideia de identidade romana, que rehierarquizou e reordenou o mundo imperial, a partir da cidade de Roma, dos costumes, da arte grega e da corte de Vespasiano, o novo Augusto. A Naturalis Historia como Enkyklios Paideia foi portadora de um thesauros, que repropôs a importância dos valores tradicionais romanos, enquanto descreveu a contemporaneidade ou conjuntura histórica do tempo de Plínio, o Antigo, o Principado dos Júlio-claudios ao de Vespasiano, de crises, Pax e integração cada vez maior de povos diversos. / The aim of this research, Romanness in Pliny the Elder and the Natural History as a political-pedagogical project, is to analyze the Natural History (44-77 AD) as a discourse produced in a specific socio-historical context, in which Pliny the Elder (23-79 AD), based on Latin and Greek tradition, introduced a new ideal of Romanness. The research also proposes to read this Romanness vis-à-vis the issue of identity in the ancient Greco-Roman world. In the 1st century, in an increasingly multicultural and multiethnic empire, the Pax provided by the government of Vespasian (69-79 AD), of the Flavian dynasty, expanded a process of romanization in which Pliny participated as intellectual and government official. Pliny presented his Natural History as a thesaurus or memoryItalian-Roman and Greekof the Roman Empires grandeur. Our hypothesis proposes the complete reading of the Natural History (with an emphasis on the analysis of the preface and books 2 and 33 through 37) as Plinys political-pedagogical or ideological project, in which the idea of Romanness can be read as a kind of supra-ethnic identity or as an ideal model of imperial conduct: political, economic, social, cultural, and moral. We propose to look at Romanness as a notion of Roman identity that reordered and recreated hierarchies for the imperial world, starting from the city of Rome, the customs, Greek art, and the court of Vespasian, the new Augustus. For this, we take into consideration Plinys discourse, his sources, reading and writing rhetoric, and the perspectives afforded by his text, by the ideal of Latin romanitas and humanitas, the historical context of his work, and modern theories about social identities in the ancient world. The Natural History as Enkyklios Paideia was the bearer of a thesaurus that reintroduced the importance of traditional Roman values as it described the historical conjuncture of Plinys time, the principality from the Julio-Claudian to the Vespasian dynasties, crises, Pax, and the increasing integration of several peoples.

Thesis (doctoral)--Odense University, 1990. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 230-243) and index.

Thesis (doctoral)--Odense University, 1990. / Translated from Danish; Danish summary: p. 244-251. Includes bibliographical references (p. 230-243) and index.

In 1530, a German physician named Otto Brunfels published an herbal entitled Herbarum Vivae Eicones (Living Images of Herbs). In it, he planned to map the names of medicinal herbs known in and native to Germany onto their Greek and Latin names. Brunfels’ audience included fellow physicians and in order to assist with the identification of the herbs in his book, his publisher employed a woodcut artist to produce realistic images of them, a novelty in the genre of printed herbals. Over time, Brunfels’ work was superseded by 16th-century botanists and his legacy was relegated to the illustrations of his herbs, while his contributions to the naming and description of them were dismissed as unoriginal. However, a closer examination reveals Brunfels’ herbal as a transitional text bridging the gap between the herbal tradition and the development of the science of botany. In addition to citing Pliny the Elder as his primary authoritative influence, Brunfels also references a number of 15th-century Italian humanist scholars who were neither botanists nor physicians, but who were known for their critiques of the early printed editions of Pliny’s Historia Naturalis and even of Pliny himself as a natural history authority. Thus, Brunfels’ herbal is tied to the manuscript and printing history of Pliny and to humanist attempts to correct and stabilize his text. Moreover, in the course of his work, Brunfels encountered a number of herbs that were known to him, but whose Latin and Greek nomenclature he could not accurately identify. As a result, he was forced to describe in his own words, in original Latin, these herbae nudae with German nomenclature but with unknown Greek and Latin names. In addition, Brunfels encounters considerable disagreement among the ancient authorities about the naming and classification of other herbs and he is again forced to insert his own opinion, which he calls iudicium nostrum. I argue that Brunfels’ original Latin is a very early example of what would eventually become formal botanical Latin. Brunfels’ herbal is situated in such a way that it looks backward whilst simultaneously looking forward. It is an object of reception, appropriating terminology and methods from Pliny the Elder and from the humanist scholars who debated the quality of the printed editions of his work and the accuracy of the information provided in it. It is simultaneously the subject of reception, demonstrating a halting, hesitant vocabulary and style of Latinity that would eventually come to be identified with botany as a discipline. Chapter 1 addresses Pliny’s ideas of what constitutes knowledge (cognitio) about plants in the Historia Naturalis, via his arguments against improper nomenclature (nomina nuda) and the alignment of herbal medicine with magic (magicae herbae). Pliny’s advocacy for proper methodology (experience over book learning) is also examined. Chapter 2 turns to the manuscript tradition of Pliny’s text and the first two printed editions, in 1469 and 1470, which were corrupt and resulted in an unstable, inaccurate text. In Chapter 3, the reactions of the Italian humanists to these early printed editions are considered, along with the transition from critiques of the editors and printers to debates about inaccuracies that can be traced to Pliny himself. Chapter 4 turns to Otto Brunfels and traces his reliance on Pliny as well as on the Italian humanists, especially Ermolao Barbaro, who claimed to “heal” the errors in Pliny and stabilized his text. Brunfels’ original descriptions of herbs are also discussed. In the conclusion, Brunfels’ work is compared with that of botanists who postdated him, including Leonhard Fuchs, Kaspar Bauhin, and Karl Linnaeus.