Thesis (M.S. in Operations Research)--Naval Postgraduate School, September 1990. / Thesis Advisor(s): Weir, Maurice D. ; Hughes, Wayne P. Second Reader: Lind, Judith. "September 1990." Description based on title screen as viewed on December 29, 2009. DTIC Identifier(s): Naval warfare, mathematical models, lessons learned. Author(s) subject terms: Naval combat models, combat theory, salvo warfare, human factors in combat models. Includes bibliographical references (p. 98). Also available in print.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:41:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Luciae Maria Salorte.pdf: 3261292 bytes, checksum: ffccae6dc2e5ed88403f888c65ef7c8a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-09 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study deals on the knowledge of shipbuilding craft of the city Novo Airão /AM. Its main objective is to analyze the constituent elements the knowledge of the handicraft building of boats in the city Novo Airão/AM, finding their relationship and unity. It regards to a research with a qualitative nature which reference is the ethnographic observation method. Regarding the corpus of research, interviewed eight naval carpenters in Novo Airão / AM and two naval carpenters in Manaus/AM. The dissertation is divided into three chapters. The first chapter incides on the general characterization of the city of Novo Airão, describes about the first impressions of the researcher vis-à-vis the field of research and its implications; approaches a part of the scholarly history of Novo Airão and a part of its history invisible , narrated by carpenters of the rivers; and presents the naval carpenters as well as presents the configuration of the naval technical knowledge of these social subjects. The second chapter deals with the general history of shipbuilding on the basis of two criteria for the selection: the chronological and thematic. The third chapter deals about certain aspects related with the know-to-do of carpenters of the rivers, such as: utensils, tools and machinery used by these subjects in the construction of boats; moments of transmission of naval expertise, and the technical relationship between the knowledge of the naval builders of Novo Airão and the activities of the industrials shipyards. It also brings up the followings problematizations: the possibility of the shipbuilding craft knowledge be constituted as a tradition in the Amazon; an environmental issue organized in a discussion about environmental degradation and the acts of the subject of environmental action, the expectations of the shipbuilders in relation to their profession, and what actions have been taking place to the appreciation and dissemination of Brazilian naval heritage. The relevance of this study focuses on determined issues such as: contemplation of the theme on the expertise used in the naval craft industry the city of Novo Airão can to provide the opening of research lines that will allow the diffusion of intangible heritage of naval carpenters; the contribution to the construction of history invisible of naval carpenters, a story that has not been documented; and activation of transdisciplinarity of global knowledge and local knowledge, i.e., the interconnection of knowledge based on the fairness and the symbiosis of the speeches and practices. / Este estudo trata do saber da construção naval artesanal do município de Novo Airão/AM. Tem como objetivo principal analisar os elementos constituintes do saber da construção artesanal de barcos no município de Novo Airão/AM, determinando as suas relações e a sua unidade. Diz respeito à pesquisa de natureza qualitativa cuja referência é o método de observação etnográfico. Em relação ao corpus da pesquisa, entrevistaram-se oito carpinteiros navais em Novo Airão/AM e dois carpinteiros navais em Manaus/AM. A dissertação se encontra dividida em três capítulos. O primeiro capítulo incide sobre a caracterização geral do município de Novo Airão; discorre acerca das primeiras impressões da pesquisadora vis-à-vis ao campo de pesquisa e suas implicações; aborda uma parte da história erudita de Novo Airão e uma parte da sua história invisível , narrada pelos carpinteiros dos rios; e apresenta os carpinteiros navais bem como apresenta a configuração do saber técnico naval desses sujeitos sociais. O segundo capítulo trata da história geral da construção naval com base em dois critérios para o recorte: o cronológico e o temático. O terceiro capítulo trata sobre determinados aspectos relativos ao saber-fazer dos carpinteiros dos rios, como: utensílios, instrumentos e máquinas empregados por esses sujeitos na construção de barcos; momentos de transmissão do conhecimento técnico naval; e a relação técnica entre o saber concreto dos carpinteiros navais de Novo Airão e as atividades dos estaleiros industriais. Também traz à baila as seguintes problematizações: a possibilidade do saber da construção artesanal de barcos constituir uma tradição na Amazônia; a questão ambiental organizada numa discussão acerca da degradação ambiental e da atuação do sujeito da ação ambiental; as expectativas dos carpinteiros navais em relação a sua profissão; e quais as ações que vêm acontecendo para a valorização e difusão do patrimônio naval brasileiro. A relevância deste estudo se concentra em determinadas questões, tais como: contemplação da temática sobre o saber-fazer empregado na indústria naval artesanal do município de Novo Airão poder proporcionar abertura de linhas de pesquisa que permitirão a difusão do patrimônio imaterial dos carpinteiros navais; a contribuição para a construção da história invisível dos carpinteiros navais, uma história que não se encontra documentada; e ativação da transdisciplinaridade do saber global e do saber local, ou seja, a interligação dos conhecimentos baseada na equidade e na simbiose dos discursos e das práticas.

The aim of this research is to develop computational tools to predict the large amplitude motions and loads on ships travelling with forward speed in waves. An experimental research programme was completed to validate the non-linear prediction method. In this thesis, the results of theoretical and experimental investigations to predict the non-linear ship motions, slamming pressures and bending moments in regular head seas are presented. The ship hull is considered to be a Timoshenko beam, where the vibratory elastic response of the ship is calculated by the modal superposition method with the solution represented in terms of a series of normal modes. It is assumed that the mode shapes and natural frequencies can be determined by a separate structural analysis where this modal information is appropriate to the vessel in the equilibrium reference condition when floating in calm water. The global dynamic shear force and bending moment values are predicted using two different methods:The first method developed is based on the elastic vibratory response due to the total hydrodynamic force; The other is based on the rigid body response due to the linear force superimposed with the elastic response due to the impact forces. The results by the elastic vibratory response due to the total hydrodynamic force (method 1) have a good agreement with the experimental results and these are much better than the results by the rigid body response superimposed with the elastic response (method 2). The non-linear effects due to the change of the hydrodynamic coefficients and the non-linear restoring force should be considered in the ship motion and load predictions. The nonlinearity of ship motions as well as a significant nonlinearity between the hogging and sagging wave and global bending moments are shown in the results obtained from the non-linear theoretical predictions and the experimental data. The non-linear ship motions and sea loads, predicted by the practical computational tools, newly developed in this thesis, can be used to further ship structural strength analysis and guide ship hull design.

The SWATH ship has been claimed as one of the advanced high performance vessels which can provide good seakeeping characteristics as well as maintaining high speed in rough seas. Despite the considerable amount of research and development carried out in the last fifteen years, there is still a lack of design data in the open literature concerning many of the specialised aspects of SWATH design. Two of these areas are the motion characteristics of hulls which are operating fairly close to the water surface and the design of active control systems to reduce static trim and motions in waves. This study is an investigation, both theoretically and experimentally using a model, into SWATH motion characteristics in the vertical plane. It aims to have an understanding of the seakeeping behaviour with and without the effect of fins in waves. The computer program for the motion prediction involves the computation of the hydrodynamic coefficients of the equations of motion on the practical range of frequencies, depth of submergences and column widths. The effects of these factors on the sectional hydrodynamic coefficients are discussed and are curve-fitted into approximate formulae in order to save computer time. The total (three dimensional) hydrodynamic coefficients are integrated stripwise, taking into account the forward speed and viscous effects. Analytic methods for the wave induced exciting forces were formulated and obtained by two approaches; the modified Morison's formula and the strip theory. The sectional Froude-Krylov force, caused by the undisturbed incident wave pressure and a diffraction component resulting from the distortion of the wave train by the presence of the hull integrated over the mean immersed surface of the hull section. Phase differences of the sectional forces are considered during the integration procedure. The forward speed and viscous effects are included together. In addition, a series of laboratory tests in calm water and waves as well as theoretical studies aimed at the design of vertical-plane control surface (fins), which would keep the SWATH ship on a near level trim at speed in calm water and reducing the inherently low level of motion in wave have been carried out. The forces generated by fins are composed of inertia effects and viscous induced lift and cross-flow drag. Since the fins are attached to the hull, the lift-curve slope were corrected by the fin-body effect. Only after fins are considered in the study, the combination of the forward fins are believed could be summed linearly. However, the downwash effect on the after fins by the forward fins are not able to be included. Since the exciting and restoring forces of a SWATH involved are smaller than those of the comparable monohull, adequate control forces can be generated for a SWATH at speed by reasonably sized fins. The good agreement of the comparisons of the analytical calculations and the experimental measurements confirms the accuracy of the study.

The British Small Craft display, installed in 1963 as part of the Science Museum’s new Sailing Ships Gallery, comprised of a sequence of twenty showcases containing models of British boats—including fishing boats such as luggers, coracles, and cobles—arranged primarily by geographical region. The brainchild of the Keeper William Thomas O’Dea, the nautical themed gallery was complete with an ocean liner deck and bridge mezzanine central display area. It contained marine engines and navigational equipment in addition to the numerous varieties of international historical ship and boat models. Many of the British Small Craft displays included accessory models and landscape settings, with human figures and painted backdrops. The majority of the models were acquired by the museum during the interwar period, with staff actively pursuing model makers and local experts on information, plans and the miniature recreation of numerous regional boat types. Under the curatorship supervision of Geoffrey Swinford Laird Clowes this culminated in the temporary ‘British Fishing Boats’ Exhibition in the summer of 1936. However the earliest models dated back even further with several originating from the Victorian South Kensington Museum collections, appearing in the International Fisheries Exhibition of 1883. With the closure and removal of the Shipping Gallery in late 2012, the aim of this project is to produce a reflective historical and cultural geographical account of these British Small Craft displays held within the Science Museum. In this process it reveals the hidden stories behind the collection and individual boat models. The research therefore considers the former British Small Craft display in terms of its geographical visual and textual presentation of national and local identity, the cultural transference of knowledge from local regional areas to a national/international stage, its evocation of coastal and river landscapes, and its techniques of landscape/seascape miniaturisation in mid twentieth century Britain.

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This thesis is concerned with the development of a computer algorithm for determining the principal dimensions of a container ship at the preliminary design stage. The algorithm was devised to aid a Naval Architect to design the most economical ship, given the ship owner's requirements. The emphasis has been on developing an algorithm which acts as an aid in the design process. There are basically four models of the computer aided ship design which can be used in stages. The first model or algorithm is based on a deterministic approach with parametric variation of principal dimensions to locate the optimum design with minimum required freight rate. The second model incorporates optimisation techniques to arrive at the optimum ship. Though the optimisation technique is very powerful in the search of an optimum both in computer time and computing cost, the parametric method is preferred where a designer has little faith in the optimisation process or as an aid to check the answer arrived at in the optimisation process. The third model of the computer aided design can be used once the optimum has been found. A new approach to carry out sensitivity analysis is introduced. This approach overcomes the deficiencies of the past approach, in the sense that sensitivity analysis is carried out for achievable variation in variables rather than an arbitrary variation. The third model of computer aided design may be used once the designer has identified the variables, the variation of which, influences the required freight rate most. The use of the third model of the ship design may be adequate in identifying the total risk of the project. Together with sensitivity analysis, the designer can evaluate the total risk involved in an investment since the third model also incorporates a simple approach to risk analysis. However three estimates are required in the third model compared to single estimates of variables in the first and the second model. The fourth model incorporates the risk analysis by Monte Carlo method of simulation. In this model the designer can assess the xvii total risk of the project by generating the risk profile of the Required Freight Rate. The designer must either subjectively or objectively input the probability distribution of each of the influencing variables before using the fourth model. The four computer aided design models form a complete suite of computer programs, which can either be used in a deterministic mode, (first and second model), or in a probabilistic mode, (third and fourth model). Compared to previous ship design algorithms developed solely to deal with deterministic phase, this thesis incorporates ideas on how to incorporate uncertainty and assess risk in capital investment in a shipping venture. The designer can either use these computer models in stages, from deterministic phase to probabilistic phase or the models can be used on their own.

This thesis presents a study on SWATH type vessels which is directed towards the collection and use for structural design of experimental data related to motions and primary dynamic loads of such vessels. This data will be of use in the validation of a mathematical model for motion and wave load predictions recently developed at the Department. Further, experimental data on slamming will also be acquired to lay a foundation for the future development of a reliable analytical model. Design loads pertinent to SWATHs comprising the extreme primary loads, lifetime cyclic loads and local panel pressures are then built upon the former findings to be of use in structural designs, especially in the determination of initial scantlings and fatigue characterisation. Examples are given throughout on the evaluation of hypothetical SWATHs operating in the North Atlantic. The underlying theoretical formulation of SWATH ship motions is presented together with a description of a newly developed motion prediction theory. This is followed by a clarification of the procedures for conducting seakeeping tests on SWATH models. Validation of the analytical motion model by the measured data of single and tandem strut SWATH models is then presented. Subsequently, practical applications of implementing motion predictions to the assessment of SWATH operatiblity in real seaways are described. Theoretical background of SWATH primary wave loads is briefly outlined. The enhancement of the motion program MARCHS to tackle the primary load on SWATHs is described. The development of experimental data on SWATH loadings by way of seakeeping techniques is presented. Correlation of this experimental data and the theoretical assessment is made to demonstrate the validity of the mathematical model so developed. Lifetime cyclic and extreme loads required in the fatigue and ultimate strength designs, respectively, are developed by applying long- and short-term wave statistics.

Prediction of the hydrodynamic forces on planing craft by strip method requires the force acting on two-dimensional sections in vertical motion on the free surface to be known. The motion of a transverse section of a prismatic hull in steady planing corresponds to a constant velocity water entry of a wedge shaped section. The force acting on the wedge section before the chines get wetted is found from a consideration of the rate of change of the section added mass. The current added mass impact theory does not give a satisfying definition of the change in added mass after chines wetting, and hence predictions of non-constant velocity water entry can not be made accurately. As a consequence, the theory is not applicable for use in prediction of the lifting force on hulls in unsteady planing or on hulls in steady planing with non-straight keel line, i.e. phenomena corresponding to non-constant water entry. Also, in unsteady planing, sections experience exit motion due to the pitch and heave response of the craft. If applying the added mass theory in exit predictions, the resulting force acts in the direction of motion, something in contradiction with intuition and common sense. The work described in this thesis has resulted in a new added mass theory for water entry and exit of transverse sections of typical planing craft. A program of numerical simulations and experiments with wedge shaped sections has been carried out, providing force data for water entry and exit of such bodies to and from the water. Analysis of these data have led to separation of the added mass and damping forces and to the development of quasi-empirical expressions applicable for both constant and non-constant velocity force predictions. Thus the new theory provides a basis for strip method for prediction of the unsteady motion forces of planing craft. Further, the new added mass theory for water entry has been applied to predict the steady planing lift force on slender body hulls, and consistency with published planing data has been found. Also, an empirical aspect ratio correction has been derived, allowing application to large aspect ratio (non-slender) planing hulls.