Near field imaging using microwave in medical applications has gain much attention recently as various researches show its high ability and accuracy in illuminating object comparing to the well-known screening tools such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), digital mammography, ultrasound etc. This has encourage and motivate scientists continue to exploit the potential of microwave imaging so that a better and more powerful sensing tools can be developed. This thesis documents the development of antenna design for microwave imaging application such as breast cancer detection. The application is similar to the concept of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) but operating at higher frequency band. In these systems a short pulse is transmitted from an antenna to the medium and the backscattered response is investigated for diagnose. In order to accommodate such a short pulse, a very wideband antenna with a minimal internal reflection is required. Printed monopole and planar metal plate antenna is implemented to achieve the necessary operating wide bandwidth. The development of new compact printed planar metal plate ultra wide bandwidth antenna is presented. A generalized parametric study is carried out using two well-known software packages to achieve optimum antenna performance. The Prototype antennas are tested and analysed experimentally, in which a reasonable agreement was achieved with the simulations. The antennas present an excellent relative wide bandwidth of 67% with acceptable range of power gain between 3.5 to 7 dBi. A new compact size air-dielectric microstrip patch-antenna designs proposed for breast cancer detection are presented. The antennas consist of a radiating patch mounted on two vertical plates, fed by coaxial cable. The antennas show a wide bandwidth that were verified by the simulations and also confirmed experimentally. The prototype antennas show excellent performance in terms the input impedance and radiation performance over the target range bandwidth from 4 GHz to 8 GHz. A mono-static model with a homogeneous dielectric box having similar properties to human tissue is used to study the interaction of the antenna with tissue. The numerical results in terms the matching required of new optimised antennas were promising. An experimental setup of sensor array for early-stage breast-cancer detection is developed. The arrangement of two elements separated by short distance that confined equivalent medium of breast tissues were modelled and implemented. The operation performances due to several orientations of the antennas locations were performed to determine the sensitivity limits with and without small size equivalent cancer cells model. In addition, a resistively loaded bow tie antenna, intended for applications in breast cancer detection, is adaptively modified through modelling and genetic optimisation is presented. The required wideband operating characteristic is achieved through manipulating the resistive loading of the antenna structure, the number of wires, and their angular separation within the equivalent wire assembly. The results show an acceptable impedance bandwidth of 100.75 %, with a VSWR < 2, over the interval from 3.3 GHz to 10.0 GHz. Feasibility studies were made on the antenna sensitivity for operation in a tissue equivalent dielectric medium. The simulated and measured results are all in close agreement.

Au fur et à mesure que le nombre de composants augmente, il existe une forte demande pour identifier les sources de rayonnement pour la prédiction de la compatibilité électromagnétique des circuits électroniques. Le balayage d’une sonde à proximité du circuit est une méthode générale d'identification des sources rayonnantes dans une PCB. La première partie de la thèse consiste à concevoir et à caractériser des sondes magnétiques à haute sensibilité et à haute résolution spatiale. Les sondes conventionnelles basées sur la ligne micro ruban et la configuration coplanaire sont étudiées. À mesure que la longueur de la ligne de transmission connectée à la sonde augmente, le bruit sur le signal de sortie augmente en raison de tensions de mode commun induites par le champ électrique. Afin de supprimer cette tension induite par le champ électrique, une sonde magnétique blindée est conçue et fabriquée à l'aide d'une technologie de circuit imprimé à faible coût (PCB). La performance de la sonde passive est validée dans la bande 1MHz - 1GHz. La sonde blindée est fabriquée sur un substrat FR4 d'une épaisseur de 0,8 mm et se compose de 3 couches avec le signal dans la couche intermédiaire et les couches supérieure et inférieure dédiées aux plans de masse. La taille d'ouverture de la boucle est de 800 μm x 800 μm, avec une résolution spatiale attendue de 400 μm. La haute sensibilité de la sonde est obtenue en intégrant un amplificateur à faible bruit à la sortie de la sonde, ce qui en fait une sonde active. La performance de la sonde blindée avec différentes longueurs de lignes de transmission est faite pour étudier. Une sonde à trois axes capable de mesurer les trois composantes du champ magnétique est également conçue et validée par un balayage en champs proches au-dessus d'une structure standard plan de masse.Dans la deuxième partie, la méthode de la matrice de la ligne de transmission inverse (Inv-TLM) est utilisée, pour reconstruire la distribution source à partir des champs proches (NFS) mesurés au-dessus d'un plan sur la carte PCB. Même si, la résolution de la reconstruction dépend de la longueur d'onde et des paramètres du maillage, la propagation inverse augmente la largeur de l'onde reconstruite. Comme cette méthode corresponde à un problème « mal posé» et entraîne des solutions multiples, nous avons développé une nouvelle méthode basée sur la corrélation croisée bidimensionnelle, qui représente les données de balayage en champ proche sous forme de de dipôles équivalents. Avec cette nouvelle méthode, nous avions pu identifier et de localiser les sources actuelles dans le PCB et est représenté avec des sources équivalentes. La méthode est validée pour les sources avec des orientations différentes. Les données simulées des champs proches utilisant le logiciel commercial CST sont utilisées pour valider les deux méthodes. Le champ lointain prédit à partir de ces sources équivalentes est comparé aux champs simulés. / As the number of components in a confined volume is increasing, there is a strong demand for identifying the sources of radiation in PCBs and the prediction of EMC of electronic circuits. Electromagnetic near field scanning is a general method of identifying the radiating sources in a PCB. The first part of the thesis consists of the design and characterization of printed circuit magnetic probes with high sensitivity and high spatial resolution. Conventional probes based on microstrip and coplanar configuration is studied. As the length of the transmission line connected to the probe increases, the probe output contains noise due to common mode voltages which is many induced by the electric field. In order to suppress the voltage induced due to the electric field, a shielded magnetic probe is designed and fabricated using low cost printed circuit board (PCB) technology. The performance of the passive probe is calibrated and validated from 1MHz – 1GHz. The shielded probe is fabricated on an FR4 substrate of thickness 0.8mm and consists of 3 layers with the signal in the middle layer and top and bottom layers dedicated to ground planes. The aperture size of the loop is 800µm x 800µm, with an expected spatial resolution of 400 µm. The high sensitivity of the probe is achieved by integrating a low noise amplifier at the output of the probe, hence making an active probe. The performance of the shielded probe with a different length of transmission lines is made to study. When the probe has to be operated above 100MHz, it is found that the transmission lines connected to the probe should be short (around 1.5cmm). For frequencies below 100MH, the length of the lines can be up to 12cm. A three-axis probe which is able to measure the three components of the magnetic field is also designed and validated by near field scanning above a standard wire over the ground structure.In The second part, the inverse transmission line matrix method (Inv-TLM) method is used reconstruct the source distribution from the near field scan (NFS) data above a single in plane on the PCB. Even though the resolution of reconstruction depends on the wavelength and the mesh parameter, the inverse propagation increases the width of the reconstructed wave. As this method is found to be ill posed and results in multiple solutions, we have developed a new method based on the two-dimensional cross-correlation, which represents the near field scan data in terms of the equivalent electric currents of the dipole. With the new method, we are able to identify and locate the current sources in the PCB and are represented by an equivalent source. The method is validated for the current sources with different orientations. The simulated near field data using CST microwave studio is used to validate both the methods. The radiated far field from these equivalent sources is compared with the simulated fields.

La tendance de l'intégration en électronique de puissance accentue naturellement les effets électromagnétiques parasites. Tout système d'énergie électrique devient alors source de perturbations EM aussi bien conduites que rayonnées. Mais dans le cadre de ces travaux, nous nous sommes focalisé sur l'organe de filtrage des perturbations conduites : le filtre CEM. En haute fréquence, il s'avère que ce type de système voit son comportement dégradé en raison des différents phénomènes parasites apparaissant au sein même du dispositif. Seuls les aspects magnétiques du problème ont néanmoins été traités (i.e. inductances partielles & couplages magnétiques parasites). Différentes méthodes ont été mises au point par le passé dans le but d'améliorer facilement la réponse du filtre. Cependant, il s'agit de procédés empiriques ne pouvant garantir l'optimalité de la solution de filtre construite. Les travaux réalisés au cours de cette thèse ont donc consisté à développer une nouvelle méthode d'optimisation d'un filtre CEM, et plus précisément de son routage. L'objectif est alors d'exploiter les différents phénomènes magnétiques parasites intrinsèques au montage. Calculer ce type d'éléments a donc nécessité l'utilisation d'un outil de modélisation PEEC ; méthode numérique permettant des calculs rapides en raison d'un maillage relativement limité. / The actual trend to integrate the power electronic devices naturally increases the stray electromagnetic phenomena. Every electrical system becomes thus an EM disturbances source. But as part of this work, we especially focused on the filtering device of conducted disturbances : the EMC filter. For high frequencies, degradations can be observed over the filter transfer function due to the different stray electromagnetic phenomena occurring within the device. But only the magnetic aspects have nevertheless been treated (i.e. partial inductances & stray magnetic couplings). Different methods have been worked out in the past in order to easily improve the filter response. However, these are empirical processes that could not guaranty the built filter solution optimality. The works done throughout this PhD have consisted in developing a novel EMC filter optimization method, and more precisely of its routing. The aim has been to use the different stray magnetic phenomena. All of these elements can only be obtained by using a PEEC modeling tool. The PEEC method allows having fast numerical calculations thanks to a quite light meshing.

Near field imaging using microwave in medical applications has gain much attention recently as various researches show its high ability and accuracy in illuminating object comparing to the well-known screening tools such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), digital mammography, ultrasound etc. This has encourage and motivate scientists continue to exploit the potential of microwave imaging so that a better and more powerful sensing tools can be developed. This thesis documents the development of antenna design for microwave imaging application such as breast cancer detection. The application is similar to the concept of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) but operating at higher frequency band. In these systems a short pulse is transmitted from an antenna to the medium and the backscattered response is investigated for diagnose. In order to accommodate such a short pulse, a very wideband antenna with a minimal internal reflection is required. Printed monopole and planar metal plate antenna is implemented to achieve the necessary operating wide bandwidth. The development of new compact printed planar metal plate ultra wide bandwidth antenna is presented. A generalized parametric study is carried out using two well-known software packages to achieve optimum antenna performance. The Prototype antennas are tested and analysed experimentally, in which a reasonable agreement was achieved with the simulations. The antennas present an excellent relative wide bandwidth of 67% with acceptable range of power gain between 3.5 to 7 dBi. A new compact size air-dielectric microstrip patch-antenna designs proposed for breast cancer detection are presented. The antennas consist of a radiating patch mounted on two vertical plates, fed by coaxial cable. The antennas show a wide bandwidth that were verified by the simulations and also confirmed experimentally. The prototype antennas show excellent performance in terms the input impedance and radiation performance over the target range bandwidth from 4 GHz to 8 GHz. A mono-static model with a homogeneous dielectric box having similar properties to human tissue is used to study the interaction of the antenna with tissue. The numerical results in terms the matching required of new optimised antennas were promising. An experimental setup of sensor array for early-stage breast-cancer detection is developed. The arrangement of two elements separated by short distance that confined equivalent medium of breast tissues were modelled and implemented. The operation performances due to several orientations of the antennas locations were performed to determine the sensitivity limits with and without small size equivalent cancer cells model. In addition, a resistively loaded bow tie antenna, intended for applications in breast cancer detection, is adaptively modified through modelling and genetic optimisation is presented. The required wideband operating characteristic is achieved through manipulating the resistive loading of the antenna structure, the number of wires, and their angular separation within the equivalent wire assembly. The results show an acceptable impedance bandwidth of 100.75 %, with a VSWR < 2, over the interval from 3.3 GHz to 10.0 GHz. Feasibility studies were made on the antenna sensitivity for operation in a tissue equivalent dielectric medium. The simulated and measured results are all in close agreement.

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