In this narrative study, I explore the transformative visual cultural dialogue behind the sight of the veil or veiled women in Denton, Texas as a Western culture. The narrative is constructed from the experiences of three Western non-Muslim women participants who wore the veil publicly in the Dallas-Fort Worth area, especially Denton, Texas, for about two weeks, in the spring of 2014. The main question for this study is: How do veiled Western women incite transformative visual cultural dialogue and ideas concerning veiled women? To gather rich data to answer the study's question, I utilized qualitative narrative inquiry to explore the transformative dialogue that the veil, as a visual culture object, can incite in non-Muslim Western women's narratives. The study involves three participants who are non-Muslim American women who voluntarily wore the veil in public and recorded their own and other's reactions. The participants' interviews and diaries demonstrated that the veil incited a particular perceptive dialogue and often transferred negative meanings. For example, the sight of the veil suggested the notion of being Muslim, and consequently, the ideas of not belonging. The reactions the participants received were either negative verbal interactions or physical ones, both of which are limited in this study to face gestures or some form of negative body language that is meant to be a message of disliking. In summation, this study shows that the women's veil is a visual culture symbol that transfers negative meaning in the DFW area in Texas.

Most horse owners administer oral deworming medication to their horses on a set schedule, often six times per year. The deworming process involves using a plastic syringe to inject a thick paste into the horse's mouth. Most horse owners do not specifically train their horses to accept this procedure. Consequently, many horses resist the procedure and some horses engage in behaviors, such as head shaking, pulling away, or even rearing, that may be dangerous to humans or to themselves. This study used a negative reinforcement shaping procedure to train six horses to accept dewormer medication. The procedure consisted of a food sampling phase followed by three shaping phases that simulated the deworming task, first using only the experimenter's hand, then a small syringe, and finally a large syringe. Once the horse was acclimated to the syringe, the horse's preferred liquid food was delivered through the syringe at the end of each trial. By the end of the study, all participants successfully completed the procedure and were able to stand still with no or minimal head movements while being dewormed.

Propagation of a Gaussian beam in a layered periodic structure is studied analytically, numerically, and experimentally. It is demonstrated that for a special set of parameters the acoustic beam propagates without diffraction spreading. This propagation is also accompanied by negative refraction of the direction of phase velocity of the Bloch wave. In the study of two-dimensional viscous phononic crystals with asymmetrical solid inclusions, it was discovered that acoustic transmission is nonreciprocal. The effect of nonreciprocity in a static viscous environment is due to broken PT symmetry of the system as a whole. The difference in transmission is caused by the asymmetrical transmission and dissipation. The asymmetrical transmission is caused solely by broken mirror symmetry and could appear even in a lossless system. Asymmetrical dissipation of sound is a time-irreversible phenomenon that arises only if both energy dissipation and broken parity symmetry are present in the system. The numerical results for both types of phononic crystals were verified experimentally. Proposed devices could be exploited as collimation, rectification, and isolation acoustic devices.

Le développement de la source d'ions négatifs pour l’injecteur de particules d’ITER constitue une des étapes essentielles pour générer des neutres de haute énergie . Pour remplir les caractéristiques requises pour ITER en termes de chauffage et de courant à l'intérieur du réacteur principal, la source d'ions négatifs doit délivrer 40A de D-. La création d'une telle source représente un défi tant technique que scientifique et demande une meilleure compréhension des phénomènes physiques impliquées . Les connaissances actuelles sur le méchanisme d'extraction d'ion négatifs d’un plasma électronégatif sont limitées, spécialement concernant la compréhension des caractéristiques d'une gaine de plasma magnétisé dans la région d’intérêt où on constante également l’extraction des électrons simultanément avec les ions négatifs qui. De plus, l'asymétrie due à la configuration croisée du champ magnétique pour piéger les électrons nécessite une étude du problème en trois dimensions. Un code 3D Particle-In-Cell électrostatique a été spécialement développé pour étudier ce problème. Le code utilise les coordonnées cartésiennes et peut prendre en compte des géométries complexes. Le code nommé ONIX étudie les propriétés du plasma et le transport des électrons et des ions négatifs au niveau de la zone d'extraction. Les résultats sur la formation d'un ménisque de plasma et l'écrantage du champ d'extraction par ce plasma, ainsi que les trajectoires des ions négatifs, sont présentés. L'efficacité de l'extraction d'ions négatifs du volume et de la surface est investiguée et on trouve que les processus de création en surface des ions négatifs jouent un rôle capital. / The development of the negative ion source constitutes a crucial step in the construction of the neutral beam injector of ITER. To fulfil the ITER requirements in terms of heating and current drive, the negative ion source should deliver 40 A of D-. The achievement of such a source is challenging from technical and scientific points, and it requires a deeper understanding of the underlying physics. The present knowledge of the ion extraction mechanism from the negative ion source is limited due to the complexity of the problem that involves the comprehension of the behaviour of magnetized plasma sheaths when negative ions and electrons are pulled out from the plasma. Moreover, due to the asymmetry induced by the crossed magnetic configuration used to filter the electrons, any realistic study of this problem must consider the three spatial dimensions. To address this problem in a realistic way, a 3D Particles-in-Cell electrostatic code specifically designed for this system was developed. The code uses Cartesian coordinate system and it can deal with complex boundary geometry as it is the case of the extraction apertures. The complex magnetic field that is applied to deflect electrons is also taken into account. This code, called ONIX, was used to investigate the plasma properties and the transport of negative ions and electrons close to a source extraction aperture. Results on the formation of the plasma meniscus and the screening of the extraction field by the plasma are presented here, as well as negative ions trajectories. Negative ion extraction efficiency from volume and surfaces was investigated showing the capital importance of the surface negative ion production.

Parmi les différents systèmes de stockage d’énergie électrique étudiés depuis plus de 2 siècles, le stockage électrochimique de type batterie Li-Ion est vraisemblablement le plus pertinent et le plus efficace. Des verrous demeurent cependant pour avoir des batteries Li-Ion répondants aux besoins actuels, et une des limitations provient des matériaux d’électrodes. Le silicium est un candidat de choix pour répondre aux problématiques batteries posées, cependant sa tenue au cyclage est courte et les méthodes de synthèse sont souvent très contraignantes. Associant deux laboratoires de recherche acteurs majeurs dans le domaines des nanosciences (le LRN à l’URCA) et des matériaux et batteries (le LRCS à l’UPJV) le projet pluridisciplinaire NanoSiBL d’une durée de 36 mois se fixe pour objectif d’apporter des solutions aux deux points précédents par : 1, la réalisation d’électrodes négatives en Silicium par une voie de synthèse bas coût originale et innovante développée au LRN (l’électrodépôt en milieu liquide ionique), 2 un accroissement de la durée de vie de l’électrode grâce à deux types de structuration (soit une électrode constituée de nanofils/nanotubes de Si monolithique soit une électrode nanostructurée composite de Si/TiO2). L’expertise dans le domaine des batteries du LRCS devrait permettre sur ce deuxième point de déterminer la géométrie et configuration idéale de l’électrode en termes de performance. Basé des méthodes d’élaboration par électrochimie bas coût et originale, NanoSiBL a pour objectif, grâce au partage de compétences et de technologie entre physiciens et chimistes impliqués, d’initier une nouvelle thématique inter-établissement axée sur la valorisation de nanostructures de silicium et silicium composite nanostructuré. L’intérêt scientifique de ce projet réside dans la mise en œuvre et le contrôle des propriétés intrinsèques de ces nanostructures à base de silicium pour la réalisation d’électrodes négatives performantes de batterie Li-Ion. Dans la littérature, les électrodes négatives à base silicium ou silicium composite (type Si/TiO2) ont déjà démontré une amélioration par rapport aux électrodes de silicium massif. Néanmoins, le passage à des dispositifs opérationnels reste peu fréquent car les voies permettant de contenir l’expansion en volume du silicium restent à éprouver et car les méthodes utilisées pour élaborer ces nanofils de silicium (Chemical Vapor Deposition, évaporation réactive…) restent très contraignantes, tant au niveau des conditions de croissance (nécessité d’utiliser des précurseurs métalliques et des gaz très toxiques) que des coûts de fabrication (travail sous ultra-vide, nombreuses étapes pour la réalisation des dispositifs avec la nécessité de réaliser des contacts post-croissance…). NanoSiBL propose donc une alternative en réelle rupture technologique avec les méthodes de synthèse actuelles. Les techniques de croissance (électrodépôt en liquide ionique) et de nanostructuration (au sein de membranes polycarbonates ou nanotubes de TiO2) utilisées dans le projet permettront la mise au point d’électrodes à bas coût performantes pour l’application batterie Li-Ion visée. En outre la variété conséquente de géométries possibles proposées par les membranes nanoporeuses qui seront utilisées dans le projet (polycarbonate ou nanotubes de TiO2) permettra d’établir un comparatif essentiel de l’impact de la nanostructuration ou encore de la composition des électrodes pour contenir l’expansion en volume du silicium lors du cyclage et ainsi améliorer la durée de vie de telles électrodes (batterie). / Among the various electric energy storage systems studied for more than two centuries, the electrochemical storage battery type Li-Ion is probably the most relevant and most effective. however locks remain for Li-Ion batteries respondents to current needs, and limitations comes from the electrode materials. Silicon is a prime candidate to meet the challenges posed batteries, however its resistance to cycling is short and synthesis methods are often very restrictive. Combining two research laboratories major players in the fields of nanoscience (the LRN to URCA) and materials and batteries (the LRCS to UPJV) the multidisciplinary project NanoSiBL a period of 36 months set the objective of provide solutions to the above two points: 1, the realization of negative electrodes in silicon by a synthetic route down original and innovative cost developed LRN (electrodeposition in ionic liquid medium), 2 increased lifetime of the electrode through two types of structuring (or one electrode made of nanowires / nanotubes Si monolithic or a composite nanostructured electrode Si / TiO2). The expertise in the field of LRCS of batteries should allow this second point to determine the geometry and ideal configuration of the electrode in terms of performance. Based methods developed by electrochemistry low cost and original NanoSiBL aims, through the sharing of expertise and technology between physicists and chemists involved, to initiate an inter-establishment new theme focused on valuation and silicon nanostructures composite nanostructured silicon. The scientific interest of this project lies in the implementation and control of the intrinsic properties of these nanostructures based on silicon for making efficient negative electrodes of Li-Ion battery. In the literature, the negative electrodes based on silicon or silicon composite (type Si / TiO2) have already demonstrated improvement compared to bulk silicon electrodes. However, the transition to operational devices remains uncommon for ways to contain the expansion in volume of the silicon are experiencing and because the methods used to develop these silicon nanowires (chemical vapor deposition, reactive evaporation ...) remain very restrictive both in terms of growth conditions (the need to use metal precursors and highly toxic gases) that manufacturing costs (labor UHV, many steps for the realization of devices with the need for contacts post- growth…). NanoSiBL proposes an alternative in real technological break with the current methods of synthesis. growth techniques (electrodeposition in ionic liquid) and nanostructuring (in polycarbonates or TiO2 nanotube membranes) used in the project will enable the development of electrodes at low cost efficient for application referred Li-Ion battery. Furthermore the consequent variety of possible geometries offered by the nanoporous membranes to be used in the project (polycarbonate or TiO2 nanotubes) will establish a critical comparison of the impact of the nanostructure or composition of electrodes to contain expansion by volume of the silicon during the cycling and improve the life of such electrodes (battery).

Some experiments have indicated the possible existence of par ticles with a negative inertial mass. It is shown under which condit ions Weber’s electrodynamics gives rise to this effect. Some specific experiments related to this aspect of Weber’s law are described. Two particles equ ally electrified with charges of the same sign would then move toward one an other if they had negative effective inertial masses. A new concept for nuclear fusion is presented based on the possibility of creating a negative effective inertial mass for ions. It is then considered some properties of the inertial dipole, that is, a system composed by a pair of particles in which one particle has a positive effective inertial mass while the other particle has a negative effective inertial mass. The possible utilization of the inertialdipole as a propulsion system is briefly discussed.

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abstract: As an outlet of communication between internet users, digital social media has created opinionated engagement between people that have similar and often contrasting views, just like those in face-to-face communication (Mckenna & Bargh, 2014). The problem is that these digital conversations occur in a synthetic environment, causing users to develop alternative psychological patterns of engagement (Lauren & Hsieh, 2014), that could potentially push them to inadvertently or unknowingly create and participate in negative social interaction with others. The purpose of this study was to determine and assess the needs of a writing heuristic for social media participants to use in engagement with others to increase coherency, civility, and engagement response in content. Research explored existing literature on engagement behavior in digital social media and computer-mediated communication (CMC) and was then used in qualitative sentiment analysis of business-to-consumer social media environments, aiming to recognize the needs in developing a social media writing heuristic. This research found that such heuristic should prompt and advise users to remove ambiguity within engagement practices, encouraging the implementation of salient social markers and nonverbal cues in text. Social media users should also be prompted to create familiarity with others through the posing of messages in an emotional frame that is aligned with their audience’s emotional attitudes, increasing persuasive argumentation and discussion. As well, users should be prompted to thoroughly understand the issues in discussion and follow dynamics to create productive engagement, while avoiding engagement with negative commentary. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Communication 2016

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People's engagements in social communities online have over recent years proven to be of great importance on others' opinions when purchasing products. Word-of-Mouth (WOM) has been around since ancient times and is a concept about consumers communicating with each other about their experience about services and products. Over the last decades research on Word-of-Mouth has increased when it was discovered how it has the power to influence consumers' purchase behaviours. The modern era of the introduction of the internet gave Word-of-Mouth a new concept called Electronic Word-of-Mouth (eWOM) that has given people the opportunity to share their negative and positive experiences online with others by leaving reviews. These reviews can be read by customers with access to the internet and could change their purchase intentions and therefore affect the company's sales and reputation. It has given the companies the opportunity to read about customers reviews and the chance to respond to the reviews by leaving comments online. This gave this study the opportunity to research if companies in Luleå are responding to negative reviews. As well, if the customers believe that their purchase intention is being affected by other users' reviews, and if the customers believe the companies can change the outcome of a review by responding to them.  In this study, quantitative research was used to collect data through surveys in Facebook groups with questions limited to Luleå. The questions were divided into three sections: Reading reviews, Responding to reviews, and Purchase intention. The study found that there was a relationship between the variables reading reviews, responding to reviews, and purchase intention. Previous literature has meant that people write more negative reviews when they have the ability to complain and write reviews through the Internet. However, for this study in Luleå, it was shown that this is not the case. It was found that few of the respondents gave negative reviews about the businesses in Luleå and that the businesses in Luleå did not respond to them. It was also found that respondents read reviews before buying, which affected their intention to buy, with negative reviews being more important than positive ones. People in Luleå consider negative reviews trustworthy and believe that businesses can change the outcome of negative reviews by responding to them. Therefore, it is of interest for local businesses in Luleå to review and respond to negative online reviews as they will impact their business.