Thesis (M.S.)--California Polytechnic State University, 2008. / "June 2008." "In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree [of] Master of Science in Electrical Engineering." "Presented to the faculty of California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo." Major professor: Dean Arakaki, Ph.D. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 146-148). Also available online and on microfiche (2 sheets).

In this thesis, two separate research topics are undertaken both in the general area of compact RF/microwave circuit design. The first topic involves characterizing the parasitic effects and error due to unused post-production tuning bars. Such tuning bars are used in microwave circuit designs to allow the impedance or length of a microstrip line to be adjusted after fabrication. In general, the tuning bars are simply patterns of small, isolated sections of conductor adjacent to the thru line. Changing the impedance or length of the thru line involves bonding the appropriate tuning bars to the line. Unneeded tuning bars are simply not removed and left isolated. Ideally, there should be no coupling between these unused tuning bars and the thru line. Therefore, the unused tuning bars should have a negligible effect on the circuit??s overall performance. To nullify the parasitic effects of the tuning bars, conventional wisdom suggests placing the bars 1.0 to 1.5 substrate heights away from the main line. While successful in the past, this practice may not result in the most efficient and cost-effective placement of tuning bars in today??s compact microwave circuits. This thesis facilitates the design of compact tuning bar configurations with minimum parasitic effects by analyzing the error attributable to various common tuning bar configurations with a range of parameters and offset distances. The error is primarily determined through electromagnetic simulations, and the accuracy of these simulations is verified by experimental results. The second topic in this thesis involves the design of compact microwave resonators using the transmission line approach to create negative refractive index metamaterials. A survey of the major developments and fundamental concepts related to negative refractive index technology (with focus on the transmission line approach) is given. Following is the design and measurement of the compact resonators. The resonators are also compared to their conventional counterparts to demonstrate both compactness and harmonic suppression.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2009. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 85-93). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Conventional passive metamaterials always suffer from the limitation of loss and dispersion due to fundamental causality issue. Especially it becomes severe due to material loss at terahertz frequency. Our work resolves the loss problem by introducing gain device into the metamaterial structure. A passive volumetric metamaterial is firstly designed on the quartz substrate. A negative resistance is inserted into the wire of the structure to provide the gain. We have identified resonant tunneling diodes that work up into THz frequency and shown in simulation that simultaneous negative index and gain can be obtained.

Today's microwave circuits, whether for communication, radar, or testing systems, need compact tunable microwave filters. Since different microwave circuit applications have radically different size, power, insertion loss, rejection, vibration, and thermal requirements, new filter technologies with different balances between these requirements are always desirable. Negative Refractive Index (NRI) transmission media was discovered 10 years ago with the unique property of negative phase propagation. A literature review was conducted to identify potential NRI methods for filters and other devices, but no NRI tunable filters were found. To address this gap, a family of tunable NRI bandpass filters was simulated and constructed successfully using end-coupled zeroth order resonators. Tuning was accomplished by controlling the negative phase length of the NRI sections with varactors. The resulting L-band filters exhibited a 25-40 percent tunable range, no higher order resonances, and required only one fourth the length of a coupled-line filter constructed from traditional 180 degree microstrip resonators.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 126-136). Also available in print.

Rapid development in nanofabrication has led to the design of new materials with very unusual properties. The exhibition of negative and zero indices of refraction are among the most striking properties of these materials, which have become the focus of intensive research worldwide. The potential for applications that is possible due to the new light manipulation capabilities of these materials has been the driving force behind this research. Most of the research in this field has primarily been experimental while the theoretical studies have mainly been limited to computer modeling, which in itself is a challenging problem. This research requires considerable computational resources and the development of new computer algorithms.The origin of the unusual properties in these materials comes from the combination of dielectric host materials with metallic nanosructures. These materials are often referred to as nanocomposite metamaterials. The plasmonic resonance in properly engineered metallic nanostructures gives rise to the resonant interaction of the incident electromagnetic field with metamaterials in such a way as to stimulate a magnetic permeability and an electric permittivity with negative real parts. The resonant nature of this phenomenon leads to considerable losses in metamaterials, which has made the study of loss compensation one of the key subjects in this field.The two techniques of loss compensation in metamaterials are considered in this dissertation. One of these techniques consists of doping the host material with active atoms. In the second technique, loss compensation is achieved by embedding these active atomic inclusions directly into the nanostructures. This dissertation presents the derivation of the systems of governing equations and studies the coherent pulse amplification for both cases.

published_or_final_version / Mechanical Engineering / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Les métamatériaux sont des matériaux artificiels qui possèdent de nouvelles propriétés optiques grâce à leur structuration à l’échelle nanométrique. Un des principaux axes de recherche dans le domaine des métamatériaux s’intéresse aux indices de réfraction négatifs qui permettent la réalisation de lentilles « parfaites » ainsi que d’autres applications excitantes. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions théoriquement les propriétés de métamatériaux optiques de type « fishnet », en particulier l’origine de leur indice de réfraction négatif, ainsi que d’autres problèmes théoriques associés. La thèse peut être divisée en quatre parties.Dans la première partie, nous étudions la diffusion de la lumière à l’interface entre l’air et un métamatériau fishnet semi-infini. A l’aide d’une méthode numérique vectorielle, nous calculons les coefficients de diffusion de l’interface et nous démontrons que le transport de l’énergie est dû à un seul mode de Bloch, le mode fondamental du fishnet. Puis, en s’appuyant sur les coefficients de diffusion de l’interface et sur l’indice effectif de ce mode de Bloch, nous proposons un nouvel algorithme d’extraction des paramètres effectifs du métamatériau. Notre approche met l’accent sur le rôle clé joué par le mode de Bloch fondamental et elle permet d’extraire des paramètres effectifs plus stables que ceux obtenus avec les méthodes classiques basées sur le calcul de la réflexion et la transmission d’une couche de métamatériau d’épaisseur finie. Dans la deuxième partie, nous dérivons grâce à l’orthogonalité des modes de Bloch des expressions analytiques pour les coefficients de diffusion à l’interface entre deux milieux périodiques de périodes légèrement différentes. Nous montrons que les expressions analytiques permettent d’obtenir des résultats très précis pour différentes géométries allant de guides d’onde périodiques diélectriques à des métamatériaux métalliques. Ces expressions analytiques constituent donc un outil utile pour la conception et l’ingénierie de structures photoniques périodiques.Le mode de Bloch fondamental est central pour expliquer le phénomène de réfraction négative dans les métamatériaux fishnet. Dans la troisième partie, nous avons développé un modèle semi-analytique pour la constante de propagation complexe du mode de Bloch fondamental du fishnet. Le modèle est basé sur une analyse fine de la propagation et de la diffusion de la lumière à l’intérieur de la structure. Le modèle montre que l’origine des valeurs négatives de l’indice de réfraction sur une large bande spectrale peut être essentiellement comprise comme le résultat d’une résonance plasmonique dans les canaux transverses métal-insolant-métal du fishnet. La résonance plasmonique exalte la réponse « magnétique » du fishnet et les pertes associées à cette résonance peuvent être compensées en incluant du gain dans les couches diélectriques. En outre, le modèle simplifie l’ingénierie des paramètres géométriques des métamatériaux fishnet. C’est la résonance plasmonique dans des structures de type métal-isolant-métal (MIM) qui induit l’indice de réfraction négatif dans les métamatériaux de type fishnet. Dans la dernière partie, nous étudions le comportement asymptotique de nanorésonateurs MIM lorsque leur taille est réduite sous la limite de diffraction. En particulier, nous montrons que le facteur de qualité augmente d’un ordre de grandeur quand le volume du résonateur passe de (λ/2n)3 à (λ/50)3. Une étude complète est réalisée avec un modèle Fabry-Perot semi-analytique. Le modèle reste précis sur toute la gamme de tailles étudiées, même dans le régime quasi-statique où des effets de retard ne sont pas attendus. Ce résultat important et contre-intuitif indique que les résonances plasmoniques localisées dans des nanoparticules peuvent être comprises de la même manière que les résonances délocalisées dans des nanofils métalliques, c’est-à-dire comme des problèmes d’antennes basés sur des effets de retard. / Optical metamaterials are artificial media that exhibit new properties from structuring on the nanometric scale. One of the main researches in metamaterials investigates materials with negative refractive index, which can allow the development of perfect lens and other exciting potential applications. In this thesis, we theoretically study the properties of negative-index optical fishnet metamaterials, especially the origin of their negative-valued refractive index, and also associated theoretical problems. The thesis can be divided into 4 parts. In the first part we study the light scattering at an interface between air and a semi-infinite fishnet metamaterial. With a fully-vectorial numerical method, we calculate the scattering coefficients of the interface and find that the energy transport inside the fishnet is due to a single Bloch mode, the fundamental one. Based on the single-interface scattering coefficients and the effective index of this Bloch mode we propose a new algorithm for retrieving effective optical parameters of the metamaterial. The approach emphasizes the key role played by the fundamental Bloch mode and provides retrieved parameters that are more accurate or stable than those obtained by classical methods based only on light reflection and transmission through finite-thickness metamaterial slabs. Due to the importance of the fundamental Bloch mode in the light transport in metamaterials, in the second part, based on the Bloch mode orthogonality we derive closed-form expressions for the scattering coefficients at an interface between two periodic media with slightly different geometrical parameters, which is a computationally demanding electromagnetic problem. We show that the analytical expressions are very accurate for various geometries, including dielectric waveguides and metallic metamaterials. Thus they can be useful for designing and engineering stacks of periodic structures. As shown in the first part, the fundamental Bloch mode is central to explain the negative refraction phenomenon in fishnet metamaterials. In the third part, we derive an accurate semi-analytical model for the complex propagation constant of the fishnet fundamental Bloch mode. This is achieved by analyzing light propagation and scattering inside the fishnet. The model shows that the origin of broad-band negative index of fishnets can be mainly understood as a plasmon resonance in the transversal metal-insulator-metal (MIM) channels. The plasmon resonance enhances the ‘magnetic’ response of fishnet and the losses associated to this resonance can be compensated by including gain in the dielectric layers of the fishnet. Furthermore, the model allows an easy and precise geometrical tailoring of fishnet metamaterials. As shown in the third part, it is the plasmon resonance in metal-insulator-metal (MIM) structures that induces the negative index of fishnet metamaterials. In the last part, we study the asymptotic behavior of 3D MIM nanoresonators, as the resonator size is shrunk below the diffraction limit. In particular we show that the quality factor increases from 10 to 100 when the resonator volume is scaled down from (λ/2n)3 to (λ/50)3. We provide a comprehensive study with a semi-analytical Fabry-Perot model. The model remains accurate over the whole size scale even in the quasi-static regime for which retardation effects are not expected. This important and counterintuitive result indicates that both localized plasmon resonances in nanoparticles and delocalized resonance in elongated plasmonic nanowires can be possibly understood as a wave-retardation based antenna problem.

Optical metamaterials are artificial media that exhibit new properties from structuring on the nanometric scale. One of the main researches in metamaterials investigates materials with negative refractive index, which can allow the development of perfect lens and other exciting potential applications. In this thesis, we theoretically study the properties of negative-index optical fishnet metamaterials, especially the origin of their negative-valued refractive index, and also associated theoretical problems. The thesis can be divided into 4 parts. In the first part we study the light scattering at an interface between air and a semi-infinite fishnet metamaterial. With a fully-vectorial numerical method, we calculate the scattering coefficients of the interface and find that the energy transport inside the fishnet is due to a single Bloch mode, the fundamental one. Based on the single-interface scattering coefficients and the effective index of this Bloch mode we propose a new algorithm for retrieving effective optical parameters of the metamaterial. The approach emphasizes the key role played by the fundamental Bloch mode and provides retrieved parameters that are more accurate or stable than those obtained by classical methods based only on light reflection and transmission through finite-thickness metamaterial slabs. Due to the importance of the fundamental Bloch mode in the light transport in metamaterials, in the second part, based on the Bloch mode orthogonality we derive closed-form expressions for the scattering coefficients at an interface between two periodic media with slightly different geometrical parameters, which is a computationally demanding electromagnetic problem. We show that the analytical expressions are very accurate for various geometries, including dielectric waveguides and metallic metamaterials. Thus they can be useful for designing and engineering stacks of periodic structures. As shown in the first part, the fundamental Bloch mode is central to explain the negative refraction phenomenon in fishnet metamaterials. In the third part, we derive an accurate semi-analytical model for the complex propagation constant of the fishnet fundamental Bloch mode. This is achieved by analyzing light propagation and scattering inside the fishnet. The model shows that the origin of broad-band negative index of fishnets can be mainly understood as a plasmon resonance in the transversal metal-insulator-metal (MIM) channels. The plasmon resonance enhances the 'magnetic' response of fishnet and the losses associated to this resonance can be compensated by including gain in the dielectric layers of the fishnet. Furthermore, the model allows an easy and precise geometrical tailoring of fishnet metamaterials. As shown in the third part, it is the plasmon resonance in metal-insulator-metal (MIM) structures that induces the negative index of fishnet metamaterials. In the last part, we study the asymptotic behavior of 3D MIM nanoresonators, as the resonator size is shrunk below the diffraction limit. In particular we show that the quality factor increases from 10 to 100 when the resonator volume is scaled down from (λ/2n)3 to (λ/50)3. We provide a comprehensive study with a semi-analytical Fabry-Perot model. The model remains accurate over the whole size scale even in the quasi-static regime for which retardation effects are not expected. This important and counterintuitive result indicates that both localized plasmon resonances in nanoparticles and delocalized resonance in elongated plasmonic nanowires can be possibly understood as a wave-retardation based antenna problem.