Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:05:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo1816_1.pdf: 970414 bytes, checksum: c46045e757ee01c0c23ab3cebc57c4ab (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Em costões rochosos a comunidade de algas epilíticas constitue um importante local de refúgio e de procriação para a fauna associada, além de sustentarem uma alta produção primária. A exposição a ondas afeta indiretamente a meiofauna, por influenciar a distribuição vertical e a biomassa dos habitats algais. Dentre os grupos da meiofauna, os Nematoda destacam-se como os invertebrados de maior abundância e riqueza de espécies. Os Nematoda livres apresentam ampla distribuição horizontal e vertical na escala global, distribuindo-se desde a região litoral até grandes profundidades oceânicas e em todas as latitudes. No presente estudo a composição e a abundância da meiofauna em função de faixas de profundidade, assim como dos gêneros da nematofauna são investigados no sentido de responder se existe, para essas faixas, diferenças sazonais bem marcadas. Na região de Arraial do Cabo ocorre, principalmente nos períodos de primavera e verão, o fenômeno da ressurgência, que faz com que a região sustente uma alta produtividade. Foram coletadas amostras de algas epilíticas no costão da Pedra Vermelha nas 4 estação do ano e em três faixas de profundidades (0-2m, 2-5m e 5-8m). No costão do sonar as amostragens foram feitas no verão e no inverno em duas profundidades (0-2m e 2-5m). A meiofauna foi contada e identificada ao nível de grandes grupos e de cada amostra foram separados 30 Nematoda para a montagem de lâminas permanentes e identificação ao nível de gênero. Tanto a meiofauna quanto a nematofauna apresentaram padrões de estratificação espacial bem marcados. O padrão sazonal também foi evidente nos dois costões, sendo mais efetivo no Sonar do que na Pedra Vermelha. Para a nematofauna foram registradas 5 novas ocorrências para o Brasil e 38 para o Rio de Janeiro. O gênero Draconema apresentou duas novas espécies, cujas diferenças morfofisiológicas foram comparadas às sete espécies conhecidas atualmente. Muito embora o método de amostragem empregado no presente estudo não pemitiu quantificar a meiofauna e esclarecer qualquer processo ecológico, dados qualitativos relevantes foram aqui pontuados em relação à distribuição espaço-temporal da nematofauna em costões rochosos

Since the 20th century, the distribution of European heathlands rapidly decreased due to agricultural intensification, heavy use of artificial fertilizers or acidification. Therefore, various attempts of heathland restoration are under way in these days. Analysis of nematode community composition can be one of the tools suitable for succession evaluation. In 2011, 2013 and 2014, soil samples were collected from heathland restoration experiment (launched in 2011) where different restoration methods were applied in a 3 × 3 factorial experiment; existing heathlands were also sampled to identify the target community both in dry and wet heathland. A total of 60 samples of extracted nematodes were analysed for absolute abundance, trophic groups, and genera dominance. Various indices were calculated to describe the nematode community. We were able to proove faster development of wet heathlands towards the target community. However, because of large data variability, there was no significant difference between treatments. Development of wet and dry heathlands differed also in increased proportion of omniphagous nematodes in 2013 and predators in 2014 in dry heathlands. After three years of heathland restoration, nematode community has not yet reached parameters of the target community. Key words: Nematoda,...

This thesis describes a series of three experiments designed to estimate the nutritional cost of the immune response to the gastrointestinal nematodes Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Teladorsagia circumcincta in sheep. For each experiment, animals were allocated hierarchically by liveweight into one of four groups that were either infected (group IF), similarly infected and concurrently immuno-suppressed with weekly intramuscular injections of 1.3mg kg liveweight (LW)⁻¹ of methylprednisolone acetate (group ISIF), immunosuppressed only (group IS) or remained as controls (group C). Body composition of all animals was estimated using x-ray computer tomography prior to infection and at the conclusion of each study with bodyweight and faecal nematode egg counts (FEC; eggs gram⁻¹ of fresh faeces (epg)) measured along with blood samples taken for the determination of levels of serum proteins, phosphate and antibodies. In the first trial (Chapter 3), the nutritional cost of both the acquisition and maintenance of immunity to gastro-intestinal nematodes was investigated using immunologically naive 5-month-old lambs and immunologically competent 17-month-old ewes during infection with 2,000 and 4,000 L3 infective T. colubriformis larvae d⁻¹, respectively (80 L3 T. colubriformis larvae kgLW⁻¹ d⁻¹). Profiles of FEC and comparative worm burdens at slaughter indicated an effective immune response was maintained in IF ewes and developed in IF lambs while successfully suppressed in both ISIF lambs and ISIF ewes and was confirmed by serum antibody titres. The typical reduction in voluntary feed intake as a consequence of infection was observed in IF lambs (0.30, p<0.001) but not in IF ewes, ISIF lambs or ISIF ewes, and appeared to be associated with L3 IgA. Gross efficiency of use of metabolizable energy (ME) for net energy (NE) deposition was reduced by 0.20 in lambs during acquisition of immunity and by 0.16 in ewes maintaining an established immunity. Infection in immuno-suppressed animals reduced efficiency by 0.05 and 0.15 for lambs and ewes. These findings allowed the hypothesis that the reduction in feed intake and nutrient utilization in young parasitized sheep is caused by physiological signalling associated with the acquisition phase of the host immune response to infection, rather than simply the damage caused by the parasite per se. The second trial (Chapter 4) investigated the influence of metabolizable protein (MP) supply on the metabolic disturbances associated with the acquisition phase of the immune response during infection with 2,000 L3 T. colubriformis d⁻¹. Groups of lambs were offered either a low protein (L; 62g MP kgDM⁻¹) or high protein diet (H; 95g MP kgDM⁻¹). Patterns of total daily egg excretion indicated that an effective immune response was developed in HIF, but not LIF, HISIF nor LISF and was confirmed by comparative worm burdens. The proportionate reduction in feed intake in immunologically normal animals was reduced through the provision of additional protein, being 0.12 in HIF and 0.23 in LIF. Regardless of diet, infection did not cause a reduction in feed intake in immuno-suppressed animals (p>0.05). Infection proportionately reduced the gross efficiency of ME utilization in immunologically normal animals by 0.23 in HIF (p=0.09) and by 0.51 in LIF (p=0.01), but not in immuno-suppressed animals. Immuno-suppression did not suppress serum L3 IgA levels in seven of the eight HISIF and four of the eight LISIF animals. Furthermore, only four out of the eight immunologically normal animals from both the HIF and LIF groups displayed an L3 IgA response. Consequently, regardless of immunosuppression treatment, animals were termed as IgA responders (HR or LR) or non-responders (HN or LN). Feed intake was proportionately reduced from day 22 by 0.15 in HR (p=0.03) and by 0.32 in LR (p=0.01), but was not significantly reduced in HN or LN. Gross efficiency of ME utilization was significantly reduced for LN animals only, being proportionately 0.59 (p<0.01). These findings allowed the conclusion that additional MP reduced the consequence of immunological signalling that was displayed in reduced feed intake and in nutrient utilization, both of which appeared to be associated with an IgA response. It is hypothesized that the lessening of nutritional disturbance observed in high protein and immuno-suppressed animals could be a consequence of altered physiological signalling during the immunological cascade. The third trial (Chapter 5) utilized lambs infected with the abomasal parasite T. circumcincta to explore the possibility that the reduction in feed intake and nutrient utilization is a universal phenomenon of the acquisition phase of the immune response to nematode parasites inhabiting different organs along the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, immunological changes at the site of parasite infestation in the abomasal mucosa were measured from serial biopsy tissue samples taken from a further twelve animals that were surgically fitted with an abomasal cannula and either infected (CIF) or concurrently infected and immuno-suppressed as described previously (CISIF). The development of immunity in IF animals was accompanied by a 0.17 proportional decrease in feed intake between days 15 to 28 of infection (p<0.05) and a 0.20 proportional reduction in nutrient utilization (p=0.07), none of which were observed in ISIF animals. While FEC and worm burdens indicated successful immunosuppression in ISIF animals, both serum IgA and total antibody production were not reduced. The development of immunity in CIF was reflected in an increase in both mast cells and globule leukocytes in serial abomasal tissue biopsies, both of which were reduced in CISIF (p<0.01 for both). In serial biopsy tissue, immuno-suppression did prevent a rise in tissue IgA that was apparent in CIF animals (p<0.01) although these changes were not reflected in serum IgA levels. It appears that the alleviation of the reduction in feed intake and nutrient utilization in young lambs through the use of corticosteroid induced immuno-suppression may be a universal phenomenon for both intestinal and abomasal parasites, but the association with and/or role of IgA during infection with T. circumcincta is unclear. In summary, the reduction in feed intake and nutrient utilization in sheep during infection with both the abomasal nematode T. circumcincta and the small intestine nematode T. colubriformis appears to be associated with a component(s) of the acquisition phase of the host immune response, rather than, as conventionally assumed, the direct mechanical damage of the parasite per se. It is hypothesised that the nutritional disturbance as a consequence of infection in young lambs may be the result of pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in immunological signalling that may also be associated with the production of IgA, the effects of which can be reduced through the provision of adequate MP. These studies provide evidence that the immune response to gastrointestinal parasites is nutritionally costly to the animal and have implications for application of manipulations that are intended to promote the development of a strong immune reaction in high producing animals.

This thesis describes a series of three experiments designed to estimate the nutritional cost of the immune response to the gastrointestinal nematodes Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Teladorsagia circumcincta in sheep. For each experiment, animals were allocated hierarchically by liveweight into one of four groups that were either infected (group IF), similarly infected and concurrently immuno-suppressed with weekly intramuscular injections of 1.3mg kg liveweight (LW)⁻¹ of methylprednisolone acetate (group ISIF), immunosuppressed only (group IS) or remained as controls (group C). Body composition of all animals was estimated using x-ray computer tomography prior to infection and at the conclusion of each study with bodyweight and faecal nematode egg counts (FEC; eggs gram⁻¹ of fresh faeces (epg)) measured along with blood samples taken for the determination of levels of serum proteins, phosphate and antibodies. In the first trial (Chapter 3), the nutritional cost of both the acquisition and maintenance of immunity to gastro-intestinal nematodes was investigated using immunologically naive 5-month-old lambs and immunologically competent 17-month-old ewes during infection with 2,000 and 4,000 L3 infective T. colubriformis larvae d⁻¹, respectively (80 L3 T. colubriformis larvae kgLW⁻¹ d⁻¹). Profiles of FEC and comparative worm burdens at slaughter indicated an effective immune response was maintained in IF ewes and developed in IF lambs while successfully suppressed in both ISIF lambs and ISIF ewes and was confirmed by serum antibody titres. The typical reduction in voluntary feed intake as a consequence of infection was observed in IF lambs (0.30, p<0.001) but not in IF ewes, ISIF lambs or ISIF ewes, and appeared to be associated with L3 IgA. Gross efficiency of use of metabolizable energy (ME) for net energy (NE) deposition was reduced by 0.20 in lambs during acquisition of immunity and by 0.16 in ewes maintaining an established immunity. Infection in immuno-suppressed animals reduced efficiency by 0.05 and 0.15 for lambs and ewes. These findings allowed the hypothesis that the reduction in feed intake and nutrient utilization in young parasitized sheep is caused by physiological signalling associated with the acquisition phase of the host immune response to infection, rather than simply the damage caused by the parasite per se. The second trial (Chapter 4) investigated the influence of metabolizable protein (MP) supply on the metabolic disturbances associated with the acquisition phase of the immune response during infection with 2,000 L3 T. colubriformis d⁻¹. Groups of lambs were offered either a low protein (L; 62g MP kgDM⁻¹) or high protein diet (H; 95g MP kgDM⁻¹). Patterns of total daily egg excretion indicated that an effective immune response was developed in HIF, but not LIF, HISIF nor LISF and was confirmed by comparative worm burdens. The proportionate reduction in feed intake in immunologically normal animals was reduced through the provision of additional protein, being 0.12 in HIF and 0.23 in LIF. Regardless of diet, infection did not cause a reduction in feed intake in immuno-suppressed animals (p>0.05). Infection proportionately reduced the gross efficiency of ME utilization in immunologically normal animals by 0.23 in HIF (p=0.09) and by 0.51 in LIF (p=0.01), but not in immuno-suppressed animals. Immuno-suppression did not suppress serum L3 IgA levels in seven of the eight HISIF and four of the eight LISIF animals. Furthermore, only four out of the eight immunologically normal animals from both the HIF and LIF groups displayed an L3 IgA response. Consequently, regardless of immunosuppression treatment, animals were termed as IgA responders (HR or LR) or non-responders (HN or LN). Feed intake was proportionately reduced from day 22 by 0.15 in HR (p=0.03) and by 0.32 in LR (p=0.01), but was not significantly reduced in HN or LN. Gross efficiency of ME utilization was significantly reduced for LN animals only, being proportionately 0.59 (p<0.01). These findings allowed the conclusion that additional MP reduced the consequence of immunological signalling that was displayed in reduced feed intake and in nutrient utilization, both of which appeared to be associated with an IgA response. It is hypothesized that the lessening of nutritional disturbance observed in high protein and immuno-suppressed animals could be a consequence of altered physiological signalling during the immunological cascade. The third trial (Chapter 5) utilized lambs infected with the abomasal parasite T. circumcincta to explore the possibility that the reduction in feed intake and nutrient utilization is a universal phenomenon of the acquisition phase of the immune response to nematode parasites inhabiting different organs along the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, immunological changes at the site of parasite infestation in the abomasal mucosa were measured from serial biopsy tissue samples taken from a further twelve animals that were surgically fitted with an abomasal cannula and either infected (CIF) or concurrently infected and immuno-suppressed as described previously (CISIF). The development of immunity in IF animals was accompanied by a 0.17 proportional decrease in feed intake between days 15 to 28 of infection (p<0.05) and a 0.20 proportional reduction in nutrient utilization (p=0.07), none of which were observed in ISIF animals. While FEC and worm burdens indicated successful immunosuppression in ISIF animals, both serum IgA and total antibody production were not reduced. The development of immunity in CIF was reflected in an increase in both mast cells and globule leukocytes in serial abomasal tissue biopsies, both of which were reduced in CISIF (p<0.01 for both). In serial biopsy tissue, immuno-suppression did prevent a rise in tissue IgA that was apparent in CIF animals (p<0.01) although these changes were not reflected in serum IgA levels. It appears that the alleviation of the reduction in feed intake and nutrient utilization in young lambs through the use of corticosteroid induced immuno-suppression may be a universal phenomenon for both intestinal and abomasal parasites, but the association with and/or role of IgA during infection with T. circumcincta is unclear. In summary, the reduction in feed intake and nutrient utilization in sheep during infection with both the abomasal nematode T. circumcincta and the small intestine nematode T. colubriformis appears to be associated with a component(s) of the acquisition phase of the host immune response, rather than, as conventionally assumed, the direct mechanical damage of the parasite per se. It is hypothesised that the nutritional disturbance as a consequence of infection in young lambs may be the result of pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in immunological signalling that may also be associated with the production of IgA, the effects of which can be reduced through the provision of adequate MP. These studies provide evidence that the immune response to gastrointestinal parasites is nutritionally costly to the animal and have implications for application of manipulations that are intended to promote the development of a strong immune reaction in high producing animals.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2017-04-20T17:33:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 244349 bytes, checksum: 8af1f57dcc4abc89daf537186cee404a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-20T17:33:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 244349 bytes, checksum: 8af1f57dcc4abc89daf537186cee404a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-02-27 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Sessenta cultivares de soja e vinte e oito espécies de plantas daninhas foram inoculadas com uma população de Meloidogyne paranaensis coletada em plantas de soja no Rio Grande do Sul e avaliadas de acordo com o índice de galhas, índice de massas de ovos e fator de reprodução (FR). Todas as cultivares de soja e oito espécies de plantas daninhas comportaram-se como suscetíveis, apresentando FR igual ou superior a 1,0. Dentre essas cultivares suscetíveis à população de M. paranaensis oriunda de plantas de soja, dez foram inoculadas com uma outra população de M. paranaensis, coletada em plantas de café em Minas Gerais, sendo que somente cinco dentre essas cultivares comportaram-se como suscetíveis (FR ≥ 1,0). Inoculação cruzada com as duas populações de M. paranaensis em plantas de tomate ‘Santa Clara’, soja ‘MS/BR 34’, soja ‘Fepagro RS 10’ e café ‘Catuaí Vermelho’ mostrou diferença na capacidade reprodutiva das duas populações. A população coletada de plantas de soja foi a que apresentou maior capacidade reprodutiva, e o tomate foi o melhor hospedeiro. A porcentagem de eclosão de juvenis de segundo estádio (J 2 ) da população de M. paranaensis oriunda de soja foi maior em temperatura de 20 oC, seguida das temperaturas de 22, 26 e 30° C, não tendo sido observado efeito de exsudato radicular de soja na eclosão. A temperatura que mais favoreceu a penetração de J 2 da população de M. paranaensis oriunda de soja, em raízes de soja, foi 30° C, seguida das temperaturas de 22, 26 e 20° C. / Sixty soybean cultivars and twenty-eight species of weeds were inoculated with a population of Meloidogyne paranaensis collected in soybean crop in Rio Grande do Sul State (Brazil). The evaluation according to gall index, egg masses index and reproduction factor (RFPf /Pi) showed that all soybean cultivars and eight weed species were susceptible (RF 1) to M. paranaensis soybean population. However, from ten of these soybean cultivars five were resistant to M. paranaensis coffee population from Minas Gerais State. In cross- inoculation of the populations from coffee and soybean plants on different hosts, M. paranaensis soybean population was able to reproduce more than the coffee population, and tomato was the best host for both of the nematode, although coffee and soybean plants were good hosts. The egg-hatching percentage of M. paranaensis was greater at 20° C. No significant difference was observed at 22 and 26° C. The soybean root exsudates did not affect the egg-hatching. Greater J 2 penetration on soybean roots occurred at 30° C, followed by 22, 26 and 20° C. / Dissertação importada do Alexandria

Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2017-04-27T18:33:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 878289 bytes, checksum: 70c4ac466fdd682cb943dce260aec8df (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-27T18:33:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 878289 bytes, checksum: 70c4ac466fdd682cb943dce260aec8df (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-08-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Experimentos foram conduzidos em laboratório e casa de vegetação objetivando o aprimoramento do método clássico de multiplicação de Pasteuria penetrans ‘in vivo’, proposto em 1980 por Stirling e Wachtel. No primeiro experimento comparou-se a produção de endósporos da P. penetrans em raízes de tomateiro de crescimento indeterminado cv. Santa Clara e determinado cv. TRural 1. Maiores pesos de matéria fresca e seca e número de endósporos foram observados em tomateiro cv. Santa Clara. O segundo experimento foi realizado para determinar a concentração ideal de endósporos de P. penetrans na suspensão e o tempo de agitação necessário para adesão adequada de endósporos aos nematóides para multiplicação da bactéria. Para que se obtenham seis endósporos, em média, por juvenil de segundo estádio (J2) de Meloidogyne javanica, verificou-se serem necessárias suspensões contendo 3,3 x 10 5 endósporos/mL, agitadas por 10 a 20 minutos, ou 3,3 x 10 4 endósporos/mL por 50 minutos. Em outro ensaio, comparou-se a multiplicação de P. penetrans em população pura de M. incognita ou em população composta de M. incognita e M. javanica oriunda de um campo de cultivo de tomate. A produção de endósporos de P. penetrans em tomateiro inoculado com M. incognita foi aproximadamente três vezes superior àquela em plantas inoculadas com população mista. Realizou-se também um teste de adesão de P. penetrans às duas populações do nematóide. Foi observado maior número de endósporos aderidos aos J2 de M. incognita. A produção de endósporos da P. penetrans em plantas de tomateiro cv. Santa Clara com 15, 30, 45 ou 60 dias de idade e inoculadas com 5.000, 15.000 ou 25.000 J2 foi avaliada. As plantas com 30 e 45 dias de idade inoculadas com 25.000 J2 permitiram a multiplicação de P. penetrans cerca de 19 vezes maior àquela obtida em plantas inoculadas com 5.000 J2. Com o objetivo de determinar se maiores níveis de matéria orgânica adicionada ao substrato provocavam alterações fisiológicas nos nematóides ou nas plantas de tomate, estudou-se a influência de diferentes proporções de solo, areia e esterco de curral (1:1:0, 2:2:1, 1:1:1 ou 1:1:2 (V:V:V), respectivamente) e três níveis de inóculo de espécies de Meloidogyne (3.000, 6.000 e 9.000 J2) sobre a concentração de fenóis em raízes de tomateiro, no teor de lipídios de espécies de Meloidogyne, e em possíveis alterações em células gigantes induzidas por esses nematóides. Não se observou efeito dos tratamentos no teor de lipídios dos nematóides. A concentração de fenóis nas raízes aumentou à medida que se acrescentou mais esterco de curral ao substrato ou quando as plantas foram inoculadas com mais nematóides (9.000 J2). As células gigantes em raízes de plantas cultivadas nos substratos 1:1:0 e 2:2:1 (solo:areia:esterco) foram mais numerosas, maiores e com maior número de núcleos. Por outro lado, as células gigantes de plantas cultivadas no substrato 1:1:1 e 1:1:2, além de menos numerosas, apresentaram alterações no tamanho e formato, demonstrando o efeito deletério das maiores doses de esterco sobre esses sítios de alimentação. O último ensaio foi conduzido para avaliar o efeito de crescentes quantidades de esterco de curral nos substratos e níveis de inóculo de espécies de Meloidogyne na reprodução de P. penetrans. Maior percentual de fêmeas infectadas por P. penetrans foi observado quando se utilizou o substrato 1:1:0 em relação aos substratos 1:1:1 e 1:1:2 ou quando as plantas foram inoculadas com 3.000 J2. O experimento foi repetido uma vez e na primeira condução do experimento, plantas cultivadas no substrato 1:1:0 ou inoculadas com 9.000 J2 apresentaram maior número de endósporos; entretanto, na segunda condução do experimento as plantas inoculadas com 9.000 J2 e cultivadas no substrato 2:2:1 foram as que permitiram maior reprodução de P. penetrans. / Greenhouse and laboratory experiments were conducted to improve the classical method of multiplying P. penetrans ‘in vivo’, proposed by Stirling & Wachtel in 1980. In the first experiment, the mass production of P. penetrans in tomatoes of indeterminated and determinated growth, cv. Santa Clara and Trural I, respectively, was compared. Higher fresh and dry root weight and endospore number were observed in ‘Santa Clara’ tomato. The second experiment was conducted to determine the best endospore concentration of P. penetrans in the aqueous suspension and the time of shaking necessary to obtain adequate attachment of endospores on the nematodes, as the first step for P. penetrans multiplication. To obtain an average of six endospores per second stage juvenile (J2) of M. javanica, it is necessary to shake suspension of 3,3 x 10 5 endospores/mL per 10 to 20 minutes or to shake 3,3 x 10 4 endospores/mL for 50 minutes. In another experiment, the reproduction of P. penetrans in pure population of M. incognita and in a mixed population of M. incognita and M. javanica, originated from the field, was studied. The endospore production of P. penetrans in tomato plants inoculated with M. incognita was approximately three times higher than in plants inoculated with the field population. An attachment test of P. penetrans on the two populations was performed and higher number of endospores attached to J2 of M. incognita was observed. The multiplication of P. penetrans in 15, 30, 45 or 60 day-old ‘Santa Clara’ tomato plants inoculated with 5,000, 15,000 or 25,000 J2, was also evaluated. The 30 and 45 days old plants inoculated with 25,000 J2 provided P. penetrans multiplication up to nineteen times more than plants inoculated with 5,000 J2 in the first experimental run. To determine if high cow manure levels added to substrate promote physiological changes on the nematodes or on the tomato plants, the influence of cow manure amendment to mixtures of soil and sand giving rates of 1:1:0; 2:2:1; 1:1:1 and 1:1:2 (V:V:V) of soil, sand and manure, respectively, and three inoculum levels of Meloidogyne species, i.e., 3,000; 6,000 and 9,000 J2 on the phenolic content in the tomato roots, changes in nematode lipid content and possible alterations in the giant cells induced by the nematodes, were studied. No conclusion could be drawn about the effect of manure on the nematode lipid content. The phenolic content in the roots increased as more cow manure was added to the substrate or when the plants were inoculated with more nematodes (9,000 J2). The giant cells in the roots of plants cultivated in the substrates 1:1:0 and 2:2:1 were more numerous, bigger and with more nuclei. On the other hand, the giant cells of plants cultivated on 1:1:1 and 1:1:2 substrates were less numerous, showed changes on their format and were smaller, demonstrating the deleterious effect of organic amendments to these feeding sites. A subsequent experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of the interaction of increasing rates of cow manure in the substrates and of nematode levels on the reproduction of Pasteuria penetrans. Higher perceptual of infected females by P. penetrans was observed when the plants grew in the substrate 1:1:0 than in the substrates 1:1:1 and 1:1:2, or when plants were inoculated with 3,000 J2. The experiment was repeated once and in the first run, plants cultivated on substrate 1:1:0 or inoculated with 9,000 J2 had higher endospore number. However, in the second run, plants inoculated with 9,000 J2 and cultivated on substrate 2:2:1 yielded more endospores per root system. / Tese importada do Alexandria

Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-17T19:34:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-02-20. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-06-18T12:47:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000829026.pdf: 336457 bytes, checksum: 8b02bbfade913853e331d4f14b9e3cc1 (MD5) / A cultura de cana-de-açúcar é de grande importância para a economia brasileira. Os fitonematoides são um dos fatores limitantes na maioria dos canaviais causando grandes perdas à cultura. O manejo dos nematoides é feito através de nematicidas químicos que são prejudiciais ao homem, meio ambiente e produtos colhidos, devido sua alta toxicidade. O controle biológico tem sido uma alternativa viável e sustentável para o manejo dos nematoides. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar espécies de Bacillus no controle de Meloidogyne incognita e M. javanica in vitro e na cana-de-açúcar. Foram instalados experimentos em condições de laboratório com delineamento inteiramente casualizado com os tratamentos: Cadusafós 200 CS (14 L/ha); B. subtillis; B. firmus e B. amyloliquefaciens (1 e 10 L/ha), além de uma testemunha (água). Os ensaios em vasos, à céu aberto, tiveram delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com os tratamentos B. subtilis (10 L/ha), B. firmus (10 L/ha), B. amyloliquefaciens (10 L/ha), Carbofurano 350 SC (5 L/ha - tratamento padrão) e uma testemunha, com cinco repetições e duas avaliações (100 e 150 dias após inoculação e aplicação dos tratamentos). No ensaio in vitro, B. firmus (10 L/ha) é o mais eficiente para diminuir a eclosão de J2 de M. javanica, sendo estasticamente semelhante ao produto químico testado. Quanto a motilidade de J2 de M. javanica, B. subtilis (10 L/ha) e B. amyloliquefaciens (1 e 10 L/ha), causam a mortalidade do nematoide, porém inferior ao padrão químico testado. Para M. incognita, B. firmus (10 L/ha) proporciona maior eclosão de J2. Quanto a motilidade de J2 de M. incognita, Cadusafós 200 CS (14 L/ha) causou a maior mortalidade. Nos ensaios em vasos, todos os tratamentos aumentam o número de perfilhos, mas não controlam os nematoides / The sugar-cane crop is very important to Brazilian economy. Phytonematodes are among the main limitating factors of such culture causing great losses. Chemical nematicides are harmful to humans, environment, harvested products, and are the main method used to manage the populations of these nematodes. Biological control have been a sustainable alternative to manage these nematodes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate Bacillus species for control Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica in vitro and in sugar cane plants. We set assays in laboratory conditions in a completely random design with the treatments: Cadusafós 200 CS (14 L/ha), B. subitilis, B. firmus, B. amyloliquefaciens (1 and 10 L/ha) and a control (water). The pot assay, in a semi-field condition, had a completely random design with the treatments: B. subtilis (10 L/ha), B. firmus (10 L/ha), B. amyloliquefaciens (10 L/ha), Carbofurano 350 SC, with five replicates and two evaluation periods (100 and 150 days after inculation and application of treatments). At laboratory assay B. firmus (10 L/ha) was the most efficient in decreasing the M. javanica J2 eclosion and were statistically similar to the chemical nematicide tested. For M. javanica J2 mobility, B. subtilis (10 L/ha) and B. amyloliquefaciens (1 and 10 L/ha) cause nematode mortality, but lower than that presented by the chemical. To M. incognita, B. firmus (10 L/ha) provides higher J2 eclosion. For the M. incognita J2 mobility, Cadusafos 200CS (14 L/ha) caused higher mortality. In the pot assay, all treatments increase the number of tillers but do not control the nematodes

Orientador: Pedro Luiz Martins Soares / Coorientador: Jaime Maia dos Santos / Banca: Bruno Flávio Figueiredo Barbosa / Banca: Rita de Cássia Panizzi / Resumo: A cultura de cana-de-açúcar é de grande importância para a economia brasileira. Os fitonematoides são um dos fatores limitantes na maioria dos canaviais causando grandes perdas à cultura. O manejo dos nematoides é feito através de nematicidas químicos que são prejudiciais ao homem, meio ambiente e produtos colhidos, devido sua alta toxicidade. O controle biológico tem sido uma alternativa viável e sustentável para o manejo dos nematoides. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar espécies de Bacillus no controle de Meloidogyne incognita e M. javanica in vitro e na cana-de-açúcar. Foram instalados experimentos em condições de laboratório com delineamento inteiramente casualizado com os tratamentos: Cadusafós 200 CS (14 L/ha); B. subtillis; B. firmus e B. amyloliquefaciens (1 e 10 L/ha), além de uma testemunha (água). Os ensaios em vasos, à céu aberto, tiveram delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com os tratamentos B. subtilis (10 L/ha), B. firmus (10 L/ha), B. amyloliquefaciens (10 L/ha), Carbofurano 350 SC (5 L/ha - tratamento padrão) e uma testemunha, com cinco repetições e duas avaliações (100 e 150 dias após inoculação e aplicação dos tratamentos). No ensaio in vitro, B. firmus (10 L/ha) é o mais eficiente para diminuir a eclosão de J2 de M. javanica, sendo estasticamente semelhante ao produto químico testado. Quanto a motilidade de J2 de M. javanica, B. subtilis (10 L/ha) e B. amyloliquefaciens (1 e 10 L/ha), causam a mortalidade do nematoide, porém inferior ao padrão químico testado. Para M. incognita, B. firmus (10 L/ha) proporciona maior eclosão de J2. Quanto a motilidade de J2 de M. incognita, Cadusafós 200 CS (14 L/ha) causou a maior mortalidade. Nos ensaios em vasos, todos os tratamentos aumentam o número de perfilhos, mas não controlam os nematoides / Abstract: The sugar-cane crop is very important to Brazilian economy. Phytonematodes are among the main limitating factors of such culture causing great losses. Chemical nematicides are harmful to humans, environment, harvested products, and are the main method used to manage the populations of these nematodes. Biological control have been a sustainable alternative to manage these nematodes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate Bacillus species for control Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica in vitro and in sugar cane plants. We set assays in laboratory conditions in a completely random design with the treatments: Cadusafós 200 CS (14 L/ha), B. subitilis, B. firmus, B. amyloliquefaciens (1 and 10 L/ha) and a control (water). The pot assay, in a semi-field condition, had a completely random design with the treatments: B. subtilis (10 L/ha), B. firmus (10 L/ha), B. amyloliquefaciens (10 L/ha), Carbofurano 350 SC, with five replicates and two evaluation periods (100 and 150 days after inculation and application of treatments). At laboratory assay B. firmus (10 L/ha) was the most efficient in decreasing the M. javanica J2 eclosion and were statistically similar to the chemical nematicide tested. For M. javanica J2 mobility, B. subtilis (10 L/ha) and B. amyloliquefaciens (1 and 10 L/ha) cause nematode mortality, but lower than that presented by the chemical. To M. incognita, B. firmus (10 L/ha) provides higher J2 eclosion. For the M. incognita J2 mobility, Cadusafos 200CS (14 L/ha) caused higher mortality. In the pot assay, all treatments increase the number of tillers but do not control the nematodes / Mestre

Orientador: Pedro Luiz Martins Soares / Banca: Marineide Mendonça Aguillera / Banca: Elvira Maria Regis Pedrosa / Banca: Arlindo Leal Boiça Júnior / Banca: Miguel Angelo Mutton / Resumo: Pratylenchus zeae, Meloidogyne javanica e M. incognita são nematoides-chave na cana-de-açúcar, no Brasil, mas P. brachyurus também é frequentemente encontrado. Três experimentos foram conduzidos para o estudo. No primeiro, comparou-se a agressividade de P. brachyurus e P. zeae a cultura. No segundo e no terceiro, buscaram-se alternativas de controle. O primeiro e o segundo experimentos foram em vasos de 100 L, a céu aberto e o terceiro em soqueira de quarto a quinto cortes. No primeiro foram inoculados 10, 100, 1.000, 10.000 e 100.000 espécimes/planta, isoladamente. No segundo foram testados Agrolmin® (ácidos húmicos e fúlvicos extraídos de turfa), Agrolmin + Fungos nematófagos (FN), Pochonia chlamydosporia, FN, Helicotylenchus dihystera, Carbofurano e Testemunha sem e com nematoides. No terceiro, testaram-se: Agrolmin 10:0:10 [Agrolmin Nitro (300 L.ha-1)], Agrolmin Nitro (600 L.ha-1), FN (0,5 L.m linear-1)], FN (1 L.m linear-1), Formulação de FN (FFN) no Agrolmin Nitro (300 L.ha-1), FFN no Agrolmin Nitro (600 L.ha-1), Carbofurano (6 L.ha-1) e a Testemunha. Nos três experimentos foi avaliada a dinâmica da população das pragas e avaliações biométricas e quantitativas das plantas, ao final. Observou-se que a variedade CTC2 é suscetível à P. zeae e intolerante à P. brachyurus, que foi mais agressivo. Os FN incrementaram a produtividade, principalmente quando associados ao Agrolmin. O parasitismo de H. dihystera reduziu o de M. javanica, mas causou danos à cultura. A FFN no Agrolmin Nitro (300 L.ha-1) reduziu as populações de P. zeae e de M. javanica e elevou a produtividade em 14,6 Mg.ha-1, em relação a testemunha / Abstract: Pratylenchus zeae, Meloidogyne javanica and M. incognita are the key nematodes in sugar cane in Brazil, but P. brachyurus is also frequently found. Three experiments were conducted. In the first one, the aggressiveness of P. brachyurus and P. zeae to the crop was compared. In the second and third ones alternatives for the control were sought. The first and second experiments were carried out in 100 L pots, in open area and, the third experiment in ratoon of fourth to fifth cropping. In the first one levels of 10, 100, 1,000, 10,000 and 100,000 specimens/plant were inoculated, individually. In the second one it was tested Agrolmin ® (humic and fulvic acids extracted from peat), Agrolmin plus nematophagous fungi (FN), Pochonia chlamydosporia, FN, Helicotylenchus dihystera, Carbofuran and the Control with and without nematodes. In the third experiment were tested: Agrolmin 10:0:10 [Agrolmin Nitro (300 L.ha-1)], Agrolmin Nitro (600 L.ha-1), FN (0.5 L.m linear -1)], FN (1 L.m linear-1) Formulation of FN (FFN) in Agrolmin Nitro (300 L.ha-1), FFN in Agrolmin Nitro (600 L.ha-1), Carbofuran (6 L.ha-1) and Control. In the three experiments it was analyzed the population dynamics of the nematodes as well biometric and quantitative assessments of the plants at the end. It was observed that the variety CTC2 is susceptible to P. zeae and intolerant to P. brachyurus which was more aggressive. The FN increased productivity, especially when associated with Agrolmin. The parasitism of H. dihystera reduced M. javanica population, but caused damage to the crop. The FFN in Agrolmin Nitro (300 L.ha-1) reduced populations of P. zeae and M. javanica and increased productivity by 14.6 Mg.ha-1, compared to control / Doutor