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The work presented in this thesis consists of an investigation into the development of the female reproductive system of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni. Worms were examined both under the light and electron microscopes, at all ages from 20 to 70 days post-infection. An investigation was also carried out into the various factors which affect the rate of development of the reproductive system. The development of the female system as a whole, as observed under the light microscope, is examined in Chapter 1, with a detailed examination of the ultrastructural development of each individual section of the system as observed using the electron microscope being presented in the succeeding chapters. Several factors were found to have an effect on the development of the female worms. These were the age of the worms themselves, the sex-ratio of the population as a whole and the population size. However, only the first two factors were found to effect the sexual development, the population size only affecting the overall size of the worms. The ultrastructure of the various components of the female reproductive system was observed at ages ranging from 20 to 70 days post-infection and the method of development of each component has been described as far as possible.

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Alfalfa is a major cash crop in the western United States, where fields that are infested with the alfalfa stem nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci) can be found. With no nematicides available to control alfalfa stem nematode spread, growers can use nematode resistant varieties of alfalfa to manage nematode populations in a field. A deterministic, discrete-time, host-parasite model is presented that describes the spread of alfalfa stem nematodes on resistant hosts that was fit to experimental data obtained in Weber County, Utah. Numerical results obtained from simulations with the model are used to compare how varying levels of resistance can affect harvest yield. Resistant varieties can also affect the invasion speeds of epidemics in crops. A continuous time, spatial model is presented that describes how these resistant varieties affect invasion speeds in general crop systems. Speeds of traveling wave fronts are determined for simple epidemics in crops that contain a mixture of resistant and non-resistant hosts. For the model, it was found that the wave speeds will slow down as highly nematode resistant varieties of alfalfa are used. The speed of invasion for the alfalfa stem nematode can be determined by using a mathematical relationship that is know as the contact distribution. We present a spatial model for the spread of alfalfa stem nematodes that uses a Gaussian distribution as the contact distribution of the alfalfa stem nematodes, which was determined by experimental data. Using this contact distribution we are able to approximate the speed of nematode invasive fronts in absence of advection, i.e. without nematode trans-port through flood irrigation. The contact distribution is then used to calculate front speeds when resistant varieties of alfalfa are introduced. We found that, unsurprisingly, invasive speeds are relatively low and cannot support the rapid dispersal of the disease among fields as seen in practice. However, this result leads to conjecture that changing current irrigation practices, from flood to sprinkle irrigation, could effectively contribute to control the spread of alfalfa stem nematodes. Resistant varieties of alfalfa can be used to effectively control the spread of the alfalfa stem nematode. In this work we have shown that using resistant varieties of alfalfa can increase yield up to 83%, they can slow down invasion speeds of nematodes, and switching from flood to sprinkler irrigation could effectively contribute to the control of the alfalfa stem nematode.

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