Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1997. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 101-103). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (M.S.)--Texas State University-San Marcos, 2007. / Vita. Appendices: leaves 23-75. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 76-79).

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Canterbury, 2006. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references. Also available via the World Wide Web.

The ant building activity of the nest represents an important phenomenon, influencing ambient environment. If we want to know, which factors are affecting this process, we will describe its details. This paper aims to detrmine the factors which influence nest building activity, by an experiment using the species of Lasius niger (L.) in the artifical formicaria.

Uma das abelhas solitárias sugeridas para programas de polinização controlada foi Centris analis, pela constância e abundância no Brasil. Estudos mostraram a importância de C. analis na polinização de algumas culturas agrícolas, e vários trabalhos trazem informações a respeito da sua biologia. No entanto, ainda faltam informações a respeito de fatores capazes de aumentar ou diminuir a população de C. analis. Assim ninhos-armadilha confeccionados com cartolina foram oferecidos no campus da Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, com dimensões de 0,6cm de diâmetro e em quatro comprimentos diferentes (6, 7, 8 e 9cm), de outubro de 2010 a setembro de 2012. Resultando em 500 ninhos de onde emergiram 369 fêmeas e 562 machos de C. analis, a mortalidade ocorreu em decorrência dos parasitas Leucospis sp. (100), Coelioxys sp. (55), Anthrax sp (3), por causa de fungos (107) e por causas desconhecidas (100). Ninhos-armadilha de 6 e 7cm apresentaram até quatro células, já os ninhos de 8 e 9cm apresentaram até seis células, sendo os ninhos de 8cm os mais utilizados. A razão sexual apresentou-se desviada para machos e os resultados indicam que o comprimento dos ninhos-armadilha não foi capaz de influenciar a razão sexual dessa abelha. Fêmeas de C. analis que nidificaram entre outubro de 2010 a abril de 2012 foram monitoradas (n=28) quanto ao seu comportamento na área; a atividade delas variou de 6 a 24 dias. Cinco fêmeas apresentaram comportamento considerado diferente do padrão e foram coletadas para dissecção, apresentando uma larva parasitoide em seu abdômen. Três delas fizeram depósitos adicionais de óleo em ninhos terminados dias antes, e normalmente não recebem mais materiais; as outras duas fêmeas foram coletadas após fazerem um falso fechamento, quando fecham a entrada do ninho-armadilha sem construir células de cria nele. As cinco fêmeas construíram ninhos convencionais nos primeiros dias de monitoramento, mas cessaram a construção de ninhos com células de cria e passaram a realizar os comportamentos atípicos. Esses comportamentos sugerem que as fêmeas tornam-se estéreis conforme a larva parasitoide cresce, primeiramente pela perda do espaço para transportar néctar para o ninho, e depois pela perda dos órgãos internos. Antes de morrer várias C. analis, machos e fêmeas, ocultaram-se dentro dos ninhos-armadilha, possivelmente por influência do parasitoide. C. analis encontradas mortas tem sido recolhidas de janeiro de 2008 a setembro de 2012, totalizando 186 abelhas mortas, de onde emergiram 113 conopideos adultos, pertencentes a oito espécies. A maioria foi encontrada nos três primeiros meses do ano, período de maior atividade dos hospedeiros. Assim, conclui-se que somente o comprimento dos ninhos-armadilhas utilizados não é capaz de influenciar a razão sexual da prole; as mortes nos ninhos ocorre principalmente pelos ataques de Leucospis sp., por fungos ou por causas desconhecidas, e um importante inimigo natural dos adultos são os conopideos. / One of the solitary bees suggested to programs of controlled pollination was Centris analis, because of its constancy and abundance in Brazil. Several studies have shown the importance of C. analis in the pollination of some crops, and some papers brought information on the biology of this species. However, it still lacks information about factors that can increase or decrease C. analis population. Hence trap-nests made of black cardboard were offered in the campus of Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto from October of 2010 to September of 2012. The trap-nests measured 0.6cm in internal diameter and 6, 7, 8 and 9cm in length. Five hundred nests were obtained during the study period. From these nests emerged 369 females and 562 males of C. analis, and the immature mortality occurred due the parasites Leucospis sp. (100), Coelioxys sp. (55), Anthrax sp. (3), probably fungi (107) and unknown causes (100). Trap-nests with 6 and 7cm had up to four cells, and nests with 8 and 9cm had up to six cells, the most used length of trap-nest was 8cm. Sex ratio was male biased, and it seems that the trap-nests lengths did not influence the sex ratio of this bee. Twenty-eight females of C. analis were monitored during their nesting activities that occurred from October 2010 to April 2012. These females worked in the trap-nests from 6 to 24 days. Five females showing behavior considered different from normal pattern had a parasitoid larva inside their abdomen. Three of them made additional deposits of oil on nests finished days before, which usually dont receive more materials; the other two females were collected after making a fake nest plug, when they close the nest entrance without building brood cells in it. The five females built normal nests during the first days of monitoring, but stopped building nests with brood cells and started to make behaviors considered as atypical. These behaviors suggest that females become sterile as the parasitoid larva grows, first because the loss of space to carry nectar to the nest, and later because the loss of internal organs. Before dying many C. analis, males and females, concealed themselves inside trap-nests, possibly by influence of the parasitoid. The dead bees found inside trap-nests have been collected from January 2008 to September 2012, totaling 186 bees, from where emerged 113 adult conopids, belonging to eight species. Most of them were found in the three first months of the year, period of the hosts higher activity. Therefore, the conclusion is that the lengths of trap-nests alone do not influence the brood sex ratio; mortality in nests occurred mainly because of Leucospis sp. attacks, fungi or unknown causes, and an important natural enemy of the adults C. analis are the conopids.

In order to understand the effects of climate change on the peregrine’s future prospects, we investigated the relationship between weather variables (extreme weather) and breeding success parameters for the peregrine in South Greenland. We defined two variables for comparison with weather data: young per known territory and nest success, i.e. proportion of known sites producing young, for each monitored year (N = 33). Weather data were obtained from two weather stations in the study area. From the weather data four extreme predictor variables were calculated: extreme low temperature, extreme precipitation, consecutive rainy days and total days with extreme weather. Peregrine breeding success (both parameters) was correlated negatively with number of days with extreme weather; the strongest correlation found was between total days in the season with extreme weather and breeding success. Low temperature and total days with extreme weather during the pre-laying and incubation period were also significantly negatively correlated with breeding success. Thereby, extreme weather is an important factor in explaining the peregrine’s breeding success. However, other factors also influence the breeding success, in the last few years there has been a strong downward trend but not an increase of extreme weather events during the same period. / Den globala uppvärmningen påverkar Arktis klimat vilket orsakar en snabbt föränderlig miljö för den Arktiska biotan. Effekten av klimatförändringarna är ökade väder variationer och extremer. Pilgrimsfalken är en väl studerad toppredator men få studier har undersökt hur extremt väder påverkar pilgrimsfalkens häckningsframgång i arktiska miljöer. Därför undersöker vi förhållandet mellan extrema väder och häckningsframgången för pilgrimsfalken på södra Grönland. Vi har i denna studie använt data om pilgrimsfalkens häckningsframgång på södra Grönland som sträcker sig från år 1981 och fram till 2015. Väderdata som använts för att kalkylera variablerna: extrem temperatur, extremt regn, regndagar i följd och totalt antal dagar med extremt väder har erhållits från två väderstationer inom studieområdet. Häckningssäsongen analyserades i sin helhet samt delades in i perioderna: “innan äggläggnings-”, “ruvnings-” och “ungar-i-boet-perioden”, vilka korrelerades mot vädervariablerna. Vi fann att dagar med extremt väder påverkar pilgrimsfalkens häckningsframgång negativt under hela säsongen samt under perioderna “innan äggläggning” och “ruvning”. Extrema väderhändelser kan alltså förklara variationer i häckningsframgången för pilgrimsfalken på södra Grönland. Resultatet indikerar även att andra faktorer påverkar häckningsframgången då det finns en stark nedåtgående trend i pilgrimsfalkens häckningsframgång men inte en ökning av extrema väderhändelser under samma period.

Nest building in birds has long been assumed to be a behaviour that is not learned, despite suggestive evidence to the contrary. In this thesis I investigated the role of learning in nest building in birds. I focused primarily on the choice of nest material made by zebra finches, in particular between two or more colours of nesting material. Using this aspect of behaviour, I found that adult nest building birds changed their preference for a particular colour of nesting material depending on their own nesting and breeding experience: males that built a nest using material of their less preferred colour later preferred that colour following a successful breeding attempt in that nest. In contrast to this role for learning in adults, in two other experiments I found no evidence that juvenile birds learned about the nest from which they had fledged or that birds learned about what material to nest with from conspecifics. Using wild Southern masked weavers, I also addressed variability in a particular aspect of nest building: the attachment of the very first blade of grass knotted onto a branch. I found that birds did not construct the same attachment each time they did it, even when building at the same location, but that males generally used more loops in their attachments as they built more nests, and when using longer pieces of grass. Finally, I tested zebra finches on a nest building ‘task', using a paradigm often used to test cognitive abilities among tool-users. Birds were presented with two lengths of nest material, one of which was more appropriate for one of two sizes of nest box entrance. I found that nesting birds could choose the appropriate length of material and that the birds' handling of material and their choice of material changed with experience. Taking these results together, it seems that there is a greater role for learning in nest construction than is generally acknowledged and that nest building might involve the same underlying cognitive processes as tool manufacture and use.

This dissertation develops the conceptual framework of landscape political ecology (LPE) to consider particular forms of socio-ecological transformation resulting from the relatively re- cent but heavily contested practice of ‘swiftlet farming’ in Malaysian cities. Swiftlet farming is a colloquial term given to the semi-domestication of edible-nest swiftlets (Aerodramus fuciphagus) in converted buildings within urban areas in order to harvest their nests. These nests have long been a highly sought-after delicacy in China and overseas Chinese communities, and subsequently fetch over US$2000 on the international market. The primary research question investigated asks how the industry has been perceived and contested on an everyday basis in Malaysian cities. Engaging these controversies provides the opportunity to capture the significant negotiation that is embedded in the mechanisms of landscape production and capital accumulation as they take place through struggles over swiftlet farming in contemporary Malaysian cities. This research also seeks to understand how the swiftlet farming industry has transformed not only the cities in which it has been located, but also the ecology of swiftlets and their breeding patterns. The dissertation is centered on a six-month participatory ethnography which took place primarily in the city of George Town, Penang, but also investigated other related sites in peninsular Malaysia. I maintain that such ‘co-productive’ research has enabled a more situated view of socio-ecological transformations that have transpired through urban swiftlet farming in Malaysia, and the controversies surrounding them. The empirical chapters aim to unpack the controversies and discourses that emerged in response to swiftlet farming in the study areas, primarily its perceived impact on urban health, forms of cultural heritage, and the wider implications of ‘farming’ such animals in urban residential areas. In exploring these topics, LPE provides a cohesive and integrated approach that helps to untangle the interconnected economic, political, ecological and discursive processes that together form increasingly heterogeneous socio-natural landscapes. The implications of this thesis thus speak to the fraught cultural politics underlying processes of urban socio-ecological transformation in contemporary Southeast Asian cities.

Male ring doves ( Streptopelia risoria ) held on long days perform more nest-building than birds held on short days. This difference persists even if circulating androgen is maintained at similar levels in both groups by castration and treatment with exogenous testosterone. It therefore appears that daylength can alter nest-building through some means other than changes in gonadal androgen production. The experiments described in this thesis examined three mechanisms which might be responsible for the effect of daylength on male nest-building. The first series of experiments tested the hypothesis that nest-building activity is greater under long days as a result of increased aromatization of testosterone into estrogen. Castrated male doves were implanted with estradiol benzoate, testosterone propionate (TP), or a combination of TP and an aromatase inhibitor, ATD, and exposed to either long or short photoperiods. Males held under long days continued to build more actively, regardless of the type of hormone being used. The results thus indicate that differences in the rate of aromatization cannot account for the effect of photoperiod. In a second series of experiments an attempt was made to determine whether an increase in the production of hypothalamic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) under long daylengths stimulates nest-building, as a result of a synergism with testosterone. Long- and short-day castrated males were treated with exogenous TP or TP and LHRH to see if the influence of short daylengths could be reversed by LHRH. LHRH treatment had no effect on the nesting activity of either short- or long-day birds. Finally, several tests were performed which focussed on the role of the pineal gland. Removal of the pineal caused a decrease in nesting activity in long-day birds, but not in short-day birds. The effect of pinealectomy does not depend on the presence of the gonads, since the birds displayed similar responses following castration and testosterone treatment. In the second test, the ability, of pinealectomy to nullify the stimulatory influence of long daylengths was confirmed. In addition, injections of chicken pineal extract increased nest-building in pinealectomized and in short-day pineal-intact birds, suggesting that the pineal produces a substance which is capable of stimulating nesting activity. The identity of this substance is unknown. Pilot tests using melatonin failed to show any stimulatory effect of this compound on nesting behaviour. However, serotonin, which is also present in the pineal in high concentration, did increase nest-building in short-day pinealectomized males. These results indicate that in response to long daylengths the pineal gland of male doves releases a compound, possibly serotonin, which stimulates nest-building activity. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

Magister Scientiae (Biodiversity and Conservation Biology) - MSc (Biodiv and Cons Biol) / It is widely reported that snakes can be major predators of avian nests, but the use of a single avian prey type by competing species has rarely been examined. This study aimed to investigate predation of a single food resource by the sympatric snakes Naja nivea and Dispholidus typus. Specifically, I aimed to 1) identify factors influencing snake presence in sociable weaver colonies and 2) quantify snake predation and potential differences in the consumption of prey by the two competing snakes. I used repeated visual surveys of sociable weavers to obtain presence-absence data of cape cobra and boomslang in sociable weaver colonies over an entire breeding season. I related the presence-absence data of the two snake species to spatially- and temporally-variable factors using principal component analyses (PCA) and multiple logistic regression analyses. The presence of snakes in sociable weaver colonies is primarily influenced by temporal factors, but spatial factors also play a role.