Yes / This paper proposes a novel approach for the reliability cost-based optimization of Distribution Systems (DS), considering tie line-based network reconfiguration method with integration of Distributed Energy Resources (DER). An optimal Energy not Supplied (ENS) index is proposed, where the capacity is handled by curtailment devices in the network such as sectionalizers and the energy supplied by DERs which considers Flexibility Services (FS) within a market environment. The decision variables include the investment and operation of tie-lines and buying regulation services from DER such as Distributed Generation (DG) and Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS). The results validate the cost-effectiveness of the proposed method through implementation of these technologies to improve the reliability of the DS, within a comprehensive set of case-study scenarios for a 16-bus UK generic distribution system (UKGDS). The case study results indicate that significant savings can be achieved through the proposed method, ranging between 36%–71% depending on the level of automation in tie-line operations in combination with the settlement price for the power-balance of FS. This illustrates that the proposed DS reliability cost-based optimization method could have a significant impact for real world DG and BESS applications. / This work was supported in-part by Innovate UK GCRF Energy Catalyst Pi-CREST project under Grant number 41358, and in-part by University of Bradford under the SURE Grant scheme (Grant Number 023000/66005).

Le réseau de distribution électrique français, construit dans une optique de desserte d'électricité depuis les centrales de production en amont, vers les consommateurs en aval, est aujourd'hui le lieu de transits d'énergie multi-sens et dont la charge instantanée dépend à la fois des consommations et des productions locales. Il faut donc moderniser les modèles d'exploitation des réseaux actuellement utilisés.C'est dans ce contexte que le gestionnaire du réseau de distribution de la Vienne SRD, et les différentes équipes du laboratoire LIAS, ont cherché à mettre en place un outil d'optimisation des schémas d'exploitation des réseaux de distribution d'électricité de la VIENNE.Dans cette thèse, le trnvt1il s'est porté principalement sur la modélisation du problème et non sur les méthodes de résolution. En effet, le contexte industriel du développement de l'outil d'optimisation du réseau a permis de se rapprocher au mieux de la réalité des informations disponibles concernant le réseau électrique. Et il est apparu plus pertinent d'utiliser des méthodes de résolution exactes tout en recherchant à simplifier le modèle complexe de représentation du réseau électrique. Ainsi,un modèle simple d'optimisation basé sur le problème de Bot à coût minimum a été mis en place et une étude comparative a été réalisée avec les modèles complexes présents dans la littérature.Ce premier modèle a été reformulé et rendu convexe et quadratique, et permet ainsi d'obtenir des performances supérieures en terme de temps de résolution à solution égale. Le problème d'optimisation simplifié a aussi été élaboré pour permettre de prendre en compte un horizon de temps dans l'optimisation du réseau électrique', afin de prendre en compte des profils de consommation et de production au cours du temps. En effet, ceci permet ainsi de prendre en compte des variations liées au comportement des consommateurs et des producteurs reliés au réseau.Et pour finir. ces modèles d'optimisation ayant pour objectif d'être inséré dans un outil d'aide à la décision pour une utilisation dans un contexte industriel. différentes contraintes liées à l'exploitation des réseaux électriques ont été insérées au modèle.Différents cas d'études issus de la littérature sont présentés pour valider la pertinence du modèle au regard des méthodes existantes. Nous avons pu expérimenter en simulation notre optimisation de réseau sur données de réseaux réels, ce qui a démontré l'applicabilité de la démarche à des problèmes de tailles importantes correspondant à la réalité du réseau électrique de SRD. / The French electrical distribution network was originally built to bring electricity from very large producers to consumers, but it has now become a place of multi-directional energy flows that rely on local production and consumption. Because of this new situation, the way of operating electrical networks needs to be renewed. In light of this, the local Distribution System Operator (SRO) of the French department Vienne and the different teams of the LIAS laboratory have worked together on the development of a distribution network configuration optimization tool. In this thesis the majority of the work was focused on the modeling part of the problem rather than on the development of new optimization methods. The industrial root of this project gave the opportunity to be very close to the reality of the available network data. Based on those observations,it was more consistent to use exact and precise optimization methods to solved simplified versions of the complex electrical network models.Thus a simple optimization model based on the minimum cost flow problem was developed, and a comparative study between the developed model and state of the art more complex one was led. This simple model was reformulated to become convex and quadratic and to reach better resolution time performances with the same solutions. This optimization problem was developed to take into account a time horizon factor into the optimization of the operation planning of the distribution network. The time horizon factor aim to represent the production and consumption variation over a selected period. Finally. because this model has to be integrated into a decision making helping tool that will be used by the DSO SRD several operational constraints were added into the optimization model. Several state of the art case studies arc presented to validate the model accuracy regarding existing methods. Simulation experiments were done on real networks data to show the applicability of the proposed optimization model over large scale case studies which correspond to the DSO SRO reality.

Yes / Electricity providers aims to deliver uninterrupted electrical services to their customers at minimum cost while providing a satisfactory quality service. Therefore, the power system reliability is essential in power distribution network planning, design, and operation. This paper proposes a novel mathematical model to improve the reliability of reconfigurable distribution networks via investing and operating tie-lines. While the failure is being repaired, tie-lines allow the network operator to transfer loads from failed zones to healthy zones. Constructing new tie-lines could improve the network’s flexibility, aiming to reduce the cost of expected energy not supplied (EENS). The objective function of the proposed method is a trade-off between the investment cost of tie-lines construction in the planning stage, the cost of tie-lines operation (e.g., opening/closing), and the cost of EENS in the operational stage. The model simultaneously evaluates the best combination of investments and network configuration for each contingency while considering network constraints. A multistage mathematical model is developed as mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) to overcome the computational complexity and maintain solver traceability for utility-scale realistic networks. The model can handle the network reconfiguration (NR) considering N-x contingency analysis in the operation stage while deciding the investment in tie-lines in the planning stage. The optimal investment and operation in tie-lines, according to numerical results, can reduce the cost of the Distribution System (DS) while responding with contingencies by 51 to 70%.

No description available.

A reconfiguração de redes é uma técnica utilizada para alterar topologias de redes por meio da mudança dos estados das chaves normalmente aberta e normalmente fechada. Essa técnica é muito utilizada para tratar problemas relacionados ao excesso de perdas ôhmicas em uma rede elétrica. Tais perdas representam um custo considerável no faturamento das empresas distribuidoras. O problema de redução de perdas via reconfiguração de redes pode ser modelado como um problema de otimização combinatória, em que se deve determinar a combinação de estados de chaves que correspondem a configuração radial da rede com menor nível de perdas. De modo a lidar com esse problema por reconfiguração da redes, diversas técnicas computacionais têm sido propostas. Dentre essas técnicas, estruturas de dados eficientes, como a Representação nó-profundidade (RNP), viabilizam a modelagem radial dos sistemas de distribuição (SDs) e o uso combinado com métodos de otimização possibilitam uma redução do espaço de busca de soluções consequentemente pode-se obter melhores soluções. Para otimizar a capacidade de processamento, este trabalho propõe tratar o problema de redução de perdas em SDs via reconfiguração de redes em aceleradores de hardware utilizando da arquitetura de hardware paralelizada em FPGA baseada na RNP (HP-RNP) proposta em (GOIS, 2011). Assim, um problema combinatório é tratado em aceleradoras de hardware reduzindo significativamente o custo computacional devido ao alto grau de paralelismo no processo de busca por soluções. Nesse sentido, foi proposto neste trabalho a extensão da HP-RNP, a partir de modificações no barramento de comunicação da arquitetura original para o envio e recebimentos dos dados que representam os SDs de forma mais eficiente. Além disso, o problema de redução de perdas por reconfiguração de redes foi mapeado em um problema de floresta geradora mínima com restrição de grau (dc-MSFP), a partir de uma aproximação que faz uso de uma heurística de pesos, em que informações relacionadas com grandezas elétricas e características topológicas da rede são transformadas em pesos. A partir da extensão da HP-RNP e do mapeamento do problema em um dc-MSFP, foi possível obter soluções de qualidade (próximas da ótima) em tempo significativamente reduzido quando comparado às outras abordagens. / Network reconfiguration is a technique used to change network topologies by changing the normally open and normally closed switches states. This technique is widely used to problems related to the excess of ohmic losses in distribution companies. Such losses represent a considerable cost in the distribution companies. The problem of network reconfiguration can be modeled as a combinatorial optimization problem, in which the combination of switches states that represent the configuration of the network with the lowest level of losses must be determined. To deal with these problems by network reconfiguration, several computational techniques have been proposed. Among these techniques, efficient data structures, such as the Node-Depth Encoding (NDE), enable the radial modeling of the distribution systems and the combined use of the NDE with optimization methods allow the reduction of the search space of the solutions. In order to optimize the processing capacity, this work proposes to deal with the loss minimization problem in Distribution Systems (DSs) by network reconfiguration using the Hardware Parallelized NDE (HP-NDE) proposed in (GOIS, 2011) to accelerate the network reconfiguration. Thus, a combinatorial problem is addressed in hardware accelerators, reducing significantly the computational cost due to the high degree of the parallelism in the process of search of the solution search. In this context, it was proposed the extension of the HP-NDE, from modifications in the communication bus of the original HP-NDE to send and receive more efficiently the data that represent the DSs. Moreover, the problem of loss reduction was mapped in a minimum spanning forest problem with degree constraint (dc-MSFP), by using an approximation that use a weights heuristic based on the information of the electrical magnitudes and topological characteristics of the network. From the extension of the HP-RNP and the mapping of the problem in a dc-MSFP, it was possible to obtain solutions of the good quality (close to optimal) in a time significantly reduced when compared to the other approaches.

Este trabalho apresenta um sistema de informações geográficas (SIG) como ferramenta de analise da reconfiguração de redes de distribuição de energia elétrica, juntamente com a evolução e tendências para os sistemas SIG. É utilizado um banco de dados relacional para armazenar dados geográficos e não geográficos e resultados de cálculo de fluxo de potência. A região em estudo é visualizada em forma de mapa sobrepondo a rede primária e os seus elementos elétricos. A simulação do novo estado da rede é feita, intuitivamente com o mouse, a partir dos elementos gráficos. O aplicativo apresenta graficamente os resultados de simulações de manobras na rede de distribuição e os valores resultantes do fluxo de potência para suas principais grandezas elétricas. / This work describes the implementation of a Geographical Information System (GIS) based reconfiguration system, aimed at primary distribution feeders (13.8 kV), together with an overview on the evolution and future trends of GIS applications. A relational database stores both spatial and non-spatial data, which are shown on the screen as a map on top of which all elements of the electrical system are displayed. An intuitive user interface, through the use of the mouse and graphical resources, allows the state of protective/switching devices to be easily changed (from closed to open and vice-versa). A load-flow routine can be executed at any time, allowing the evaluation of the impact of a particular operation. Simulation results are presented in two forms: graphical data shown directly on the screen and alphanumeric reports for later analysis.

A reconfiguração de redes é uma técnica utilizada para alterar topologias de redes por meio da mudança dos estados das chaves normalmente aberta e normalmente fechada. Essa técnica é muito utilizada para tratar problemas relacionados ao excesso de perdas ôhmicas em uma rede elétrica. Tais perdas representam um custo considerável no faturamento das empresas distribuidoras. O problema de redução de perdas via reconfiguração de redes pode ser modelado como um problema de otimização combinatória, em que se deve determinar a combinação de estados de chaves que correspondem a configuração radial da rede com menor nível de perdas. De modo a lidar com esse problema por reconfiguração da redes, diversas técnicas computacionais têm sido propostas. Dentre essas técnicas, estruturas de dados eficientes, como a Representação nó-profundidade (RNP), viabilizam a modelagem radial dos sistemas de distribuição (SDs) e o uso combinado com métodos de otimização possibilitam uma redução do espaço de busca de soluções consequentemente pode-se obter melhores soluções. Para otimizar a capacidade de processamento, este trabalho propõe tratar o problema de redução de perdas em SDs via reconfiguração de redes em aceleradores de hardware utilizando da arquitetura de hardware paralelizada em FPGA baseada na RNP (HP-RNP) proposta em (GOIS, 2011). Assim, um problema combinatório é tratado em aceleradoras de hardware reduzindo significativamente o custo computacional devido ao alto grau de paralelismo no processo de busca por soluções. Nesse sentido, foi proposto neste trabalho a extensão da HP-RNP, a partir de modificações no barramento de comunicação da arquitetura original para o envio e recebimentos dos dados que representam os SDs de forma mais eficiente. Além disso, o problema de redução de perdas por reconfiguração de redes foi mapeado em um problema de floresta geradora mínima com restrição de grau (dc-MSFP), a partir de uma aproximação que faz uso de uma heurística de pesos, em que informações relacionadas com grandezas elétricas e características topológicas da rede são transformadas em pesos. A partir da extensão da HP-RNP e do mapeamento do problema em um dc-MSFP, foi possível obter soluções de qualidade (próximas da ótima) em tempo significativamente reduzido quando comparado às outras abordagens. / Network reconfiguration is a technique used to change network topologies by changing the normally open and normally closed switches states. This technique is widely used to problems related to the excess of ohmic losses in distribution companies. Such losses represent a considerable cost in the distribution companies. The problem of network reconfiguration can be modeled as a combinatorial optimization problem, in which the combination of switches states that represent the configuration of the network with the lowest level of losses must be determined. To deal with these problems by network reconfiguration, several computational techniques have been proposed. Among these techniques, efficient data structures, such as the Node-Depth Encoding (NDE), enable the radial modeling of the distribution systems and the combined use of the NDE with optimization methods allow the reduction of the search space of the solutions. In order to optimize the processing capacity, this work proposes to deal with the loss minimization problem in Distribution Systems (DSs) by network reconfiguration using the Hardware Parallelized NDE (HP-NDE) proposed in (GOIS, 2011) to accelerate the network reconfiguration. Thus, a combinatorial problem is addressed in hardware accelerators, reducing significantly the computational cost due to the high degree of the parallelism in the process of search of the solution search. In this context, it was proposed the extension of the HP-NDE, from modifications in the communication bus of the original HP-NDE to send and receive more efficiently the data that represent the DSs. Moreover, the problem of loss reduction was mapped in a minimum spanning forest problem with degree constraint (dc-MSFP), by using an approximation that use a weights heuristic based on the information of the electrical magnitudes and topological characteristics of the network. From the extension of the HP-RNP and the mapping of the problem in a dc-MSFP, it was possible to obtain solutions of the good quality (close to optimal) in a time significantly reduced when compared to the other approaches.

Este trabalho apresenta um sistema de informações geográficas (SIG) como ferramenta de analise da reconfiguração de redes de distribuição de energia elétrica, juntamente com a evolução e tendências para os sistemas SIG. É utilizado um banco de dados relacional para armazenar dados geográficos e não geográficos e resultados de cálculo de fluxo de potência. A região em estudo é visualizada em forma de mapa sobrepondo a rede primária e os seus elementos elétricos. A simulação do novo estado da rede é feita, intuitivamente com o mouse, a partir dos elementos gráficos. O aplicativo apresenta graficamente os resultados de simulações de manobras na rede de distribuição e os valores resultantes do fluxo de potência para suas principais grandezas elétricas. / This work describes the implementation of a Geographical Information System (GIS) based reconfiguration system, aimed at primary distribution feeders (13.8 kV), together with an overview on the evolution and future trends of GIS applications. A relational database stores both spatial and non-spatial data, which are shown on the screen as a map on top of which all elements of the electrical system are displayed. An intuitive user interface, through the use of the mouse and graphical resources, allows the state of protective/switching devices to be easily changed (from closed to open and vice-versa). A load-flow routine can be executed at any time, allowing the evaluation of the impact of a particular operation. Simulation results are presented in two forms: graphical data shown directly on the screen and alphanumeric reports for later analysis.

Asset management and automation are acknowledged by distribution utilities as a useful strategy to improve service quality and reliability. However, the major challenge faced by decision makers in distribution utilities is how to achieve long-term return on the projects while minimising investment and operation costs. Distribution automation (DA) in terms of transformer economic operation (TEO), distribution network reconfiguration (DNR), and sectionalising switch placement (SSP) is recognised as the most effective way for distribution network operators (DNOs) to increase operation efficiency and reliability. Automated tie-switches and sectionalising switches play a fundamental role in distribution networks. A method based on the Monte Carlo simulation is discussed for transformer loss reduction, which comprises of profile generators of residential demand and a distribution network model. The ant colony optimisation (ACO) algorithm is then developed for optimal DNR and TEO to minimise network loss. An ACO algorithm based on a fuzzy multi-objective approach is proposed to solve SSP problem, which considers reliability indices and switch costs. Finally, a multi-objective ant colony optimisation (MOACO) and an artificial immune systems-ant colony optimisation (AIS-ACO) algorithm are developed to solve the reconfiguration problem, which is formulated within a multi-objective framework using the concept of Pareto optimality. The performance of the optimisation techniques has been assessed and illustrated by various case studies on three distribution networks. The obtained optimum network configurations indicate the effectiveness of the proposed methods for optimal DA.

No description available.