Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) continue to evolve as new applications emerge. In the recent past, WSNs were mostly single sink networks with a few number of homogeneous and static sensor nodes. Now, several applications require networks with multiple and moving sinks and targets as well as thousands of heterogeneous devices. However, the same constraints remain: sensor nodes continue to be very limited in resources, posing new challenges in the design of scalable and energy-efficient algorithms and communication protocols to support these new applications. This dissertation first addresses the problem of sink localization in large scale WSNs. A scalable and energy-efficient sink localization mechanism, called the Anchor Location Service (ALS), is introduced to support the use of location-based routing protocols. ALS avoids frequent and costly flooding procedures derived from the mobility of the sinks and targets, and utilizes face routing to guarantee the success of localization. The problem of topology control in heterogeneous environments is addressed next. A new topology control mechanism, the Residual Energy-Aware Dynamic (READ) algorithm, is devised to extend the lifetime of the network while maintaining connectivity. READ extends the lifetime of the network by assigning a more prominent role to more powerful devices. ALS and READ are evaluated and compared with other well-known protocols using analytical means and simulations. Results show that ALS provides a scalable sink location service and reduces the communication overhead in scenarios with multiple and moving sinks and targets. Results also show that READ increases both the network lifetime and the packet delivery rate.