Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / No presente trabalho investigamos os efeitos da mudança das constantes de acoplamento entre os híperons (D; L; S e X) e os mésons (s; w e r) tendo em vista sua aplicacação na estrutura de estrelas de nêutron. Para tanto, adotamos o modelo de Walecka não-linear numa aproximacão de campo médio. / In the present work we investigated the effects of changing of the coupling constants between the hyperons (D; L; S and X) and mesons (s; w and r) regarding its application in the structure of neutron stars. To this end, we adopted the non-linear Walecka model in the mean field approximation.

The main objective of the thesis is to study the properties of the Galactic population of radio-quiet and thermally emitting isolated neutron stars (INSs). This is done by studying further the existing neutron star sample of nearby seven sources, known as the Magnificent Seven (M7), as well as by searching for new candidates and constraining possible populations. During the thesis, we investigated the proper motions of three of the faintest M7 in X-rays with the satellite Chandra. This work allowed us to constrain the neutron star displacement in two cases as well as to accurately determine the high proper motion of a third source, for the first time in X-rays with a significance approaching 10 standard deviations (Motch, Pires, Haberl, & Schwope, 2007, Ap&SS, 308, 217; Motch, Pires, Haberl, Schwope, & Zavlin, 2009, A&A 497, 423). The search of new INS candidates in the serendipitous catalogue of the XMM-Newton Observatory, with more than 120,000 X-ray sources, had as well the aim to constrain the spatial density of thermally emitting sources located beyond the solar vicinity. This work allowed the long awaited discovery of a new thermally emitting INS with properties similar to those of the seven nearby sources discovered by ROSAT (Pires, Motch, Turolla, Treves, & Popov, 2009, A&A 498, 233). Moreover, deep optical observations with SOAR and the ESO-VLT have been obtained during the thesis work in order to optically identify a handful of INS candidates that have been selected among more than 72,000 sources (Pires, Motch, & Janot-Pacheco, 2009, A&A, 504, 185). Finally, population synthesis of Galactic thermally emitting INSs allows constraining the global properties of this population based on the whole sample of XMM-Newton observations. By estimating the density of similar sources at more remote distances in the Milky Way, the final objective is to determine whether the spatial density derived from the group of seven nearby sources is a local anomaly caused by the Suns current location near regions of active stellar formation of the Gould Belt. / O objetivo da tese é estudar as propriedades da população Galáctica de estrelas de nêutrons isoladas com emissão térmica em raios X mas silenciosas em rádio. Isto é feito iinvestigando-se a amostra existente de sete fontes próximas, conhecidas como Magnificent Seven (M7), assim como através da procura por novos candidatos e restringindo possíveis cenários e populações. Durante a tese, nós investigamos os movimentos próprios de três das mais fracas fontes em raios X com o satélite Chandra. Este trabalho nos permitiu restringir o deslocamento da estrela de nêutrons em dois casos assim como medir com grande precisão o alto valor de movimento próprio de uma terceira fonte, pela primeira vez em raios X com uma precisão alcançando 10 desvios-padrão (Motch, Pires, Haberl & Schwope, 2007, Ap&SS, 308, 217; Motch, Pires, Haberl, Schwope & Zavlin, 2009, A&A 497, 423). A procura por novos candidatos a estrelas de nêutrons isoladas no catálogo de fontes do satélite XMM-Newton, com mais de 120.000 fontes de raios X, teve igualmente como objetivo restringir a densidade espacial de fontes com emissão térmica situadas além da vizinhança solar. Este trabalho levou à aguardada descoberta de uma nova estrela de nêutrons isolada em processo de resfriamento, a qual exibe propriedades similares às sete fontes descobertas pelo ROSAT (Pires, Motch, Turolla, Treves, & Popov, 2009, A&A 498, 233). Mais ainda, observações óticas profundas com os telescópios SOAR e ESO-VLT foram obtidas durante a tese de maneira a identificar no óptico a amostra mais brilhante de candidatos a estrelas de nêutrons, os quais foram selecionados entre mais de 72.000 fontes (Pires, Motch, & Janot-Pacheco, 2009, A&A, 504, 185). Finalmente, a síntese de população de estrelas de nêutrons isoladas Galácticas permite restringir as propriedades globais da população com base na amostra total de observações em raios X realizadas com o satélite XMM-Newton. Estimando-se a densidade de fontes similares a maiores distâncias na Via Láctea, o objetivo final é determinar se a densidade espacial derivada do grupo de sete estrelas próximas corresponde a uma anomalia local causada pela proximidade do Sol em relação a regiões de ativa formação estelar do Cinturão de Gould.

<p>     </p> <p>This article-based dissertation provides a review of the broad subject of Neutron Star- their emission properties, plasmoids ejection events, and their proposed physical mechanisms. The primary purpose of this dissertation is to provide an extensive description of the research projects I undertook during my tenure as a Graduate Research Assistant, under the guidance of my advisor Prof. Maxim Lyutikov. </p> <p><br></p> <p>Chapter 1 provides a broad overview of the Neutron stars, their classification, proposed emission models, and a summary of magnetars and associated observed phenomena. </p> <p><br></p> <p>In Chapter 2, I present a version of the research article published in the <em>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</em>. The work is titled "Rotating Neutron Stars Without Light Cylinders" and discusses twisted and differentially rotating neutron star magnetospheres that do not have a light cylinder, generate no wind, and thus do not spin down. The magnetosphere of such neutron stars is composed of embedded differentially rotating flux surfaces, with the angular velocity decreasing as Ω ∼ 1/r. It was found, both analytically and using numerical simulations, that for spin parameters larger than some critical value, the light cylinder appears, the magnetosphere opens up, and the wind is generated. </p> <p>In Chapter 3, I present a version of the research article published in <em>The Astrophysical Journal</em>. The work is titled "Relativistic Magnetic Explosions" and was undertaken under the supervision of Dr. Maxim Barkov, in collaboration with Dr. Konstantinos N. Gourgou- liatos and Dr. Lyutikov2 Barkov. It discusses the dynamics of magnetically driven explosive astrophysical events, like magnetar bursts and flares. We model a relativistic expansion of highly magnetized and highly magnetically over-pressurized clouds. We observe that the corresponding dynamics are qualitatively different from fluid explosions due to the topological constraint of the conservation of the magnetic flux. Using analytical, relativistic MHD as well as force-free calculations, we find that the creation of a relativistically expanding, causally disconnected flow obeys a threshold condition: it requires sufficiently high initial over-pressure and sufficiently quick decrease of the pressure in the external medium (the pre-explosion wind). In the subcritical case, the magnetic cloud just puffs up" and quietly expands with the pre-flare wind. We also find a compact analytical solution to the Prendergast problem - the expansion of force-free plasma into the vacuum. </p> <p><br></p> <p>Chapter 4 is the extension of the work in Chapter 3 and focuses on the dynamics of relativistic Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs), from launching by shearing of foot-points (either slowly or suddenly), to propagation in the preceding magnetar wind. The work has been accepted to be published in <em>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</em>. For slow shear, we find that most of the energy injected into the CME is first spent on the work done on breaking through the over-laying magnetic field. At later stages, sufficiently powerful CMEs may lead to the detonation of a CME and opening of the magnetosphere beyond some equipartition radius req, where the decreasing energy of the CME becomes larger than the decreasing external magnetospheric energy. Post-CME magnetosphere relaxes via the formation of a plasmoid-mediated current sheet, initially at req, and slowly reaching the light cylinder. Both the location of the foot-point shear and the global magnetospheric configuration affect the frequent/weak versus rare/powerful CME dichotomy - to produce powerful flares the slow shear should be limited to field lines that close in near the star.  After the creation of a topologically disconnected flux tube, the tube quickly (at ∼ the light cylinder) comes into force-balance with the preceding wind and is passively advected/frozen in the wind afterward. </p> <p>For fast shear case, the shearing of foot-points leads to the generation of Alfvén wave and the pressure of such Alfvén leads to the opening of the magnetosphere. At distances much larger than the light cylinder, the resulting shear Alfvén waves propagate through the wind non-dissipatively. </p> <p><br></p> <p>In Chapter 5, I switch gears and study the optical polarization of Crab pulsar. I start by deriving a general relation for the polarization direction of the electric dipole-type radiation produced by a particle moving in an arbitrary electromagnetic field. The derived relations are then applied to reproduce optical polarization swings in Crab pulsar assuming a Michel- Bogovalov solution for the current sheet. With this, I was able to reproduce down to intricate details the spin-phase trajectory of the position angle (PA) in the Stokes parameters U-Q plane. This chapter however remains a work in progress. We still don't fully understand the physical mechanism behind the polarization characteristics of the Crab, especially the origin of the point where the inner loop connects with the bigger outer loop. I plan to fully answer these questions before sending our findings for publication. </p> <p><br></p> <p>Chapter 6 summarizes the main results and conclusions of the research projects and mentions the prospects. References are compiled after the appendices so that they are first cited, followed by a CV and a list of publications. </p>

The binary neutron star merger of 2017 and its corresponding electromagnetic signature resembling that of a kilonova has been one of the most groundbreaking astrophysical occurrences in the last decade. Indications of r-process nucleosynthesis in this event presents new opportunities for learning about the astrophysical origin of heavy elements. This has been a long-standing mystery in our understanding of the chemical evolution of the universe. This leads to the requirement of developing more accurate calculations of the corresponding atomic properties. In this work, I have studied the potential of utilizing a combined configuration-interaction and many-body perturbation theory approach.The goal is to study if a generalized and computationally efficient method is possible with this approach, so that it can be used to develop accurate and complete atomic structures applicable to any ion of any element in the periodic table. Focusing on the lanthanide group of elements, and in Ce in particular, the method in this work builds on including the bulk of strong correlation contributions in the configuration-interaction model, complemented with perturbation theory corrections in subsequent many-body perturbation theory calculations. For all Ce ions, this was however not possible without having to compromise the completeness condition. In conclusion, in the scope of this project, we find that it is challenging to generalize a procedure for near-neutral systems due to the amount of correlation needed to be treated with configuration-interaction. / <p>Project made as part of the course: "Project in physics and astronomy - 1FA195, 15 ECTS" at Uppsala University</p>

Quadratic curvature terms are commonly introduced in the action as first-order corrections of General Relativity, and, in this thesis, we investigated their impact on the most simple isolated objects, that are the static and spherically symmetric ones. Most of the work has been done in the context of Stelle's theory of gravity, in which the most general quadratic contractions of curvature tensors are added to the action of General Relativity without a cosmological constant. We studied this theory's possible static, spherically symmetric and asymptotically flat solutions with both analytical approximations and numerical methods. We found black holes with Schwarzschild and non-Schwarzschild nature, naked singularities which can have either an attractive or repulsive gravitational potential in the origin, non-symmetric wormholes which connects an asymptotically flat spacetime with an asymptotically singular one, and non-vacuum solutions modeled by perfect fluids with different equations of state. We described the general geometrical properties of these solutions and linked these short-scale behaviors to the values of the parameters which characterize the gravitational field at large distances. We studied linear perturbations of these solutions, finding that most are unstable, and presented a first attempt to picture the parameter space of stable solutions. We also studied the Thermodynamics of black holes and described their evaporation process: we found that either evaporation leads black holes to unstable configurations, or the predictions of quadratic gravity are unphysical. We also considered the possibility of generalizing Stelle's theory by removing the dependence from the only mass-scale present by including a new dynamical scalar field, making the theory scale invariant. Having a more complex theory, we did not investigate exotic solutions but limited ourselves to the impact of the new additional degrees of freedom on known analytical solutions. It was already known that in a cosmological setting this theory admits a transition between two de Sitter configurations; we analyzed the same problem in the context of static and spherically symmetric solutions and found a transition between two Schwarzschild-de Sitter configurations. In order to do that, we studied both linear perturbations and the semiclassical approximation of the path integral formulation of Euclidean quantum gravity. At last, we tried to extract some phenomenological signatures of the exotic solutions. In particular, we investigated the shadow of an object on background free-falling light, and a possible way of determining the behavior close to the origin using mass measurements that rely on different physical processes. We show that, whenever these measurements are applied to the case of compact stars, in principle it could be possible to distinguish solutions where different equations of state describe the fluid.

No description available.

This thesis concerns with the study of X-ray binaries which are gravitationally bound systems consisting of a compact object (either a neutron star or a black hole) and usually a non degenerate companion star, both rotating around the common centre of mass. The compact star shines brightly in the X-ray regime. Emission from these systems are powered by accretion which is the most radioactively efficient mechanism known in the universe by the release of gravitational potential energy when matter from the companion star falls on the compact object. Accretion onto high magnetic field neutron stars are special as the magnetic field plays a crucial role in governing the dynamics of gas flow and the flow of the matter close to the compact object. The radiation emitted from these systems are anisotropic and for a distant observer, the intensity is modulated at the spin period of the neutron star, hence these objects are called accretion powered pulsars. The angular pattern of the emitted radiation is also highly anisotropic and depends on the mass accreted and hence the luminosity. The beaming pattern commonly known as the pulse profiles exhibit a wide variety in the pulse shape and pulse fraction and vary with energy as well as intensity. They also exhibit cyclotron absorption features in their energy spectrum which are a direct probe to the magnetic field geometry of these systems. This thesis is dedicated to the study of the magnetic field and emission geometry of accretion powered pulsars through the pulse phase resolved studies of the cyclotron absorption features which are a direct probe of the magnetized plasma. In order to study these features in detail broadband continuum modeling of the energy spectrum is done, taking care of all other factors which may smear the pulse phase dependence. Another prerequisite for detailed continuum modeling is accounting for the low absorption dips in the pulse profiles of many these sources. The dips are presumably formed by phase locked accretion stream causing partial covering absorption when the stream is along our line of sight towards the emission region. Studying the pulse phase dependence of this partial covering absorber also provides us with important clues on the local environment of the neutron star and the structure of the accretion stream. All of these studies are performed with data from the broadband and most sensitive instruments onboard the Japanese satellite Suzuki. Lastly we provide estimates of the polarization expected to be detected from these sources by a Thomson scattering polarimeter being developed to observe the polarization of X-rays in the energy range of 5--30 keV. Along with the X-ray pulsars, we also make an estimate of the likelihood of detection of X-ray polarization from black hole X-ray binaries in different spectral states. This is a particularly interesting topic as it will play a crucial role in providing additional handles on the magnetic field geometry in accretion powered pulsars as well as constrain the fundamental parameters of a black hole like its spin.

Cette thèse porte sur la modélisation théorique de l'équation d’état (EE) décrivant la matière nucléaire présente dans le coeur des étoiles à neutrons (EN), sous l'hypothèse qu'aucune transition de phase ne s'y produise. Nous utilisons un méta-modèle permettant i) d’incorporer directement les connaissances en physique nucléaire sous la forme de paramètres empiriques tels que la densité de saturation nucléaire, l’incompressibilité, l’énergie de symétrie; ii) de reproduire la plupart des modèles nucléoniques existants; et iii) d’explorer les régions inconnues à haute densité de façon la plus large possible. Pour chaque EE, nous déterminons un ensemble de solutions pour la masse et le rayon des EN, et nous effectuons une première sélection des EE compatibles avec la stabilité et la causalité de la matière nucléaire, ainsi que la masse maximale connues des EN. Nous confrontons ensuite ces EE aux observations d’émission thermique dans la gamme des rayons-X pour 7 EN soigneusement choisies. Pour la première fois, la modélisation théorique des EE est directement introduite dans l’analyse des données. Nous utilisons les dernières mesures effectuées par GAIA II pour fixer la distance des EN. Les paramètres du modèle d’émission thermique et de l’EE sont déterminés selon une méthode Bayésienne basée sur un algorithme Monte-Carlo par Chaîne de Markov. Nous déterminons ainsi la température de surface, la masse et le rayon des EN, ainsi que sur la valeur de certains paramètres empiriques tels que la dépendance en densité de l'énergie de symétrie (Lsym), la contribution isovectorielle au module d’incompressibilité (Ksym) ou encore le paramètre de distorsion isoscalaire (Qsat) / This thesis concerns theoretical modeling of the equation of state (EoS) describing nuclear matter in the core of neutron stars (NS), under the hypothesis that no phase transition occurs. We use a meta-model which is able to i) directly incorporate nuclear physics knowledge on the form of empirical parameters such as the nuclear saturation density, the incompressibility or the symmetry energy; ii) reproduce most of the existing models; iii) explore new behaviors at high densities in a very flexible way. For each EoS, we determine a set of solutions for the masses and radii of NS, and we make a first selection of the EoS that are compatible with the stability and causality constraints, as well as the maximum observed mass of NS. Then we confront these EoS to observational data coming from thermal emission in the soft X-ray domain, for 7 NS carefully chosen. For the first time, the theoretical modeling of the EoS is directly implemented in the data analysis. We use the recent measurments of GAIA II to constrain the distance to the NS. The parameters of the modeling of thermal emission as well as the empirical parameters entering in the EoS are determined by Bayesian methods using a Monte-Carlo by Morkov Chain algorithm. Therefore, we determine the surface effective tempreature, the masses and radii of NS, as well as some empirical nuclear parameters such as the density dependance of the symmetry energy (Lsym), the isovector incompressibility (Ksym), or the isoscalar squewness (Qsat)

Les étoiles à neutrons sont parmi les objets les plus extrêmes dans l'univers. Elles sont des étoiles compactes, nées à la suite d'une explosion de supernova gravitationnelle, au point final de l'évolution stellaire. Le champ gravitationnel y est très fort, et la matière à l'intérieur atteint des densités extrêmement élevées. Elles sont donc des "laboratoires" prometteurs, non seulement pour tester le régime de champ fort en relativité générale, mais aussi pour en apprendre davantage sur la physique nucléaire à haute densité, qui actuellement ne peut pas être reproduit avec des expériences terrestres. Ainsi, les étoiles à neutrons nous permettent d'adresser des questions telles que l'existence éventuelle de particules autres que nucléons à haute-densité. À cause de la naissance violente de ces objets, les étoiles à neutrons très jeunes, que l'on appelle proto-étoiles à neutrons, sont également très chaudes, et souvent en rotation différentielle rapide. Dans cette thèse nous avons pour but de développer un modèle stationnaire d'une telle proto-étoile à neutrons.Ainsi, nous présentons une nouvelle méthode pour calculer numériquement les équations d'équilibre d'un fluide parfait relativiste, axisymétrique et stationnaire, en rotation différentielle et à température finie, valable pour une équation d'état réaliste. Nous présentons en détail le code (accessible au public) développé. Nous avons appliqué ce code avec des nouvelles équations d'état réalistes à température finie, basée sur une théorie relativiste du champ moyen, en incluant tous les degrés de liberté hyperoniques. Nous avons calculé des modèles relativistes stationnaires de proto-étoiles à neutrons en rotation différentielle rapide. Nous allons discuter les applications de nos modèles pour explorer plus en détail la physique de ces objets. / Neutron stars are among the most extreme objects in the universe. They are compact stars born as the aftermath of a core-collapse supernova explosion, at the endpoint of stellar evolution, with a strong gravitational field, and extremely high densities. They are therefore promising 'laboratories', not only to test the strong-field regime of general relativity, but also to learn about nuclear physics in the high density regime, which presently is not accessible in earth based experiments. This allows to address questions such as the possible existence of particles other than nucleons at high-densities. As a consequence of the violent birth of these objects, new-born (proto-)neutron stars are extremely hot and, in general, rapidly rotating, which raises interesting problems in the task of developing a stationary model of such objects.In this thesis, we present a new self-consistent method to numerically compute the equilibrium equations of stationary axisymmetric relativistic (differentially) rotating perfect fluids at finite temperature, with a realistic equation of state. We introduce in detail the (publicly available) code in which we implemented the described numerical scheme. We use newly developed realistic equations of state with finite temperature, which are based on density dependent relativistic mean field theory, and in which all hyperonic degrees of freedom are included, to compute realistic stationary relativistic models of rapidly differentially rotating proto-neutron stars. We discuss future applications of our code for further exploring the physics of proto-neutron stars.

In this thesis, we construct a new hydrodynamical algorithm able of handling general compressible reactive flow problems, based on a finite-volume method inspired by the original MUSCL scheme of van Leer (1979). The algorithm is of second-order in the smooth part of the flow and avoids dimensional splitting. It uses MPI to achieve parallelism, and includes an astrophysical equation of state and a nuclear reaction network. It proves to be robust to tests cases. In particular it reproduces quite well the reactive and non-reactive results obtained with two different numerical methods (Fryxell & al. 1989, Busegnies & al. 2007). Moreover the time-dependent results are in agreement with the corresponding steady state solution. This gives us confidence in applying it to an astrophysical situation which has never been studied, the propagation of a detonation in conditions relevant to superbursts. The algorithm is described in (Noel & al. 2007).<p><p>In a firt step we obtain the detonation profiles in pure carbon and in a mixture of carbon and iron. In both cases we underline the large difference between the total reaction length and the length on which some species burn. This difference leads to enormous numerical difficulties because all the length scales cannot be resolved at the same time in a single simulation. We show that the carbon detonation might be studied in a partial resolution approach like the one of Gamezo & al. (1999).<p><p>In a second step we construct a new reduced nuclear reaction network able to reproduce the energy production due to the photo-disintegrations of heavy elements, like ruthenium, which are thought to occur during superbursts in mixed H/He accreting systems. Using this new nuclear network we simulate detonations in mixture of carbon and ruthenium. An interesting feature is that, in this case, all the reaction lengths can be resolved in the same simulation. This makes the C/Ru detonations easier to study in future multi-dimensional simulations than the pure carbon ones (Noel & al. 2007b).<p><p>Finally we perform some numerical experiments which show that our algorithm is able to deal with initially inhomogeneous medium, and that the multi-dimensional simulations are attainable even if they are quite computational time consuming.<p><p>- B. Van Leer, J. Comp. Phys. 21, 101, 1979<p>- Fryxell, B.A. Muller, E. and Arnett, W.D. Technical report MPA 449, 1989<p>- Busegnies, Y. Francois, J. and Paulus, G. Shock Waves, 11, 2007<p>- Gamezo, V.N. Wheeler, J.C. Khokhlov, A.M. and Oran, E.S. ApJ, 512, 827, 1999<p>- Noël, C. Busegnies, Y. Papalexandris, M.V. & al. A&A, 470, 653, 2007<p>- Noël, C. Goriely, S. Busegnies, Y. & Papalexandris, M.V. submitted to A&A, 2007b<p><p>/<p><p>Un algorithme parallèle basé sur une méthode aux volumes finis inspirée du schéma MUSCL de Van Leer (1979) a été construit. Il a été développé sur base de la méthode de Lappas & al. (1999) qui permet de résoudre simultanément toutes les dimensions spatiales. Cette méthode se base sur la construction de surfaces appropriées dans l'espace-temps, le long desquelles les équations de bilan se découplent en équations plus simples à intégrer. Cet algorithme est actuellement le seul à éviter le "splitting" des dimensions spatiales. Dans les modèles conventionnels (PPM, FCT, etc.), l'intégration spatiale des équations est réalisée de manière unidimensionnelle pour chaque direction. <p>Un réseau de réactions nucléaires ainsi qu'une équation d'état astrophysique ont été inclus dans l'algorithme et celui-ci a ensuite été soumis à une grande variété de cas tests réactifs et non réactifs. Il a été comparé à d'autres codes généralement utilisés en astrophysique (Fryxell & al. 1989, Fryxell & al. 2000, Busegnies & al. 2007) et il reproduit correctement leurs résultats. L'algorithme est décrit dans Noël & al. (2007).<p><p>Sur base de cet algorithme, les premières simulations de détonation dans des conditions thermodynamiques représentatives des Superbursts ont été réalisées. Différentes compositions du milieu ont été envisagées (carbone pur, mélange de carbone et de fer, mélange de carbone et de cendres du processus rp). Dans la plupart des systèmes où des Superbursts ont été observés, la matière accrétée est un mélange d'hydrogène et d'hélium. Dans ce cas, des phases de combustion précédant le Superburst produisent des nucléides plus lourd que le fer (Schatz & al. 2003). Ces nucléides peuvent être photodésintégrés durant le Superburst. Pour prendre en compte ces réactions endothermiques de photodésintégration, nous avons construit un nouveau réseau réduit de réactions nucléaires qui a été incorporé dans l'algorithme hydrodynamique (Noël & al. 2007b). Ce réseau réduit reproduit globalement l'énergétique d'un réseau complet et a permis de faire la première simulation numérique de détonation dans des conditions caractéristiques de systèmes accréteurs d'un mélange hydrogène-hélium. <p>Finallement quelques simulations multidimensionelles préliminaires ont éte réalisées.<p><p>- Busegnies, Y. Francois, J. and Paulus, G. Shock Waves, 11, 2007<p>- Fryxell, B.A. Muller, E. and Arnett, W.D. Technical report MPA 449, 1989<p>- Fryxell, B.A. Olson, K. Ricker, P. & al. ApJS, 131, 273, 2000<p>- Lappas, T. Leonard, A. and Dimotakis, P.E. SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 20, 1064, 1999<p>- Noël, C. Busegnies, Y. Papalexandris, M.V. & al. A&A, 470, 653, 2007<p>- Noël, C. Goriely, S. Busegnies, Y. & Papalexandris, M.V. submitted to A&A, 2007b<p>- Röpke, F. K. PhD thesis, Technischen Universitat Munchen, 2003<p>- Schatz, H. Bildsten, L. Cumming, A. and Ouellette, M. Nuclear Physics A, 718, 247, 2003<p>- Van Leer, B. Comp. Phys. 21, 101, 1979<p>- Weinberg, N.N. and Bildsten, L. ArXiv e-prints, 0706.3062, 2007 / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished