This study considers the films and writings of Jorge Sanjinés, an influential Latin American filmmaker and theorist known for the collaborative methods of filmmaking he and the Grupo Ukamau created working with indigenous Andean communities, in light of two interrelated but overlooked aspects of his theory and practice: the extent to which his theories intervened in European debates about politics and cinema during the period 1966-1989 (the release dates for his first and last significant features) and his experiments using cinematic form to create a language capable of communicating an alternative, non-western subjectivity. After reviewing the history of the Grupo Ukamau, including its most significant Bolivian precursors, Jorge Ruiz, Oscar Soria, and the Insituto Cinematográfico Boliviano, as well as the group's theories of spectatorship, form in revolutionary cinema, and the practice of making a cinema with the people, this dissertation turns to three topics key to understanding Sanjinés in a properly transnational context: the importance of Bertolt Brecht's theories for Sanjinés, the sequence shot as the basis for his new cinematic language, and political parallels with other European filmmakers. Like several European political filmmakers of the period who experimented with rhetorical and non-realistic uses of the sequence shot, Sanjinés was more inspired by Brecht's theory of Epic Theater than Italian Neo-realism. Sanjinés adapted these techniques both to communicate with his local indigenous audiences and intervene in European theory, a process described here as dialectical transculturation. To create what he called the "Andean sequence shot," Sanjinés adapted Jean-Luc Godard's dialectical editing of long takes, Miklós Jancsó's portrayals of collective protagonists, and Theo Angelopoulos' use of multiple temporalities within a single shot. The final section explores the parallels among Sanjinés' theory and practice and those of Pier Paolo Pasolini and Jean Rouch, two European filmmakers contemporaneously engaged in theorizing the representation of alternative subjectivities, at that time a marginal concern in Europe. The affinities between these three filmmakers' theories as well as Sanjinés contribution to European theorizing of cinematic subjectivity have been obscured, it is argued, by the politics of the period.

« La forme-frontalière : la quête du Nouveau Cinéma Latino-américain d’une esthétique décoloniale » porte un regard actuel sur les débats autour du cinéma et sa capacité d’agir sur le plan géopolitique. Pendant les années 1960 et 1970, les cinéastes du Nouveau Cinéma Latino-américain ont cherché à construire un « nouvel homme latino-américain » appelé à faire la révolution à travers un cinéma de décolonisation. Les six films analysés dans ce travail abordent cette esthétique décoloniale en s'appuyant sur la tradition artistique latino-américaine du syncrétisme culturel dont la pierre angulaire est une appropriation transgressive de l'héritage de la culture coloniale : le Baroque. Dans le premier chapitre nous avons voulu expliquer les racines baroques de la forme-frontalière du NCL. À travers des théories sur la spécificité de la culture latino-américaine, de la littérature et des beaux-arts nous retraçons la ligne historique d’un « esprit décolonial latino-américain » – toujours nourrie par le Baroque – depuis le XVIIème jusqu’à nous jours. En suivant la pensée des spécialistes du Baroque latino-américain, nous proposons que les formes baroques latino-américaines réapparaissent en raison de « cycles » dont le NCL serait le dernier « recyclage » de cette tradition esthétique. Ainsi, le NCL témoignerait une « transposition » du baroque latino-américain au cinéma et d’une « légitimation » de la culture latino-américaine pendant un bouleversement géopolitique. Dans le deuxième chapitre nous avons tenu à expliquer les caractéristiques de la forme-frontalière du NCL et de ses origines dues au processus de transculturation mis en place depuis la « découverte » de l’Amérique. Nous affirmons que l’esthétique du NCL est décolonial car il atteste d’un jeu de perspectives entre les frontières de la modernité, de la colonialité et de l’extra-modernité. Nous analysons le détournement décolonial du NCL à travers deux axes principales : l’esthétique baroque latino-américaine et le Néoréalisme italien. Le Baroque latino-américain, éclectique et parfois anti-colonial, se voit reflété dans l’esprit d’inclusion des formes sensibles de différentes épistémologies. Par rapport à l’influence du Néoréalisme, nous proposons l’hypothèse que ce cinema est aussi l’héritier de la tradition esthétique du Baroque italien. À partir de cette idée nous essayons de tracer deux lignes de développement parallèles et synchroniques de l’histoire du cinéma, d’un côté le « Classicisme cinématographique » et de l’autre le « Baroque cinématographique ». Le Classicisme cinématographique est l’héritier du Classicisme historique et ses fondements formels se trouvent dans le cinéma classique d’Hollywood qui est l’aboutissement d’un système de représentation cohérente. Le Baroque au cinéma, au contraire, est héritier du Baroque historique, c’est-à-dire d’une « autre » esthétique moderne, souterraine et subalterne propre à l’Europe méridionale et au monde colonial. Ainsi, le NCL propose une vision « contre-hégémonique », « subalterne » et « subversive » de l’Amérique latine qui s’oppose à l’histoire officielle du sous-continent. Cette histoire et ce cinéma officiels produits par les élites n'inclussent pas dans les cosmovisions amérindiennes et afro-américaines. Le NCL est produit principalement du point de vue de la colonialité, mais aussi de l’extra-modernité, vers la modernité, détournement du système de représentation classique, qui essaie de tourner en « dérision », ou de rendre « carnavalesque », des formes esthétiques hégémoniques. Le détournement décolonial de l’idée de l’« Amérique latine » aboutit, à travers des formes filmiques, un cinéma, et donc une œuvre artistique, qui peut développer l’imaginaire de la décolonisation. / "The Border-Form: The Quest for New Latin American Cinema with Decolonial Aesthetics" takes a current look at the debates around the cinema and its ability to act on the geopolitical level. During the 1960s and 1970s, filmmakers of the New Latin American Cinema sought to build a "new Latin American man" called to make the revolution through a decolonization cinema. The six films analyzed in this work address this decolonial aesthetic based on the Latin American artistic tradition of cultural syncretism whose cornerstone is a transgressive appropriation of the legacy of colonial culture: the Baroque.In the first chapter we have explained the characteristics of the border-form of the NCL and its origins due to the process of transculturation set up since the "discovery" of America. We affirm that the aesthetics of the NCL is decolonial because it attests to a play of perspectives between the borders of the modernity, the coloniality and the extra-modernity. We analyze the détournement decolonial of the NCL through two main axes: Latin American Baroque aesthetics and Italian Neorealism. The Latin-American Baroque, eclectic and sometimes anti-colonial, is reflected in the spirit of inclusion of the sensitive forms of different epistemologies. With regard to the influence of Neorealism, we propose the hypothesis that this cinema is also the heir of the aesthetic tradition of the Italian Baroque. From this idea we try to draw two lines of parallel and synchronic development of the history of the cinema, on the one hand the "Cinematographic Classicism" and on the other hand the "Cinematographic Baroque".Film Classicism is the heir of Classicism and its formal foundations are found in the classic Hollywood cinema that is the culmination of a coherent representation system. Baroque cinema, on the contrary, is heir to the historic Baroque, that is to say, of another "other" moderne, subterranean and subaltern aesthetic peculiar to southern Europe and the colonial world. Thus, the NCL proposes a "counter-hegemonic", "subaltern" and "subversive" vision of Latin America that opposes the official history of the subcontinent. This official history and cinema produced by the elites do not include in Amerindian and Afro-American cosmovisions. The NCL is produced mainly from the point of view of coloniality, but also from extra-modernity, towards modernity, the détournement of the classical representation system, which tries to turn into "derision", or to make "carnivalesque", hegemonic aesthetic forms. The decolonial détournement of the idea of "Latin America" leads through filmic forms, a cinema, and therefore an artistic work, which can contribute to the development of the decolonization imaginary.

Esta tese analisa as representações estéticas e ideológicas na prática do documentário no Nuevo Cine Latinoamericano (NCL) a partir dos discursos dos cineastas Geraldo Sarno (Brasil), Raymundo Gleyzer (Argentina) e Santiago Álvarez (Cuba), entre os anos de 1964 e 1974. Para isso, estabelecemos paralelos entre a prática das realizações destes cineastas e os ideais e posições teóricas defendidos nos manifestos cinematográficos produzidos nestes países; bem como examinamos as vozes da produção discursiva que, neste período, enunciavam o cinema como instrumento de transformação social na América Latina. Além disso, investigou-se o processo de produção (da filmagem à exibição), elemento-chave para se entender o cinema social, militante e revolucionário dessa época, já que estes cineastas atuavam via de regra fora do circuito comercial de exibição. Por fim, indagamos em que medida o documentário se constituiu enquanto narrativa histórica. Em suma, a pesquisa almejou aprofundar os estudos sobre a produção documental no Nuevo Cine Latinoamericano, buscando interações entre teoria e prática, cinema e história e os significados dessas produções documentais para esse momento histórico, político e cultural da América Latina. / This tesis analyzes the aesthetic and ideological representations in the practice of documentary in the New Latin American Cinema (NCL) from the speeches Raymundo Gleyzer (Argentina), Geraldo Sarno (Brazil) and Santiago Álvarez (Cuba), between the years 1964 and 1974. For this, we established parallels between the practice of the achievements of these filmmakers and theoretical positions espoused in manifestos film produced in these countries, as well as examined the voices of discursive production, which, in this period, enunciated the cinema as a tool of social transformation in Latin America. Furthermore, we investigated the process of production (filming to distribution), a key element for understanding the political cinema of that time, as these filmmakers acted as a rule outside the commercial circuit display. Finally, we inquired how the documentary can be a historical narrative. In short, this research purposed to deepen the studies of the documentary in the New Latin American Cinema, seeking interactions between theory and practice, film and history and the meanings of these documentary productions for this moment in history, politics and culture in Latin America

Esta tese analisa as representações estéticas e ideológicas na prática do documentário no Nuevo Cine Latinoamericano (NCL) a partir dos discursos dos cineastas Geraldo Sarno (Brasil), Raymundo Gleyzer (Argentina) e Santiago Álvarez (Cuba), entre os anos de 1964 e 1974. Para isso, estabelecemos paralelos entre a prática das realizações destes cineastas e os ideais e posições teóricas defendidos nos manifestos cinematográficos produzidos nestes países; bem como examinamos as vozes da produção discursiva que, neste período, enunciavam o cinema como instrumento de transformação social na América Latina. Além disso, investigou-se o processo de produção (da filmagem à exibição), elemento-chave para se entender o cinema social, militante e revolucionário dessa época, já que estes cineastas atuavam via de regra fora do circuito comercial de exibição. Por fim, indagamos em que medida o documentário se constituiu enquanto narrativa histórica. Em suma, a pesquisa almejou aprofundar os estudos sobre a produção documental no Nuevo Cine Latinoamericano, buscando interações entre teoria e prática, cinema e história e os significados dessas produções documentais para esse momento histórico, político e cultural da América Latina. / This tesis analyzes the aesthetic and ideological representations in the practice of documentary in the New Latin American Cinema (NCL) from the speeches Raymundo Gleyzer (Argentina), Geraldo Sarno (Brazil) and Santiago Álvarez (Cuba), between the years 1964 and 1974. For this, we established parallels between the practice of the achievements of these filmmakers and theoretical positions espoused in manifestos film produced in these countries, as well as examined the voices of discursive production, which, in this period, enunciated the cinema as a tool of social transformation in Latin America. Furthermore, we investigated the process of production (filming to distribution), a key element for understanding the political cinema of that time, as these filmmakers acted as a rule outside the commercial circuit display. Finally, we inquired how the documentary can be a historical narrative. In short, this research purposed to deepen the studies of the documentary in the New Latin American Cinema, seeking interactions between theory and practice, film and history and the meanings of these documentary productions for this moment in history, politics and culture in Latin America