Dans les paysages agricoles, les habitats non cultivés constituent une source importante pour l’entomofaune auxiliaire de cultures. Il est donc important d’adapter la gestion de ces habitats afin de bénéficier au mieux des services fournis par la diversité de ces auxiliaires. L’objectif de cette thèse est de comprendre comment la gestion des bandes enherbées permet d’améliorer le service du contrôle biologique délivré par les carabes. Nous avons d’abord examiné par quels mécanismes, les changements dans la diversité fonctionnelle des carabes augmentent leur capacité de suppression de ravageurs. Ainsi, a été comparée au laboratoire, l’efficience de prédation sur une population de proie, par des assemblages de carabes qui ont différents niveaux de diversité de taille. Par ailleurs, à travers une expérimentation mise en place dans des champs de céréales, nous avons étudié les effets de cinq modes de gestion des bandes enherbées sur la structure végétale de ces habitats non cultivés, et par conséquent sur la structure des communautés carabiques. Nos résultats révèlent l’absence d’une partition de ressources entre les carabes de tailles différentes. La quantité et de la taille de proies consommées augmente avec la taille des carabes. La suppression des proies a ainsi été fortement augmentée par la présence des carabes de grande taille dans les assemblages. Ces résultats suggèrent que l’augmentation de la diversité de taille chez les carabes augmente leur efficience de prédation par l’effet d’échantillonnage. Nous avons mis en évidence une redondance fonctionnelle entre les espèces de carabes. Cette redondance permet de réduire la variabilité spatio-temporelle dans la fonction de régulation exercée sur les populations de ravageurs. L’importance des bandes enherbées en tant qu’habitat pour plusieurs espèces de carabes importantes pour le contrôle biologique, a été mise en évidence. La gestion influence les carabes seulement dans les bandes enherbées. La diversité fonctionnelle des plantes au sein de ces bandes enherbées a été identifiée comme le principal facteur favorisant la richesse spécifique des carabes. L’activité-densité des carabes a, par ailleurs, été favorisée par une végétation peu hétérogène et un pourcentage élevé de sol nu. Les carabes de tailles différentes divergent dans leur réponse à la structure de la végétation. Cette divergence semble être liée aussi à la variation d'autres traits d'histoire de vie des espèces (i.e. régime alimentaire). Les connaissances et les résultats produits dans le cadre de ce travail de thèse, serviront au développement d’indicateurs mesurant l’impact des pratiques de gestion sur le contrôle biologique exercé par les carabes / In the agricultural landscapes, non cropped habitats are an important source for the beneficial entomofauna of crops. It is therefore important to adapt the management of these habitats to best benefit of the services provided by the diversity of this beneficial entomfauna. The objective of this thesis is to understand how field margin management could improve the biological control service delivered by ground beetles. First, we examined by which mechanisms, changes in the functional diversity of ground beetles increases their capacity of pest suppression. Thus, efficiency of predation by ground beetle assemblages, which have different levels of body size diversity, on a prey population was compared in the laboratory. Also, through an experiment installed in cereal fields, we studied the effects of five field margin management on the vegetation structure of these non cropped habitats, and therefore on the structure of ground beetle communities. Our results revealed the absence of resource partitioning among the different-sized ground beetles. The amount and size of prey consumed increased with increasing ground beetle body size. Prey suppression was, therefore, strongly strengthened by the presence of large ground beetles in the assemblages. These results suggest that increasing ground beetles size diversity increases their predation efficiency through the sampling effect. We have showed a functional redundancy among species of ground beetles. This redundancy could reduce the spatial and temporal variability in pest suppression by ground beetles. Our study showed the importance of the field margins as a habitat for many ground beetle species that are important for biological control. Management influenced ground beetles only in the field margin. Plants functional diversity within these field margins has been identified as the main factor promoting the species richness of ground beetles. However, activity-density of ground beetles was promoted by less heterogeneous vegetation and high percentage of bare ground. The responses to the vegetation structure vary between ground beetles with different body sizes. This diversity in ground beetles responses to the vegetation structure appears to be also related to variation in other life history traits (i.e. diet). The knowledge and results produced as part of this thesis will be used in the development of indicators measuring the impact of management on biological control delivered by ground beetles

O padrão de sobreposição de nicho e a co-ocorrência, bem como as interações positivas e negativas entre espécies de Anastrepha, com base em matrizes com dados de abundância e presença-ausência, foi avaliado. As populações de Anastrepha foram estudadas também quantativamente para avaliar sua distribuição e a flutuação populacional das espécies predominantes. O estudo foi realizado em duas áreas antropizadas, denominadas Fazenda Areão e Monte Olimpo, do campus \"Luiz de Queiroz\", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP. O estudo foi baseado em 52 coletas por meio de 14 armadilhas tipo McPhail distribuídas nas duas áreas. Foram coletadas 1.583 fêmeas pertencentes a 14 espécies: A. amita Zucchi, A. barbiellinii Lima, A. bistrigata Bezzi, A. daciformis Bezzi, A. distincta Greene, A. fraterculus (Wiedemann), A. grandis (Macquart), A. manihoti Lima, A. montei Lima, A. obliqua (Macquart), A. pickeli Lima, A. pseudoparallela (Loew), A. serpentina (Wiedemann) e A. sororcula Zucchi. Na Fazenda Areão, foram coletadas mais espécimes (1.041), em comparação ao Monte Olimpo (542), que, entretanto, apresentou o maior índice de diversidade de espécies. Anastrepha fraterculus, A. obliqua e A. pseudoparallela foram predominantes na Fazenda Areão; no Monte Olimpo, apenas A. fraterculus e A. pseudoparallela foram predominantes. A média de sobreposição de nicho foi maior que o esperado ao acaso para as duas áreas, portanto, os nichos ecológicos das espécies, em grande parte, se sobrepõem. O padrão de co-ocorrência indicou a ocorrência de dois pares de espécies não aleatórios que segregaram: A. pseudoparallela x A. obliqua na Fazenda Areão e A. fraterculus x A. pseudoparallela no Monte Olimpo. A segregação indica que pode haver competição por algum recurso dentro do nicho. A análise também apresentou três pares agregados: A. bistrigata x A. montei e A. fraterculus x A. barbiellinii para a Fazenda Areão e A. fraterculus x A. bistrigata para o Monte Olimpo, indicando que cada par coexiste pacificamente, sem que haja interferência na permanência das populações de moscas-das-frutas nas áreas. O nível populacional mais elevado ocorreu de agosto a dezembro, nas duas áreas, quando as temperaturas oscilaram entre 18 e 24°C, com pico populacional em setembro. / The niche overlap pattern and co-ocurrence, as well as positive and negative interactions among Anastrepha species, based on abundance matrix data and presence-absence data was evaluated. The populations of species of Anastrepha was analyzed quantitatively to evaluate its distribution and the populational fluctuation of predominant species. The study was carried out in two anthropic areas, Fazenda Areão and Monte Olimpo, at \"Luiz de Queiroz\" campus, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP. The research was based on 52 samplings obtained over 14 McPhail traps distributed in these two areas. It was captured 1,583 females belong 14 species: A. amita Zucchi, A. barbiellinii Lima, A. bistrigata Bezzi, A. daciformis Bezzi, A. distincta Greene, A. fraterculus (Wiedemann), A. grandis (Macquart), A. manihoti Lima, A. montei Lima, A. obliqua (Macquart), A. pickeli Lima, A. pseudoparallela (Loew), A. serpentina (Wiedemann) and A. sororcula Zucchi. It was collected more specimens (1,041) at Fazenda Areão, comparing with the ones at Monte Olimpo (542), that showed the highest species diversity index. Anastrepha fraterculus, A. obliqua and A. pseudoparallela were the predominant species at Fazenda Areão; at Monte Olimpo, only A. fraterculus and A. pseudoparallela were predominant. The niche overlap mean was higher than randomly expected for these two areas. Therefore, the species ecological niches mostly overlap. The coocurrence pattern indicated the ocurrence of two non-randomized pair of species that segregated: A. pseudoparallela x A. obliqua at Fazenda Areão, and A. fraterculus x A. pseudoparallela at Monte Olimpo. The segregation indicates that can exist three aggregated pairs: A. bistrigata x A. montei and A. fraterculus x A. barbiellinii at Fazenda Areão; and A. fraterculus x A. bistrigata at Monte Olimpo, indicating that each pair coexists pacifically, with no interference in the permanence of the fruit fly populations in the areas. The highest populational level occurred from August to December, when temperatures oscillated between 18 and 24°C, with the population peak in September.

O padrão de sobreposição de nicho e a co-ocorrência, bem como as interações positivas e negativas entre espécies de Anastrepha, com base em matrizes com dados de abundância e presença-ausência, foi avaliado. As populações de Anastrepha foram estudadas também quantativamente para avaliar sua distribuição e a flutuação populacional das espécies predominantes. O estudo foi realizado em duas áreas antropizadas, denominadas Fazenda Areão e Monte Olimpo, do campus \"Luiz de Queiroz\", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP. O estudo foi baseado em 52 coletas por meio de 14 armadilhas tipo McPhail distribuídas nas duas áreas. Foram coletadas 1.583 fêmeas pertencentes a 14 espécies: A. amita Zucchi, A. barbiellinii Lima, A. bistrigata Bezzi, A. daciformis Bezzi, A. distincta Greene, A. fraterculus (Wiedemann), A. grandis (Macquart), A. manihoti Lima, A. montei Lima, A. obliqua (Macquart), A. pickeli Lima, A. pseudoparallela (Loew), A. serpentina (Wiedemann) e A. sororcula Zucchi. Na Fazenda Areão, foram coletadas mais espécimes (1.041), em comparação ao Monte Olimpo (542), que, entretanto, apresentou o maior índice de diversidade de espécies. Anastrepha fraterculus, A. obliqua e A. pseudoparallela foram predominantes na Fazenda Areão; no Monte Olimpo, apenas A. fraterculus e A. pseudoparallela foram predominantes. A média de sobreposição de nicho foi maior que o esperado ao acaso para as duas áreas, portanto, os nichos ecológicos das espécies, em grande parte, se sobrepõem. O padrão de co-ocorrência indicou a ocorrência de dois pares de espécies não aleatórios que segregaram: A. pseudoparallela x A. obliqua na Fazenda Areão e A. fraterculus x A. pseudoparallela no Monte Olimpo. A segregação indica que pode haver competição por algum recurso dentro do nicho. A análise também apresentou três pares agregados: A. bistrigata x A. montei e A. fraterculus x A. barbiellinii para a Fazenda Areão e A. fraterculus x A. bistrigata para o Monte Olimpo, indicando que cada par coexiste pacificamente, sem que haja interferência na permanência das populações de moscas-das-frutas nas áreas. O nível populacional mais elevado ocorreu de agosto a dezembro, nas duas áreas, quando as temperaturas oscilaram entre 18 e 24°C, com pico populacional em setembro. / The niche overlap pattern and co-ocurrence, as well as positive and negative interactions among Anastrepha species, based on abundance matrix data and presence-absence data was evaluated. The populations of species of Anastrepha was analyzed quantitatively to evaluate its distribution and the populational fluctuation of predominant species. The study was carried out in two anthropic areas, Fazenda Areão and Monte Olimpo, at \"Luiz de Queiroz\" campus, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP. The research was based on 52 samplings obtained over 14 McPhail traps distributed in these two areas. It was captured 1,583 females belong 14 species: A. amita Zucchi, A. barbiellinii Lima, A. bistrigata Bezzi, A. daciformis Bezzi, A. distincta Greene, A. fraterculus (Wiedemann), A. grandis (Macquart), A. manihoti Lima, A. montei Lima, A. obliqua (Macquart), A. pickeli Lima, A. pseudoparallela (Loew), A. serpentina (Wiedemann) and A. sororcula Zucchi. It was collected more specimens (1,041) at Fazenda Areão, comparing with the ones at Monte Olimpo (542), that showed the highest species diversity index. Anastrepha fraterculus, A. obliqua and A. pseudoparallela were the predominant species at Fazenda Areão; at Monte Olimpo, only A. fraterculus and A. pseudoparallela were predominant. The niche overlap mean was higher than randomly expected for these two areas. Therefore, the species ecological niches mostly overlap. The coocurrence pattern indicated the ocurrence of two non-randomized pair of species that segregated: A. pseudoparallela x A. obliqua at Fazenda Areão, and A. fraterculus x A. pseudoparallela at Monte Olimpo. The segregation indicates that can exist three aggregated pairs: A. bistrigata x A. montei and A. fraterculus x A. barbiellinii at Fazenda Areão; and A. fraterculus x A. bistrigata at Monte Olimpo, indicating that each pair coexists pacifically, with no interference in the permanence of the fruit fly populations in the areas. The highest populational level occurred from August to December, when temperatures oscillated between 18 and 24°C, with the population peak in September.

Diploma thesis provides information about theoretical aspects of internet, mobiles, advertising and entrepreneurship. Paper analyses internet and mobile market in Czech Republic. There are market needs identified. Concept of the business plan is written in the paper.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第20618号 / 医博第4267号 / 新制||医||1023(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 髙折 晃史, 教授 羽賀 博典, 教授 江藤 浩之 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

No description available.

Internet social networking sites have been the source of much speculation and controversy in the few years that they have been in existence. These sites (the most popular being MySpace and Facebook) allow their users to create online profiles, with which they can post pictures of themselves and interact with other users via text-based messaging. These sites are especially popular among teens and young adults, many of whom find their lives controlled by these sites. Utilizing the Uses and Gratificatioons approach in combination with the theory of the niche, the aim of this study is to understand the gratifications that are derived from the use of social networking sites, and how those gratifications compare with those obtained from the use of other communications methods (face-to-face communication and e-mail). Additionally, the study explores whether or not there has been a displacement effect for these older media with the introduction of social networking. A sample of 340 undergraduate and graduate students from a large western university were surveyed in-class regarding their use of three communications media (internet social networking, e-mail, and face-to-face communication). Students responded to 25 gratifications statements for each medium, rating how often they had used it for that particular purpose. They also responded to a question regarding whether their use of e-mail and face-to-face conversation has changed since they started using social networking sites. Answers from the gratification statements were subjected to principal component factor analysis using varimax rotation. After throwing out 10 statements due to their incompatibility across the three media, three gratification factors emerged: Gratification Opportunities, Social Utility, and Entertainment. Then using niche formulas, the media was compared across these three factors. Overall, face-to-face communication had the broadest niche, signalling that is best capable of fulfilling media gratifications. It also had the broadest niche in the Social Utility and Entertainment Factor, while e-mail had the broadest niche in the Gratifications Opportunities dimension. The results suggest that social networking may be popular because it acts as a convenient place to hang out — combining its relatively broad niches in Gratifications Opportunities and Entertainment gratifications, but shows little support for a displacement effect caused by its adoption.

Niches are common features in the Nabataean landscape (Healey 2001; Starcky 1966: cols. 1008-10; Patrich 1990:50-113). From their frequent appearance in the archeological record, it is evident that the Nabataeans placed great importance on these cultic features. However, very little is known about them. The purpose of this study was to find and record Nabataean cultic niches in a field survey and then to interpret these niches as part of a research design that proposed purposes of niche variation in construction, orientation, and placement of niches on the landscape. My research addresses several neglected issues in the study of cultic niches in Nabataean religion. Robert Wenning has stated there is a need "to research the elements and details of niches in order to understand which detail or combination of elements indicates a specific function or points to an individual deity or certain divine aspect" (Wenning 2001:88). With this research, I hope to determine whether or not certain characteristics of niches can show preferred orientations, indicate a specific function, determine how sanctuaries containing niches were organized, show preferred niche façade ornamentation, or aid in the potential identification of deities.

L’évolution de la denture des vertébrés est un sujet majeur et des plus intéressants en biologie développementale évolutive (évo-dévo). Dans ce domaine, la souris Mus musculus est traditionnellement l’animal modèle utilisé. La denture de la souris inclus quatre incisives à croissance continue et douze molaires présentant une organisation caractéristique de leurs cuspides. Le réseau moléculaire régulant le développement de ces deux types de dents est très spécifique.La cascade ERK-MAPK est impliquée lors de différentes étapes du développement dentaire. Une étude comparée du phénotype des molaires de souris mutantes pour des gènes activés à différents points de la cascade a démontré l’existence d’un phénotype caractéristique, à savoir la présence d’une dent surnuméraire en position mésiale des rangées de molaires, ainsi que la présence d’anomalie dans le nombre et la forme de certaines cuspides. Parmi ces caractères présents chez les mutants, certains rappellent des caractères ancestraux présents uniquement chez des rongeurs fossiles. Ceci appuie le rôle que la cascade ERK-MAPK a pu jouer au cours de l’évolution de la denture chez les rongeurs. En travaillant sur une lignée transgénique sur-exprimant un inhibiteur de cette cascade, j’ai pu perfectionner notre connaissance du rôle des gènes de la famille Fgf dans les processus de mise en place des centres de signalisation dentaire et de minéralisation de l’émail.Si l’on considère les incisives à croissance continue, la denture de la souris est dynamique à l’échelle de la vie d’un individu. Réalisant un suivi des incisives supérieures d’une cohorte de souris au cours de leur vieillissement, j’ai pu préciser la chronologie d’apparition de défauts liés au vieillissement. Ces défauts apparaissent sur les incisives à partir de six mois, et le plus fréquent est le développement d’un sillon visible sur l’émail de l’incisive. J’ai enfin utilisé des techniques de séquençage de nouvelle génération (NGS) pour comprendre les bases moléculaires du vieillissement des niches de cellules souches des incisives. Ce faisant, j’ai détecté des changements dans les profils d’expression de gènes régulant le maintien des cellules souches, la prolifération cellulaire et le métabolisme. La présence d’un sillon apparaît corrélée à une forte réponse immunitaire détectée dans les tissus dentaires, ce qui constitue une perspective d’étude majeure dans le but d’achever la caractérisation du vieillissement des cellules souches dentaires. / The evolution of the vertebrate dentition is among the most exciting topics in the evo-devo field, with particular attention being drawn to the mouse model. The mouse dentition includes four ever-growing incisors and twelve molars with a specific cusp pattern. Incisors and molars develop according to a tightly regulated molecular network.The ERK-MAPK cascade is involved at various stages of tooth development. Molar tooth phenotype comparisons in mutant mice for genes acting at various levels of the cascade highlighted a dental phenotype signature, which consists in the presence of a supernumerary tooth and shared cusp pattern defects. Some of these recall characters present in fossil rodents, supporting the ERK-MAPK as a good candidate to explain some evolutionary trends of the rodent dentition. By working on a mouse line over-expressing one of this pathway inhibitor in the oral epithelium, I perfect our understanding of Fgf gene role in specifying signaling center formation at the right stage, and in achieving correct mineralization.When considering evergrowing incisors, mouse dentition is also dynamic at the lifetime scale. I monitored the ageing process of the mouse upper incisors, and provided a chronology of occurrence of the variety of age-related defects display. These defects are set up from the six months on, the most frequent abnormality being the presence of an enamel groove along the surface of the incisor. Using Next Generation Sequencing technologies, I detected transcriptomic changes in the stem cell niches affecting cell proliferation and metabolism, as well as the stem cell niche functioning. The correlation found between the groove occurrence and a large immune response in dental tissues expands our concern for dental stem cell ageing.

The risks and opportunities that climate change presents for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) have been largely overlooked by previous research (Schaefer et al. 2011, Williams & Schaefer 2013). The subsequent lack of knowledge in this field makes a meaningful, profitable and sustainable engagement of SMEs with climate change challenging. Current research has difficulty explaining (1) why SMEs rarely engage with climate change (2) how climate change is currently communicated to SMEs and (3) how SMEs overcome the knowledge gap between business practice and climate change science (cf. Hoffman 2004, 2006, Hart 2007, Goodall 2008). In this thesis I critically examine 31 SMEs which engage with climate change knowledges, 5 Innovation-Support-Organizations (ISOs) which communicate climate change knowledges and 2 business-led communities of practice that discuss climate change-related business practices. Over a three-year period, I explore why and how business leaders approach the knowledge gap between climate change science and business practice, drawing on a variety of ethnographic research methods: (1) in-depth semi-structured and open interviews; (2) participant observations; (3) practitioner's workshops; and (4) an online survey. My research demonstrates that the participating ISOs communicate climate change in an overly simplistic way. The participating ISOs focus on persuading business leaders to engage with climate change. The participating business leaders who hear this persuasive message are already willing to engage with climate change. Their motivations to engage are lay-knowledge-dependent, derived from personal values, space and place identity. What the participating business leaders require is practical advice on how to mitigate the impact of, and adapt to, climate change, and they therefore try to overcome the limitations of current climate change communication through forming and joining communities of practice. By doing this, they can make sense of climate change in specialist niche communities and benefit from social belief systems. To enhance the number of SMEs engaging with climate change, I recommend that the participating ISOs target the personal values of business leaders and actively use these specialist niche communities niches within which the participating business leaders develop business practice to learn about climate change-related business practices themselves. Overall, my PhD shows that to create meaningful, profitable and sustainable engagement with climate change, business leaders and ISOs, as well as governments and society, need to address their "confusion and anxiety about the goals, ambitions and destinies [they] foresee" for themselves (Hulme 2013: 298).