Thesis (MPhil (Journalism))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / There are certain images of war that are horrific, frightening and at the same time, due to an outstanding compositional structure, they are fascinating and do not allow its observers to keep their distance. This thesis examines three images of war that have often been described as icons of war photography. The images “children fleeing a napalm strike” by Nick Ut, “the falling soldier” by Robert Capa and Sam Nzima’s photograph of Hector Pieterson are historical reference images that came to represent the wars and conflicts in which they were taken. It has been examined that a number of different factors have an impact on a war photograph’s awareness level and its potential to commit itself to what is referred to as collective consciousness. Such factors are the aesthetical composition and outstanding formal elements in connection with the exact moment the photograph was taken, ethical implications or the forcefulness of the event itself. As it has been examined in this thesis, the three photographs have achieved iconic status due to different circumstances and criteria and they can be described as historical reference images representing the specific wars or conflicts. In this thesis an empirical study was conducted, questioning 660 students from Spain, South Africa and Vietnam about their awareness level regarding the three selected photographs. While the awareness level of the Spanish and the South African image was rather high in the countries of origin, they did not achieve such a high international awareness level as the Vietnamese photograph by Nick Ut, which turned out to be exceptionally well-known by all students questioned. Overall, findings suggest that the three selected icons of war photography have been anchored in collective memory. Ut, Robert Capa, Sam Nzima, semiotics, Spanish Civil War, the falling soldier, Vietnam War

HP, uma bactéria gram-negativa envolvida na patogênese do tecido gastroduodenal, foi classificada como carcinogênico classe I em 1994. Seus mecanismos são pouco entendidos, mas a presença da ilha de patogenicidade (PAI) é fator importante de virulência. PAI sugere aumento da proliferação celular, diminuindo a apoptose. A detecção do HP e da PAI (cagA) foi feita por PCR. Casos positivos são associados aos resultados histopatológicos, proliferação celular e apoptose. Detectamos HP em 37,0% (111/300), sendo 40,5% (45/111) dos pacientes cagA+. A relação proliferação celular/apoptose (P/A) mostra aumento em pacientes infectados por HP/cagA até 8,8 vezes maior no surgimento de doença gástrica grave / HP, a gram-negative bacterium involved in pathogenesis of gastroduodenal tissues, was classified as type I carcinogen in 1994. The mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis point to the pathogenicity island (PAI) as an important virulent factor. PAI suggests an increase in cell proliferation, attenuating apoptosis. HP detection and PAI were performed by using PCR. Positive results were associated to the histological findings, cell proliferation and apoptosis. We detected HP in 37,0% (111/300) and 40,5% (45/111) of the patients. A significant increase index appears between proliferation and apoptosis in those infected by HP/cagA+ with higher risk of 8,8 for the development of gastric cancer

This thesis is divided into two main parts. The first, comprising the three initial chapters, looks, in chapter one, at the specifically German origins of the Bildungsroman, its distinctive features, and the difficulties surrounding its transplantation into the literary contexts of other countries. Particular attention is paid to the ethical dimension of the genre, i.e. to the relation between the individual self and the exterior world, and how it affects individual formation. The focus then shifts to American literature, and the term 'narrative of initiation' is recommended as a credible alternative to 'Bildungsroman'. Allowing for similarities between them, it is none the less strongly suggested that the Bildungsroman of German origin and the American narrative of initiation should be seen as being intrinsically different, principally because of the different cultural backgrounds that shaped them. Several features of the theme of initiation are postulated as decisive factors in the discrepancies between the initiatory narrative and the Bildungsroman. Analysis of six texts - three of each literary tradition - follows, to provide support for the theoretical discussion of the terms introduced in chapter one. Three Bildungsromane are considered in the second chapter, namely Goethe's Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre, Stifter's Der Nachsommer and Keller's Der grune Heinrich, and three narratives of initiation in chapter three: Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Crane's The Red Badge of Courage and Anderson's Winesburg, Ohio. Their relevance to the tradition of German and American fiction as a whole and as precursors of Mann's Der Zauberberg and Hemingway's The Nick Adams Stories is considered. A direct comparison between Mann's and Hemingway's texts constitutes the second part of this thesis, wholly contained in chapter four. In addition to a comprehensive critical reading of both narratives, the contemporaneity of Der Zauberberg and The Nick Adams Stories is taken into account, and consequently special consideration is given to the texts' close relation with the cultural and historical realities of the early twentieth century, particularly the impact of the First World War. With the assistance of Jung's theories, an increased awareness of death and of the dark side of the psyche - though dealt with differently in both texts - is put forward as a significant factor in the deviation of Der Zauberberg and The Nick Adams Stories from the traditions of the Bildungsroman and of the narrative of initiation. This departure leads to a re-appraisal of the relation between the protagonists and their society, and to a new ethical attitude that presupposes different, more modem conceptions of what Bildung and initiation represent in the context of the early twentieth century. How and why they changed and if they survived as literary notions are questions this thesis attempts to answer.

HP, uma bactéria gram-negativa envolvida na patogênese do tecido gastroduodenal, foi classificada como carcinogênico classe I em 1994. Seus mecanismos são pouco entendidos, mas a presença da ilha de patogenicidade (PAI) é fator importante de virulência. PAI sugere aumento da proliferação celular, diminuindo a apoptose. A detecção do HP e da PAI (cagA) foi feita por PCR. Casos positivos são associados aos resultados histopatológicos, proliferação celular e apoptose. Detectamos HP em 37,0% (111/300), sendo 40,5% (45/111) dos pacientes cagA+. A relação proliferação celular/apoptose (P/A) mostra aumento em pacientes infectados por HP/cagA até 8,8 vezes maior no surgimento de doença gástrica grave / HP, a gram-negative bacterium involved in pathogenesis of gastroduodenal tissues, was classified as type I carcinogen in 1994. The mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis point to the pathogenicity island (PAI) as an important virulent factor. PAI suggests an increase in cell proliferation, attenuating apoptosis. HP detection and PAI were performed by using PCR. Positive results were associated to the histological findings, cell proliferation and apoptosis. We detected HP in 37,0% (111/300) and 40,5% (45/111) of the patients. A significant increase index appears between proliferation and apoptosis in those infected by HP/cagA+ with higher risk of 8,8 for the development of gastric cancer