Fondée en 1926, la première Entente internationale de l’acier (EIA) était impuissante à contrôler le développement de nouvelles capacités de production dans les pays membres. Les groupes sidérurgiques nationaux réunis dans l’EIA se partageaient des quotas de production. Fin 1929, les maîtres de forges sont convaincus que l’EIA ne peut survivre qu’en passant à une réglementation des exportations. Ils lancent l’entreprise des Comptoirs internationaux d’exportation dont la mise en route s’avère aussi difficile que leur fonctionnement ultérieur. Ils échouent après quelques mois seulement (été 1930). En mars 1931, la première EIA cesse de fonctionner. On assiste alors à un déchaînement sans précédant de la concurrence. Les prix s’effondrent. Les dirigeants des firmes sidérurgiques cherchent alors le salut dans une nouvelle entente internationale. Les tractations aboutissent à la création de la seconde EIA (février 1933) qui, à l’opposé de la première, est axée sur un partage des seules exportations. Elle est coiffée d’une demi-douzaine de Comptoirs de vente internationaux qui règlementent les ventes à l’exportation. En même temps, on note une tendance très nette à la protection mutuelle des marchés intérieurs au sein de l’EIA. Le dépouillement d’une documentation abondante et inédite nous a permis d’analyser le dynamisme interne, les effets et les limites de l’EIA au cours des années trente. / The International Steel Cartel (ISC), founded in 1926, was unable to control the development of production capacity in the member countries. The steelmakers, who were gathered in the ISC, shared production quota. At the end of 1929, steel producers were convinced that the ISC could only survive by changing over in order to regulate exports. The steel manufacturers of Germany, France, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Saar decided to set up provisional international export syndicates for single products. These export syndicates did not achieve their aim. In March 1931, the ISC ceased to operate so that we are witnessing an outburst of the competition. Prices collapsed. The steel managers were seeking salvation in a new international agreement. The negotiations succeeded in the creation of the second ISC (1933), which, contrary to the first one, was centred on sharing of only exports. It was topped by half a dozen international syndicates, which regulated export sales. At the same time, we can see a very clear trend towards the protection of the internal markets within the ISC. The analysis of new archives allows us a better understanding of the internal dynamism, the effects and limits of the cartel during the thirties.

“National security” is one of the most powerful terms in the American vocabulary. It commands wide deference and almost unlimited resources, and what counts as a national security matter determines many of the government’s priorities and responsibilities. It is surprising, therefore, that we know so little about how national security came to be defined in the way Americans have understood it for the last 75 years. The problem is one of perspective. Almost everything written about the history of national security approaches the topic with a present-day understanding of the term’s meaning in mind and uses the term instrumentally to explain something else—most often some aspect of American foreign policy. Most of these works assume that national security refers principally to physical security, that national security policymaking is a foreign policy matter, and that it has always been thus. This dissertation historicizes the term national security. Rather than tracing the present-day conception of national security backwards in time, as has been the norm, it looks forward from the past. This shift in perspective reveals a history of national security that challenges the prevailing assumption that national security has always been a matter of physical security and foreign policy. When Franklin Roosevelt first put national security at the center of American political discourse in the 1930s, he equated it with individual economic security and considered domestic policy the primary domain for national security policymaking. Roosevelt also articulated a broad vision for the government’s national security responsibilities in the final years of his presidency that included economic, social, and physical security to be delivered through a mix of domestic and foreign policy. These findings raise a big question about American political development: why did the United States end up with separate “national security” and “welfare” states rather than the comprehensive national security state Roosevelt envisioned? To answer that question, this dissertation focuses on the interactions between political language, public opinion, and the institutional development of the American state. Combining traditional historical research methods with text mining, network analysis, and data visualization, this dissertation charts the movement of policy areas into and out of the national security frame. Franklin Roosevelt succeeded in placing domestic policy into the national security frame in the mid-1930s, thereby justifying the expansion of the government’s domestic responsibilities. But this success catalyzed the nascent conservative movement, which launched a public persuasion campaign to limit the further expansion of the government’s domestic responsibilities by removing domestic policy from the national security frame. Roosevelt’s subsequent success putting foreign policy into the national security frame at the end of the 1930s created a powerful foreign policy establishment that claimed the mantle of national security exclusively for its work. The exclusion of domestic policy from the purview of national security policymaking was therefore largely an ironic result of Roosevelt’s two successes using the language of security to expand the government’s responsibilities.

Orientador: Paulo Mugayar Kuhl / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T18:08:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ferraro-Nita_MaraRosangela_D.pdf: 26606817 bytes, checksum: 149415fdabef1f4f56dda00e0ae45ab2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Esta tese tem por objetivo maior realizar um estudo sobre as obras ilustradas de Graciliano Ramos, Jorge Amado e José Lins do Rego publicadas prioritariamente pelas editoras José Olympio (Rio de Janeiro) e Martins (São Paulo). Analisa ainda o perfil artístico de três ilustradores: Santa Rosa, Luís Jardim e Aldemir Martins e seus respectivos projetos ilustrativos para Cacau, de Jorge Amado (1933); Menino de engenho, de José Lins do Rego (1932); e Vidas secas, de Graciliano Ramos (1938). Reflexões estas que ajudam no levantamento de possíveis confluências do pensamento artístico e literário do modernismo brasileiro pós-1930 / Abstract: The main purpose of this thesis is to carry out a study about the illustrated literary works of Graciliano Ramos, Jorge Amado and José Lins do Rego, published mainly by José Olympio (Rio de Janeiro) and Martins (São Paulo) publishers. It also analyzes the artistic features of three illustrators: Santa Rosa, Luís Jardim and Aldemir Martins and their respective illustration projects for Cacau, by Jorge Amado (1933); Menino do engenho, by José Lins do Rego (1932) and Vidas secas, by Graciliano Ramos, (1938). These reflections help us to find out possible confluences of artistic and literary thought of post 1930'Brazilian Modernism / Doutorado / Doutor em Artes

Orientador: Eric Mitchell Sabinson / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T20:21:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariano_FabioRoberto_M.pdf: 721675 bytes, checksum: 0863ae488f30abc0a8c4cbb050955f56 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é compreender a recepção de Faulkner na França a partir de uma contextualização da literatura francesa nos anos 1930 e da leitura detalhada dos referidos prefácios. O que está em primeiro plano não é uma leitura crítica do autor, e sim uma organização de leituras críticas anteriores. Ao fim do texto, é esboçada uma proposição acerca do apelo específico que Faulkner teve na França. Dos seis livros de Faulkner publicados durante os anos 30, cinco trazem prefácios. Esses textos são de autoria de figuras de grande influência no ambiente literário francês: os tradutores Maurice-Edgar Coindreau e René-Noël Raimbault, o crítico e escritor Valery Larbaud e o escritor, político e jornalista André Malraux. A partir das leituras propostas nesses prefácios, é possível tentar estabelecer uma relação entre o ambiente cultural da França e a obra de William Faulkner. Para estabelecer tal relação, este trabalho se divide em três partes, cada qual correspondendo a um de seus capítulos. Em primeiro lugar, faz-se uma análise do ambiente histórico e literário da França. Em segundo, uma leitura atenta dos prefácios é feita, levando-se em consideração também quem são seus autores. Por fim, o terceiro capítulo é um movimento de interpretação dos prefácios à luz da análise feita no primeiro capítulo / Abstract: The present dissertation aims at an understanding of the reader response to Faulkner in France. It is based both on a study of the mentioned prefaces and on an attempt to describe the literary and critical standards of the time. The main point here is not exactly a critical reading of the author's work in itself, but an effort of organizing earlier readings. This study is closed by a hypothesis about Faulkner's specific appeal to French readers. Five out of the six of Faulkner's books published during that time are prefaced, all of them by Frenchmen: translators Maurice-Edgar Coindreau and René-Noël Raimbault, literary critic and writer Valery Larbaud and politician, journalist and novelist André Malraux. A detailed analysis of these prefaces may be an effective strategy to establish a connection between Faulkner's work and the French cultural environment in which he is read. In order to effectively make such a connection, this dissertation has been divided in three parts, each of which corresponds to one of its chapters. In the first one, the literary and historical context of France is analyzed. In the second, a close reading of each of the prefaces is made, taking into account not only their words and references, but also their authors. In the third and last chapter, the prefaces are interpreted according to what had been exposed in the first chapter / Mestrado / Historia e Historiografia Literaria / Mestre em Teoria e História Literária