Nitrogênio é o nutriente mais utilizado mundialmente na agricultura devido promover grandes aumentos de produtividade e de qualidade, porém durante seu uso pode haver perdas de N por lixiviação e volatilização. O uso de inibidores de urease e de nitrificação podem aumentar a eficiência de uso de adubos nitrogenados. Objetivouse: a) estudar doses e fontes de nitrogênio na produção de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.) colhida sem despalha a fogo e avaliar a resposta desta cultura em aplicação do N na superfície do solo; b) avaliar a eficiência do uso de dicianodiamida em solos de diferentes texturas, com e sem a presença de palha, em estudo de incubação com sulfato de amônio; c) avaliar a eficiência de DCD e DMPP em solos do Brasil e da Alemanha em estudo de incubação e d) avaliar a eficiência de DCD e de NBPT na volatilização de amônia e na taxa de nitrificação de uréia. Houve aumento de produção de colmos de cana-de-açúcar nas doses de 0, 50, 100 e 150 kg ha-1 de N, porém não houve diferença das diferentes fontes nitrogenadas, mesmo havendo redução de volatilização de NH3 da uréia com o uso de NBPT, em torno de 60%. Houve redução da taxa de oxidação de amônio como uso de DCD, com maior eficiência no solo de textura média e, consequentemente menor formação de nitrato. Com a redução da taxa de nitrificação houve uma menor acidificação do solo. Houve redução da população de microrganismos nitritadores com o uso de DCD. O uso de inibidores de nitrificação (DCD e DMPP) retardou o processo de nitrificação em todos os solos (alemão e brasileiros), porém, com uma eficiência bem mais acentuada no solo arenoso. Houve maior eficiência do DCD nos primeiros 10 dias de incubação devido seu maior movimento no solo e no período final de incubação o DMPP foi mais eficiente devido sua menor degradação no solo. O NBPT foi eficiente em reduzir as perdas por volatilização, já o uso de DCD aumentou as perdas de N-NH3 da fonte uréia e diminuiu a eficiência do NBPT quando aplicado em conjunto com este, independente da dose. O DCD foi eficiente em diminuir o processo de nitrificação e não teve influencia na sua eficiência quando foi utilizado em associação com NBPT. / Nitrogen is the most world widely applied plant nutrient in agriculture because promote high yield and quality increases but, during youre using in agriculture losses by volatilization and leaching can occur. By using urease and nitrification inhibitors the nitrogen fertilizers efficiency can be increase. The objectives of this study was: a) study rates and sources of nitrogen fertilizers on sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) production harvested without burning and evaluate the response of this crop to over trash applied N; b) evaluate the efficieny of using DCD in different texture soils, with or without sugarceane trash, in a icubation experiment with amonium sulphate; c) evaluate the efficiency of DCD and DMPP in Brazilian and German soils in a incubation experiment and d) evaluate the efficiency of DCD and NBPT on ammonia volatilization and nitrification process of urea. Sugarcane yields increase with 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1 de N rates, but not with different N sources. With using NBPT ammonia volatilization was about 60% less, but also didnt increase sugarcane yield. Ammonium oxidation process in incubation study was inhibited with DCD use and, this inhibition was high in the soil with less clay. With reduction in nitrification process acidification of soil was lower. It was less nitrification microorganisms in soil with using DCD. With nitrification inhibitors (DCD and DMPP) the nitrification processa was delayed in all soils (german and brazilians), especially in sandy soil. DCD was more efficient in the next 10 days because have more mobility in soil wile DMPP was more efficient in the end of nitrification process because is more persistent in soil by his slow degradation process. The use of NBPT with urea is efficient to reduce ammonia volatilization wile urea treated with DCD these N loss is increased. When urea is treated with DCD and NBPT together the ammonia volatilization less is more than NBPT alone, but less of total ammonia volatilization of urea alone. DCD alone is efficient in inhibit nitrificatio

Orientador: Mara Cristina Pessôa da Cruz / Banca: Itamar Andrioli / Banca: Felipe Batistella Filho / Resumo: O manejo do solo em sistema plantio direto combinando plantas de cobertura e doses de nitrogênio pode interferir nas formas e na disponibilidade de N. Ter um índice químico sensível para detectar variações na disponibilidade de N causadas pelo manejo pode aumentar a precisão das recomendações. Pretendeu-se com este trabalho: avaliar os efeitos de plantas de cobertura em pré-safra de milho, e de doses de N em cobertura no milho, nas formas de N orgânico do solo, em experimento de longa duração; associar formas de N orgânico com disponibilidade, por meio de correlação com o N determinado por destilação a vapor direta. O experimento está instalado em Latossolo Vermelho argiloso, em blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas, sendo as plantas de cobertura os tratamentos principais e as doses de N os tratamentos secundários. As plantas de cobertura são mucuna-cinza, crotalária, feijão-de-porco, lablab, milheto e vegetação espontânea e as doses de N-ureia em cobertura no milho são 0 e 120 kg ha-1. A amostragem de solo foi feita no décimo segundo ano do experimento, nas camadas de 0-5; 5-10; 10-20; 20-40; 40-60 cm de profundidade, 30 dias após a dessecação das plantas de cobertura. As amostras foram submetidas à hidrólise ácida e as formas do N orgânico determinadas no fracionamento foram: N-total hidrolisável, N-NH4+ hidrolisável, N-aminoácidos, N-NH4+ hidrolisável + N-aminoaçúcares e N-insolúvel em ácido. Por diferença foram obtidos os teores de N-não identificado (N-total hidrolisável - N-NH4+ hidrolisável + N-aminoaçúcares + N-aminoácidos) e de N-aminoaçúcares (N-NH4+ hidrolisável + N-aminoaçúcares - N-NH4+ hidrolisável). A fração N-aminoaçúcares predominou em relação às outras formas de N-hidrolisável e o cultivo de plantas de cobertura não teve efeito claro na definição desse predomínio. A adubação nitrogenada diminuiu os teores de N das frações mais lábeis... / Abstract: The soil management in no-tillage system with cover crops and nitrogen levels changes the forms and the availability of N. A sensitive chemical index to detect variations in the availability of N caused by management can increase the accuracy of the fertilizer recommendations. With this work it was intended to evaluate the effects of cover crops in maize pre-cropping, and levels of N sidedress fertilization in maize, in the forms of soil organic N in a long-term experiment; to associate organic N forms with availability, through the correlation with N determined by direct steam distillation. The experiment is installed in a sandy clay Oxisol, in randomized blocks with split plots, with cover crops as main treatments and doses of N as secondary treatments. The cover crops are gray velvet bean, sunn hemp, jack bean, lablab, millet and spontaneous vegetation. The levels of urea-N sidedress fertilization in corn are 0 and 120 kg ha-1. The soil samples were collected in the twelfth year of the experiment, at the layers 0-5; 5-10; 10-20; 20-40; 40-60 cm, 30 days after the desiccation of cover crops. The samples were submitted to acid hydrolysis followed by the determination of: total hydrolysable N, hydrolysable NH4+-N, amino acids-N, amino sugars-N and acid insoluble-N. By subtraction were obtained unidentified-N (total hydrolysable-N - hydrolysable NH4+ + amino sugars + amino acids) and amino sugars-N (hydrolysable NH4+ + amino sugars - hydrolysable NH4+) .The amino sugars-N predominated over other hydrolysable-N fractions and cover crops had no clear effect on the definition of that dominance. Nitrogen fertilization decreased the N levels of the most labile fractions (hydrolysable NH4+ and amino sugars-N). There was a correlation between N determined by direct steam distillation and organic-N forms, particularly amino acids-N and amino sugars-N, which defined these fractions as organic N pools that controls the N availability / Mestre

Orientador: Mara Cristina Pessôa da Cruz / Coorientador: Edson Luiz Mendes Coutinho / Banca: Felipe Batistella Filho / Banca: Manoel Evaristo Ferreira / Banca: Itamar Andrioli / Banca: José Ricardo Mantovani / Resumo: O esterco bovino, além de fornecer nutrientes, quando utilizado repetidamente e/ou em grandes quantidades, pode melhorar outros atributos químicos e físicos do solo. Porém, um dos grandes desafios na sua utilização é estimar a quantidade de N que é fornecida durante o ciclo das culturas. Os objetivos com este trabalho foram determinar as alterações nos atributos químicos e físicos do solo, a produtividade de milho e os créditos de nitrogênio derivados da aplicação de esterco bovino e de seu efeito residual. Para alcançá-los foram conduzidos, simultaneamente, dois experimentos, no município de Jaboticabal-SP, em Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico muito argiloso, durante os anos agrícolas 2011/12; 2012/13; 2013/14 e 2014/15. Ambos os experimentos foram conduzidos em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Um dos experimentos foi conduzido para determinar a curva de resposta da cultura do milho ao N, e por meio desta calcular os créditos de nitrogênio provenientes da aplicação do esterco. Para isso, foram aplicadas as doses 0, 60, 90, 120, 180 e 240 kg ha-1 de N-ureia. No outro experimento foram avaliados os efeitos no solo e na planta da aplicação de 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45 e 60 Mg ha-1 de esterco bovino e de seu efeito residual, sendo a aplicação do adubo realizada apenas nos dois primeiros anos. Houve melhoria nos atributos químicos do solo pela aplicação de esterco bovino, e a duração dos efeitos foi variável, de modo que para os nutrientes (P, Ca2+, Mg2+ e K+) houve efeito res... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The use of cattle manure, in addition to providing nutrients, when used repeatedly and/or in large quantities, can improve other chemical and physical attributes of the soil. However, one of the major challenges in its use is to estimate the amount of N that is supplied during the crop cycle. The aims of the trials were to evaluate the changes in soil chemical and physical attributes, corn yield and nitrogen credits from the application of cattle manure and its residual effect. In this perspective, two experiments were conducted, simultaneously, in the municipality of Jaboticabal-SP, in an Typic Eutrudox, during the crop seasons 2011/12; 2012/13; 2013/14 and 2014/15. Both trials were conducted in a randomized block with four replicates. One of the trials was conducted to determine the response curve of the corn crop to the N, and through this calculate the nitrogen credits from the application of manure. Rates of 0; 60; 90; 120; 180 and 240 kg ha-1 N-urea. In the other trial, the effects on the soil and on plant of the application of 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45 and 60 Mg ha1 of cattle manure and its residual effect were evaluated, applying the fertilizer only in the two first years. There was an enhancement in the chemical attributes of the soil by the application of cattle manure, and the continuance of the effects was variable, so that nutrients (P, Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+ ) had a residual effect and for the variables related to soil acidity (pH and H+ Al) the effect did not persist aft... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientador: Leandro Borges Lemos / Banca: Pedro Henrique de Cerqueira Luz / Banca: Mara Cristina Pessoa da Cruz / Banca: Carlos Henrique Eiterer de Souza / Banca: Fábio Luiz Checchio Mingotte / Resumo: Os fertilizantes nitrogenados são essenciais para as culturas sob condições tropicais expressarem seus potenciais produtivos. Dentre esses fertilizantes a ureia é o mais utilizado na agricultura e devido à necessidade de redução de suas perdas por volatilização quando aplicada na superfície do solo, a ureia tornou-se o fertilizante convencional mais utilizado para o desenvolvimento de fertilizantes de eficiência aumentada. Atualmente substâncias inibidoras da enzima urease e mecanismos de revestimento de fertilizantes que alterem o fluxo de liberação de N para solução do solo, podem reduzir as perdas de N por volatilização da NH3. O trabalho foi dividido em dois estudos, com os seguintes objetivos: avaliar em condições controladas de laboratório fontes de nitrogênio convencionais e de eficiência aumentada, quanto ao controle de perdas de N por volatilização de NH3 e em um segundo estudo avaliar a eficiência de fontes e doses de nitrogênio convencionais e de eficiência aumentada em cobertura no desempenho agronômico da cultura do milho, cultivado na primeira e segunda safras 2015/2016. No experimento de laboratório, os fertilizantes utilizados foram aplicados na superfície de um latossolo vermelho argiloso, previamente umedecido a 60% da capacidade de retenção de água. Conduzido em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso com seis repetições, os tratamentos foram quatro fontes de N (ureia, ureia + NBPT, nitrato de amônio e Haya® - ureia compactada com aditivos e polímeros), além de ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Nitrogen fertilizers are essential for crops under tropical conditions express their productive potential. Among these fertilizers urea is the most widely used in agriculture and due to the need to reduce their losses by volatilization when applied on the soil surface, the urea has become the conventional fertilizer most used for the development of enhanced efficiency fertilizers. Currently urease enzyme inhibitory substances and coating mechanisms of fertilizers that alter the flow of release of N to the soil solution, can reduce N losses by volatilization of NH3. The work was divided in two studies, with the following objectives: to evaluate under controlled conditions of laboratory conventional nitrogen sources and increased efficiency, how to control N losses by volatilization of NH3 and a second study evaluate the efficiency of sources and doses of conventional nitrogen and increased efficiency in coverage on agronomic performance of the culture of corn, cultivated in the first and second harvests 2015/2016. In the laboratory experiment, fertilizers used were applied on the surface of a red loamy latosol, previously moistened the 60% water holding capacity. Conducted in entirely random design with six repetitions, the treatments were four sources of N (urea, urea + ammonium nitrate and NBPT Haya® urea compressed with additives and polymers), plus additional controls (without soil and fertilizer Chamber empty) in dose equivalent to 100 kg ha-1 of N losses were evaluated-N... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientador: Leandro Borges Lemos / Coorientador: Glauco de Souza Rolim / Banca: Orivaldo Arf / Banca: Mara Cristina Pessôa da Cruz / Banca: Rogério Farinelli / Banca: César Martoreli da Silveira / Resumo: O objetivo com este trabalho foi avaliar a influência de sistemas de consórcios de crotalária e de Urochloa na cultura do milho, cultivado no sistema convencional na segunda e na primeira safra, sob doses de nitrogênio aplicado em cobertura. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 3x5, com quatro repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas por três sistemas de cultivo (milho exclusivo, milho consorciado com crotalária e milho consorciado com Urochloa), e cinco doses de nitrogênio (N): 0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 kg ha-1 de N aplicado em cobertura. No milho de segunda safra, os sistemas de cultivo influenciaram as variáveis diâmetro do colmo e altura de plantas, apresentando menores valores no milho consorciado com braquiária. A produtividade não foi prejudicada pelos consórcios, sendo estes influenciados apenas pelas doses de N, com maior produtividade na dose de 50 kg ha-1 de N. No cultivo de milho de primeira safra, foi evidenciada maior competição entre a cultura produtora de grãos e as espécies consorciadas. A produtividade foi maior no sistema com milho exclusivo (9.570 kg ha- 1) e menor no sistema milho consorciado com Urochloa (7.480 kg ha-1). Houve interação entre os sistemas de cultivos x doses de N, apontando maior produtividade para o sistema de milho exclusivo na dose de 100 kg ha-1 de N (12.440 kg ha-1). A relação de doses de nitrogênio X evapotranspiração real com as variáveis analisadas variam de acordo com sistema de cultivo. / Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the intercropping systems of crotalaria and Urochloa with maize crop, in the second and the first crop season, under doses of topdressing nitrogen applied in the conventional system. Randomized complete block design was used in a 3x5 factorial scheme with four replications. The plots consisted of three crop systems (exclusive maize, maize intercropped with crotalaria and maize intercropped with Urochloa), and five doses of nitrogen (N): 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha-1 of N applied in topdressing. In the secondcrop season maize, the crop systems influenced the variables stem diameter and plants heigh, presenting lower values in corn intercropped with Urochloa. Yield was not affected by the intercropping systems, with them influenced only by N rates, with the highest yield at the dose of 50 kg ha-1 of N. In the crop of first-season maize, greater competition was observed between the maize and intercropped species. Yield was higher in the system with exclusive maize (9.570 kg ha-1 ) and lower in the maize intercropped with Urochloa system (7.480 kg ha-1 ). There was interaction between cropping systems and doses of N, indicating higher yield for the exclusive maize system at the dose of 100 kg N ha-1 (12.440 kg ha1 ). The ratio DN X ETr with the variables vary depending on the cultivation system. / Doutor

Grain protein content is an essential component to producing a profitable Hard Red Spring Wheat (HRSW) (Triticum aestivum L.) crop in the northern Great Plains. Growers can increase grain protein content through in-season N fertilization; however, the cost of these applications may outweigh the benefits. Predicting the grain protein content of early-season HRSW would give growers crucial information as they decide whether to apply in-season fertilizer to boost grain protein content. This research encompasses three studies; two of which aim to predict grain protein content with hand-held and aerial sensors respectively, and a third, which investigates the optimal rate, timing, and source of N fertilizer to boost grain protein content. Results of these experiments seemed to be greatly influenced by environmental factors. Findings of this research suggest that an in-season N application should be used for ameliorative purposes and not as a regular practice. / Minnesota Research and Promotion Council / Minnesota Association of Wheat Growers

Fertilized croplands unintentionally export large amounts of reactive nitrogen (N), which degrades water and air quality and contributes to climate change. In this dissertation, I focus on how these reactive N losses are likely to change in the near future as agriculture intensifies in the tropics, and ecological intensification strategies to mitigate N losses are more widely adopted. I use a combination of empirical field measurements in Mato Grosso, Brazil and Skåne, Sweden, literature review, and statistical models to quantify trends. In chapter one, I quantified emissions of nitric oxide (N₂O) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) in forest, single cropped soybean, and N-fertilized double-cropped soybean-maize at three nitrogen fertilizer levels within the largest area of recent cropland expansion on earth, in the Amazon and Cerrado biomes in Mato Grosso, Brazil. I found that NO emissions do not increase when forests are converted to croplands under current fertilization levels, and that NO will respond more strongly than N₂O fluxes to increases in fertilizer applications. In chapter two, I investigated anion exchange capacity and soil nitrate (NO₃¯) pools in deep soils in Mato Grosso, Brazil in the southern Amazon. I found that soil NO₃¯ pools in the top 8 m increased from 143 kg N ha¯¹ in forest to 1,052 and 1,161 kg N ha¯¹ in soybean and soybean-maize croplands. This NO₃¯ accumulation in croplands compared with forest soils matched the estimated amount of surplus N from the croplands, and could be explained by the soil’s positive charge through its anion exchange capacity. In chapter three, I conducted a meta-analysis of the effects of fertilization amount on of NO₃¯ leaching, N₂O emissions, NO emissions, and ammonia (NH₃) volatilization, totaling over 1,000 observations. I found that the relationship between N inputs and losses differed little between temperate and tropical croplands, although total NO losses were higher in the tropics. Among the potential drivers I studied, the N input rate controlled all N losses, but soil texture and water inputs also controlled NO₃¯ leaching losses. In chapter four, I explored the differences in NO₃¯ leaching, fertilizer N use efficiency, and soil N cycling in perennial wheat, which is being domesticated as a more sustainable alternative to annual crops, and annual wheat at a long-term experimental site in Skåne, Sweden. I found that NO₃ leaching was more than two orders of magnitude lower in perennial wheat, overall ecosystem recovery of fertilizer was quite high and not significantly different between perennial and annual wheat after the first growing season, and that measures of soil N cycling were largely the same between both crops. Together, these chapters highlight that reactive N losses will remain a critical global challenge in the coming decades, but that there are also key opportunities to reduce N losses by increasing the use of perennial crops and focusing tropical agricultural intensification on Oxisol soils which buffer against NO₃¯ leaching.

Please read the abstract in the 00front part of this document Copyright 2004, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Bayu, W 2004, Growth, development and yield responses of sorghum to water deficit stress, nitrogen fertilizer, organic fertilizer, and planting density, PhD thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-09202006-093510 / > / Thesis (PhD (Agronomy))--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Plant Production and Soil Science / unrestricted

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