The importance of two sources of NO formation, nitrogen in combustion air and nitrogen in the fuel, during black liquor combustion was studied using a laminar entrained flow reactor. Pyrolysis and combustion experiments were conducted in nitrogen atmosphere and in a mixture of argon and helium in the composition 99% argon, 1% helium. The experiments were performed at three different temperatures: 700, 900, and 1100��C and at two residence times: 0.6 and 1.6 seconds. The results indicated that there was NO formation from the combustion air which was found to be prompt NO. There was NO formation from combustion air at all temperatures, and it decreased as temperature increased. Depending on conditions, prompt NO formation accounted for 6-80% of the total NO formation. NO reduction experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of molten sodium carbonate on NO reduction. The experiments were performed at two different temperatures, 800��C which is lower than the melting point of sodium carbonate and 900��C which is higher than the melting point of sodium carbonate. The rate constant for NO reduction was calculated and was found to agree well with that obtained in a previous study. The effect of the molten sodium carbonate on NO reduction was found to be negligible during black liquor pyrolysis. The rate in absence of any reducing gas components could explain NO reduction during black liquor combustion only to a limited extent. Models for nitrogen evolution during pyrolysis and combustion were developed by using data from previous studies. A model for nitrogen release during pyrolysis was developed as a function of residence time and temperature. Nitrogen release during pyrolysis was also found to be directly proportional to carbon release and the rate of nitrogen evolution with respect to the rate of carbon evolution decreased as temperature increased. / Graduation date: 1997

No description available.

Two flow reactor studies, using an electrically heated laminar flow reactor over Vanadia based (V2O5-WO3/TiO2) honeycomb catalyst, were performed at 1 atm pressure and various temperatures. The experiments were conducted using simulated exhaust gas compositions for different exhaust gases. A quartz tube was used in order to establish inert conditions inside the reactor. The experiments utilized a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer in order to perform both qualitative and quantitative analysis of the reaction products. Urea-water solution decomposition was investigated over V2O5-WO3/TiO2 catalyst over the entire SCR temperature range using the temperature controlled flow reactor. The solution was preheated and then injected into pure nitrogen (N2) stream. The decomposition experiments were conducted with a number of oxygen (O2) compositions (0, 1, 10, and 15%) over the temperature range of 227oC to 477oC. The study showed ammonia (NH3), carbon-dioxide (CO2) and nitric oxide (NO) as the major products of decomposition along with other products such as nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitric oxide (NO) with urea-water solution over V2O5-WO3/TiO2 catalyst using a laboratory laminar-flow reactor was investigated. Urea-water solution was injected at a temperature higher than the vaporization temperature of water and the flow reactor temperature was varied from 127oC to 477oC. A FTIR spectrometer was used to determine the concentrations of the product species. The major products of SCR reduction were NH3, NO and CO2 along with the presence of other minor products NO2 and N2O. NO removal of up to 87% was observed. The aim of the urea-water decomposition experiments was to study the decomposition process as close to the SCR configuration as possible. The aim of the SCR experiments was to delineate the effect of various parameters including reaction temperature and O2 concentration on the reduction process. The SCR investigation showed that changing parameter values significantly affected the NO removal, the residual NH3 concentration, the temperature of the maximum NO reduction, and the temperature of complete NH3 conversion. In the presence of O2, the reaction temperature for maximum NO reduction was 377?C for ratio of 1.0.

Not available / text

The conversion of coal and char nitrogen has been investigated during fuel rich combustion. The experiments were done with the objective of clarifying the roles of NO, HCN, and NH₃, and char nitrogen in the post-combustion gases in the first, fuel rich stage of a staged combustor. The experimental apparatus includes a downflow combustor of 15 cm internal diameter and 180 cm length constructed of fibrous alumina insulation surrounding a central tube composed of vacuum- formed alumina cylinders. The combustion gases and solids were sampled in situ with a water-cooled and -quenched probe. Neither the combustor nor the sample probe were found to be reactive towards NO. Temperatures of the gases and walls were measured with Type K thermocouples and the particle temperatures were determined with a seven wavelength infrared pyrometer. Gas compositions were measured chromatographically using a 5A molecular seive for permanent gases (H₂, O₂, N₂, CO, and CH₄) and Poropak T for polar gases (CO₂ and HCN). A chemiluminescent analyzer measured NO. NH₃ and HCN were measured in the quench water with ion electrodes. The C, H, N, ash compositions of the char were measured with an elemental analyzer. Experiments of the fuel rich conversion of char nitrogen show that at all stoichiometries (SR = 0.8, 0.4) the concentrations of HCN and NH₃ in the post-flame gases are small compared to the concentration of NO. Char nitrogen conversion was stoichiometric or greater. NO destruction was found to be controlled by a heterogeneous mechanism involving the char carbon surface. The mechanism is deactivated by oxygen, an effect demonstrated by others. The fuel rich conversion of coal nitrogen was investigated with a Utah bituminous coal. At moderate fuel rich conditions (SR = 0.8), the residual char nitrogen conversion is 90 percent or greater and NH₃ and HCN concentrations were less than 20 ppmv. NO peaked at 1200 ppmv (1850 K) and declined to 600 (1580 K) ppmv over 1.8 seconds. Coal nitrogen conversion is dominated by NO formation at this stoichiometry. At extreme fuel rich conditions (SR = 0.4), coal nitrogen conversion is 85 percent. The gas is dominated by HCN, NO, and NH₃. HCN decayed from 600 ppm to 300 ppmv, NO from 350 to 50, and NH₃ increased from 200 to 375 ppmv, indicating that interconversion reactions in the gas phase are dominating. The kinetics which govern the volatile nitrogen reactions can be described by global homogeneous kinetics as follows: UNFORMATTED TABLE/EQUATION FOLLOWS: r₁ = d/dt[HCN] = -5.5x10¹⁷ exp(-83.3 K/RT)[HCN][H₂O]/[H₂]¹/² mole/cm³s r₂ = d/dt[NO] = -2.2x10¹⁶ exp(-54.4 K/RT)[NO][NH₃]/[H₂]¹/² d/dt[NH₃] = d/dt[NO] - d/dt[HCN] UNFORMATTED TABLE/EQUATION ENDS These yield rates for free radical reactions very similar to those determined in gas flame experiments, lending credence to their validity. A one-dimensional combustor model has been formulated which accounts for the heterogeneous combustion and gasification of the coal and char. This model includes the devolatilization of the coal and homogeneous oxidation of carbon monoxide and devolatilized species. The water-gas shift reaction is assumed to be equilibrated. The model also includes the mass, momentum and energy balances of the particles but obviates the solution of the combustor heat balance by using the measured gas temperature in the solution. The model accurately predicts the gas and elemental conversions and particle temperatures observed in the experiments, and supports the homogeneous and heterogeneous kinetics of post-combustion fuel nitrogen conversion.

No description available.

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 216-224).

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 1999. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 120 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 102-107).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2008. / "December, 2008." Includes bibliographical references. Online version available on the World Wide Web.