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Immunization against gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) reduces boar taint occurrence in male pigs and likely alters the rate and composition of body weight gain. Serial slaughter and nitrogen-balance studies were conducted to evaluate dynamics and hormonal control of body protein deposition (PD) and body lipid deposition (LD) in entire male pigs (EM), entire male pigs immunized against GnRH with IMPROVEST (IM), conventional, early castrates (EC), and male pigs surgically castrated between 25 and 40 kg body weight (late castrates; LC). Growth performance and physiology were similar in EC and LC. The PD was highest and LD was lowest in EM, while LD was highest in IM. Following immunization, PD in IM gradually changed from that in EM to that in EC and LC. Changes in PD and LD were consistent with changes in the animal’s physiology. Dynamics of PD and LD should be considered when optimizing feeding programs for IM. / Pfizer, Swine Innovation Porc, Ontario Pork, OMAFRA

Nitrogen excreted by ruminants may negatively impact the environment, and N not retained is not utilized for growth and production. Experiments were conducted to examine the effect of 48 h oscillation of two levels of low ruminally degradable dietary CP on N metabolism in lambs and performance of steers. In Exp. 1, a metabolism trial was conducted with 28 lambs (31 kg), allotted to four different diets: 8% CP, 10% CP, 12% CP, and 8% and 12% CP diets oscillated every 48 h. After adaptation, transition, and preliminary periods, feces and urine were collected for 10 d. Ruminal fluid and blood samples were taken at the end of collection and again 2 d later. In Exp. 2, 24 crossbred steers (228 kg) were allotted to four diets: 1) 7.5% CP, 2) 9% CP, 3) 10.5% CP, and 4) 7.5% and 10.5% CP diets oscillated every 48 h. Feed intake was measured during the 112 d study, and ADG and gain to feed ratio were calculated. Cattle were weighed every 14 d and blood samples were taken every 28 d. In Exp. 1, N retention was lowest (P < 0.05) for the lambs fed the 8% CP diet, with no differences among lambs fed the other diets. Differences in urinary N excretion accounted for most of the differences in total N excretion. Ruminal NH3-N and BUN levels were greater in animals fed higher amounts of CP. Ruminal pH and VFA concentrations were not affected by diet. In Exp. 2, feed intake did not differ among steers fed different diets. Average daily gain was lowest for cattle fed the 7.5% CP diet. No significant difference was evident for ADG between steers fed the 7.5/10.5% CP oscillating diet and those fed the 9% or the 10.5% CP diet. Gain to feed ratio was lower (P < 0.05) for steers fed the 7.5% CP diet compared to steers fed all other diets. Blood urea N level was higher for cattle fed the 10.5% CP diet than those fed the two lower CP levels, and differences were usually significant (P < 0.05). No consistent significant difference in BUN levels existed between steers fed the 7.5/10.5% CP oscillating diet and those fed the 9% and 10.5% CP diets continuously. Oscillating two levels of low ruminally degradable dietary CP every 48 h had no significant effect on N retention in lambs nor on the performance of steers compared to animals fed the same level of CP daily in these experiments. / Master of Science

Master of Science / Animal Sciences and Industry / Evan C. Titgemeyer / Six ruminally-cannulated Holstein steers (202 ± 15 kg) were used to study the effects of ruminal ammonia loading on whole-body lysine utilization. Steers were housed in metabolism crates and used in a 6 × 6 Latin square design. All steers received 2.52 kg of DM/d of a diet (10.1% CP) containing 82% soybean hulls, 8% wheat straw, 5% cane molasses, and 5% vitamins and minerals. Ten g/d of urea was infused continuously into the rumen of all steers to ensure adequate ruminal ammonia concentrations; concurrently, steers were ruminally infused continuously with 200 g/d acetic acid, 200 g/d propionic acid, and 50 g/d of butyric acid and abomasally infused with 300 g/d of glucose continuously to increase energy supply without increasing microbial protein supply. Steers were also abomasally infused continuously with an excess of all essential amino acids except lysine to ensure that lysine was the only limiting amino acid. Treatments were arranged as a 3 × 2 factorial with 3 additional levels of urea (0, 40, or 80 g/d) continuously infused ruminally to induce ammonia loading and 2 levels of lysine (0 or 6 g/d) continuously infused abomasally. Treatments did not affect fecal N output (P = 0.37). Lysine supplementation decreased (P < 0.01) urinary N excretion from 51.9 g/d to 44.3 g/d, increased (P < 0.01) retained N from 24.4 to 33.3 g/d, and tended (P = 0.09) to reduce plasma urea-N. Urea infusions linearly increased retained N (26.7, 28.8, and 31.1 g/d; P = 0.05) and also linearly increased (P < 0.01) urinary N excretion (31.8, 48.1, and 64.4 g/d), urinary urea (21.9, 37.7, and 54.3 g/d), urinary ammonia (1.1, 1.4, and 1.9 g/d), and plasma urea (2.7, 4.0, and 5.1 mM) for 0, 40, and 80 g urea/d, respectively. Assuming that retained protein is 6.25 × retained N and contains 6.4% lysine, the incremental efficiencies of infused lysine utilization were 51, 59, and 69% for steers receiving 0, 40, and 80 g/d of urea, respectively, suggesting that the ruminal ammonia loads might improve the efficiency of lysine utilization; this is supported by the observed increases in whole-body protein deposition in response to ammonia loading of our steers that were, by design, lysine deficient.

The depth of constructed wetlands (CWs) significantly affects the construction investment that influences the efficiency of the CW and is an important design consideration for optimal performance. The aim of the study was to examine the influence of depth on nitrogen retention in 12 pilot scale free surface water CWs in Plönninge (56◦43 45 N, 12◦43 33 E): 6 shallow wetlands with a maximum depth of 0.5 m and 6 deeper wetlands with a maximum depth of 0.8 m. The outlet N concentration in shallow and deep wetlands were found to be significantly different (p&lt;0.05, p= 0.017). Outlet N concentration over the months June to December in deep and shallow wetlands, was found to be significantly different (F (6,60 = 20.594, p&lt; 0.05). and the N concentration in deep and shallow wetlands was significantly different (F (1,10) = 8.087, p&lt;0.05). The N concentration in September was found to be significantly different from those in all other months. The first order rate constant k was calculated for shallow and deep wetlands; higher k value indicates higher nitrogen retention. The deeper wetlands had higher k values than shallow wetlands and was statistically different (p&lt;0.05, p= 0.002) from the k values for shallow wetlands. This implies that the N retention was higher in deeper wetlands than in shallow and was the highest in September. This was most likely due to the effect of temperature and vegetation in the wetlands.

The last hundred years humans have drastically changed the amount of available nitrogen in nature. Today human activities release twice as much available nitrogen as all natural processes are doing together. We also have degraded nature´s possibilities to take care of nitrogen through the draining of wetlands and straightening of rivers. In order to regain the potential of nitrogen retention in the water systems there now requires a reshape of the landscape we live in. A planned expansion of the mining activities in Garpenberg, Dalarna, would double the content of nitrogen in the waters below the mine. Water that already contains a high amount of nitrogen. To reduce the risk of eutrophication and increased pressure on the content of oxygen in the watercourses, in this study I investigate where a wetland with refine of nitrogen as a purpose can be located and constructed in the system of Forsån. By topographic studies one appropriate area where the river of Garpenberg flows past Krommetsbo is found. The potential of the area is supported by an inventory of species which are likely to colonize the wetland. The Krommetsbo-wetland will be able to contribute to the reduction of nitrogen in the lower parts of the system. However, additional measures are needed to change the situation in the upper parts of the system.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar, em presença de multi-carboidrase (MC: galactomananase, xilanase, beta-glucanase, e alfa-galactosidase) e fitase (10.000 FTU/g) o balanço nutricional, uso aparente da energia (EMA), a digestibilidade ileal aparente e estandardizada dos aminoácidos em diferentes ingredientes usados na alimentação de frangos de corte. Sob o delineamento inteiramente casualizado 1960 frangos machos (Cobb 500) foram distribuídos do 1 aos 21 dias de idade para receberem cinco tratamentos, em sete repetições com sete aves cada. A adaptação das aves às gaiolas, sob níveis nutricionais dietéticos recomendados à fase, se deu do 1º ao 10º dia de idade. A seguir, receberam as dietas experimentais dos 11 aos 18 dias, quando se procedeu a coleta de excretas, período esse, definido como Ensaio 1. A partir do 19º dia as aves receberam nova dieta até os 21 dias de idade, quando se deu o abate para amostragens do conteúdo ileal, período definido como Ensaio 2. As dietas do período experimental foram: dieta de referência e quatro dietas a base de milho (Ensaio 1) e quatro dietas a base de amido de milho (Ensaio 2). As dietas experimentais tinham como única fonte de proteína 30% do ingrediente testado, sendo fornecidas sob arranjo fatorial 2 MC (0 ou 200 mg/kg) x 2 fitase (0 ou 50 mg/kg). Os ingredientes testados foram: farelo de trigo, farelo de arroz, sorgo, farelo de canola, farelo de girassol, milho, farelo de soja e soja integral extrusada. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância utilizando o PROC GLM do SAS 9.2. As enzimas melhoraram (P < 0,05) o balanço de nutrientes, a EMA, digestibilidade ileal aparente e estandardizada dos aminoácidos nos diferentes ingredientes testados. Separada ou combinada a multi-carboidrase e fitase tiveram eficiência diferenciada para cada ingrediente estudado e utilizado na formulação das rações de frangos de corte na fase inicial, correspondente ao período de 14 aos 21 dias de idade / The aim of this study was to determine the effects of multi-carbohydrase (MC, that consist in: galactomannanase, xylanase, beta-glucanase and alpha-galactosidase) and phytase (10000 FTU/g of activity) the nutrients balance, apparent energy use (AME), apparent and standardized ileal amino acids digestibility in some feedstuffs fed to young chickens. Under a completely randomized design 1960 male broilers (Cobb 500) were allotted from 1 to 21 days old to receive five treatments in seven replicates with seven birds each. Birds cages adaptation under dietary nutritional levels recommended to the stage occurred from the 1st to 10th day of age. Then, the birds received the experimental diet from 11 to 18 days when was realized the excreta collection, period defined as Assay 1. From the 19th day the birds received the new diet until 21 days old when birds were slaughter for ileal digesta collection, this period was defined like Assay 2. The experimental diets were: one reference diet and four corn-based diets (Assay 1) and four corn-starch-based diets (Assay 2). The experimental diets containing 30% of ingredient test as a sole protein source in 2 MC (0 or 200 mg/kg) x 2 phytase (0 or 50 mg/kg) factorial arrangement. The ingredients tested were: wheat bran, rice bran, sorghum, canola meal, sunflower meal, corn, soybean meal and extruded soybean meal. Data were subjected to variance analysis using the PROC GLM of SAS 9.2. Enzymes improved (P < 0.05) the nutrients balance, AME use, apparent and standardized ileal amino acids digestibility on different tested ingredients. Isolated or combined the multi-carbohydrase and phytase have different efficiency for each studied ingredient and used on feed formulation for broiler chickens in initial phase, that corresponding from 14 to 21 days old

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The effect of levels of Acacia meanrsii tannin extract addition in cattle diet (0, 0.8, 1.6 or 2.4%, dry matter (DM) basis) on rumen fermentation, digestion and N retention was evaluated. The experiment was conducted in a 4 x 4 Latin Square design with four steers (156 ± 33 kg of body weight (BW)) housed in metabolism cages. Diet was 60% oat (Avena strigosa) and 40% concentrate containing soybean meal as the major protein source. Feed was offered in an amount restricted to 2% of BW as such it was not affected by treatments. Tannin extract inclusion did no effect rumen pH whereas decreased (P≤0,10) ruminal concentration of ammonia N, α-amino N and reducing sugars. The apparent and true OM digestibility were not affected by tannin extract. The ruminal OM digestibility decreased linearly (P≤0,10) and duodenal flow of N α-amino linearly increased (P≤0,10) at increased levels of tannin extract inclusion. Inclusion of 4 or 6% of tannin extract decreased urinary N excretion and improved N retention (P≤0,10). In conclusion, inclusion of up to 2.4% of Acacia tannin extract in cattle diet has the potential to increase the supply of metabolizable protein without adversely affecting the energy supply. / Foi avaliado o efeito da adição de níveis de extrato tanífero de Acacia mearnsii na dieta de bovinos sobre variáveis da fermentação ruminal, da digestão e retenção de N. Foram utilizados quatro bovinos da raça Holandês, machos castrados (156±33 kg de peso corporal), implantados cirurgicamente com cânula duodenal e sonda ruminal em um delineamento Quadrado Latino 4×4, com quatro períodos experimentais de quinze dias, sendo dez dias para adaptação às dietas e cinco dias para coleta de amostras. A dieta foi constituída de 60% de aveia preta (Avena Strigosa) fornecida duas vezes ao dia (08:00h e 17:00h), e 40% de concentrado composto de 30% de farelo de soja, 35% farelo de arroz desengordurado e 35% de milho triturado, fornecido três vezes ao dia (8:00h, 12:30h e 17:00h). Foi testada a inclusão de 0, 2, 4 e 6% de extrato tanífero (base de MS) no concentrado. O consumo de MS da dieta foi restrita a 2% do peso vivo dos animais. A inclusão do extrato tanífero reduziu linearmente (P≤0,10) as concentrações ruminais de N-amônia, N α-amino e açúcares redutores, mas não afetou o pH ruminal. A digestibilidade total aparente e verdadeira da matéria orgânica da dieta não foi afetada pelos tratamentos. A retenção de N foi mais alta e a excreção urinária de N foi mais baixa nos tratamentos com 4 e 6 % de inclusão de extrato tanífero no concentrado (P≤0,10). Com o aumento da inclusão de extrato tanífero no concentrado a digestibilidade ruminal da matéria orgânica reduziu linearmente (P≤0,10). Quando expresso em relação a MO consumida, o fluxo duodenal de N α-amino aumentou linearmente (P≤0,10) com o aumento do extrato tanífero A inclusão de extrato tanífero de Acacia mearnsii no concentrado até o nível de 6% da MS (2.4% da dieta), tem o potencial de aumentar a oferta de proteína metabolizável sem afetar negativamente a oferta de energia digestível em bovinos alimentados com dietas que incluem concentrado com alta proporção de proteína degradável no rúmen.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar, em presença de multi-carboidrase (MC: galactomananase, xilanase, beta-glucanase, e alfa-galactosidase) e fitase (10.000 FTU/g) o balanço nutricional, uso aparente da energia (EMA), a digestibilidade ileal aparente e estandardizada dos aminoácidos em diferentes ingredientes usados na alimentação de frangos de corte. Sob o delineamento inteiramente casualizado 1960 frangos machos (Cobb 500) foram distribuídos do 1 aos 21 dias de idade para receberem cinco tratamentos, em sete repetições com sete aves cada. A adaptação das aves às gaiolas, sob níveis nutricionais dietéticos recomendados à fase, se deu do 1º ao 10º dia de idade. A seguir, receberam as dietas experimentais dos 11 aos 18 dias, quando se procedeu a coleta de excretas, período esse, definido como Ensaio 1. A partir do 19º dia as aves receberam nova dieta até os 21 dias de idade, quando se deu o abate para amostragens do conteúdo ileal, período definido como Ensaio 2. As dietas do período experimental foram: dieta de referência e quatro dietas a base de milho (Ensaio 1) e quatro dietas a base de amido de milho (Ensaio 2). As dietas experimentais tinham como única fonte de proteína 30% do ingrediente testado, sendo fornecidas sob arranjo fatorial 2 MC (0 ou 200 mg/kg) x 2 fitase (0 ou 50 mg/kg). Os ingredientes testados foram: farelo de trigo, farelo de arroz, sorgo, farelo de canola, farelo de girassol, milho, farelo de soja e soja integral extrusada. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância utilizando o PROC GLM do SAS 9.2. As enzimas melhoraram (P < 0,05) o balanço de nutrientes, a EMA, digestibilidade ileal aparente e estandardizada dos aminoácidos nos diferentes ingredientes testados. Separada ou combinada a multi-carboidrase e fitase tiveram eficiência diferenciada para cada ingrediente estudado e utilizado na formulação das rações de frangos de corte na fase inicial, correspondente ao período de 14 aos 21 dias de idade / The aim of this study was to determine the effects of multi-carbohydrase (MC, that consist in: galactomannanase, xylanase, beta-glucanase and alpha-galactosidase) and phytase (10000 FTU/g of activity) the nutrients balance, apparent energy use (AME), apparent and standardized ileal amino acids digestibility in some feedstuffs fed to young chickens. Under a completely randomized design 1960 male broilers (Cobb 500) were allotted from 1 to 21 days old to receive five treatments in seven replicates with seven birds each. Birds cages adaptation under dietary nutritional levels recommended to the stage occurred from the 1st to 10th day of age. Then, the birds received the experimental diet from 11 to 18 days when was realized the excreta collection, period defined as Assay 1. From the 19th day the birds received the new diet until 21 days old when birds were slaughter for ileal digesta collection, this period was defined like Assay 2. The experimental diets were: one reference diet and four corn-based diets (Assay 1) and four corn-starch-based diets (Assay 2). The experimental diets containing 30% of ingredient test as a sole protein source in 2 MC (0 or 200 mg/kg) x 2 phytase (0 or 50 mg/kg) factorial arrangement. The ingredients tested were: wheat bran, rice bran, sorghum, canola meal, sunflower meal, corn, soybean meal and extruded soybean meal. Data were subjected to variance analysis using the PROC GLM of SAS 9.2. Enzymes improved (P < 0.05) the nutrients balance, AME use, apparent and standardized ileal amino acids digestibility on different tested ingredients. Isolated or combined the multi-carbohydrase and phytase have different efficiency for each studied ingredient and used on feed formulation for broiler chickens in initial phase, that corresponding from 14 to 21 days old

Orientador: Telma Teresinha Berchielli / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da suplementação ou não com proteína não degradável no rúmen (PNDR) sobre o consumo, metabolismo e desempenho de bovinos Nelore na fase da recria, durante o período das águas. Os animais foram mantidos em pastagem de Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraés (PB = 12,3%), sob pastejo contínuo e método put and take. Dois experimentos foram realizados simultaneamente e as seguintes suplementações foram avaliadas: suplementação mineral (SM), suplementação proteica de 3 g/kg PC de glúten de milho 60 (GLU) ou farelo de soja protegido (FSP). As médias dos tratamentos foram comparadas utilizando contrastes ortogonais (SM vs. PNDR; e GLU vs. FSP). O experimento de desempenho (Exp1) teve duração de 112 dias, utilizou-se 96 tourinhos jovens da raça Nelore com peso corporal inicial médio de 240 ± 19,72 kg, distribuídos em um delineamento em blocos ao acaso. A suplementação com PNDR promoveu aumento no ganho médio diário (GMD; P <0,01), com ganho adicional de 205 g/dia para GLU e FSP em relação ao SM, sem diferenças entre as fontes de proteicas suplementadas. O experimento de metabolismo (Exp2) teve duração de 84 dias e foram utilizados 9 novilhos da raça Nelore, castrados, canulados no rúmen e duodeno, com aproximadamente 350 ± 78,51 kg de peso corporal inicial. Os animais foram distribuídos em 3 quadrados latinos simultâneos 3 x 3. Não foram observadas alterações no consumo de matéria seca (CMS kg e %PC), consumo de matéria orgânica e de forragem (P... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ruminal undegradable protein (RUP) supplementation on intake, metabolism and, performance of Nellore cattle on the growing phase, during the rainy season. The animals were kept on pasture of Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraes (CP = 12.3%), in continuous grazing, and put and take method. Two experiments were carried out simultaneously, and the supplements evaluated were: mineral supplementation (MS), protein supplementation of 3 g/ kg BW of corn gluten 60 (CG) or protected soybean meal (PSM). The treatment means were compared using orthogonal contrasts (MS vs. RUP; and CG vs. PSM). The performance experiment (Exp1) lasted 112 days, using 96 young Nellore bulls with average initial body weight of 240 ± 19.72 kg, assigned in a randomized block design. RUP supplementation promoted an increase in average daily gain (ADG; P <0.01), with an additional gain of 205g/ day for CG and PSM compared to MS, with no differences between supplemented protein sources. The metabolism experiment (Exp2) lasted 84 days and 9 Nellore steers, castrated, cannulated in the rumen and duodenum, with approximately 350 ± 78.51 kg initial body weight were used. The animals were assigned in 3 simultaneous 3 x 3 Latin squares. There were no changes in dry matter intake (DMI kg, and % BW), organic matter intake, and forage intake (P ≥ 0.11). Supplementation with CG, and PSM increased the crude protein (CP), nitrogen (N), metabolizable energy intake (P <0.01), and ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre