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"July 2003" / Bibliography: leaves 108-121. / iv, 133 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / This study focused on the the use of resources by the small nocturnal species Ningaui yvonneae, with particular reference to diet and habitat. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Discipline of Environmental Biology, 2003

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The focus of this thesis is nocturnal enuresis in the primary care setting. Three aspects have been central: 1) the parental perspective, 2) differences between children with enuresis of varying severity, and 3) to explore whether the universally recommended basic bladder advice have any therapeutic effect.   Study I built on qualitative data from interviews with 13 parents of children with enuresis, focusing on family impact and coping strategies. A common consensus among the participants was that they felt frustrated about the perceived lack of information and help they received from the healthcare system. In study II anamnestic data and voiding chart parameters – reflecting renal and bladder function – were compared between 54 children with enuresis of varying frequency. No measurable differences were found. Study III was a randomised controlled study. Forty children with previously untreated enuresis were recruited and randomised to receive either first bladder advice for one month and then alarm therapy (n=20) or just the alarm therapy (n=20). The bladder advice did neither result in a significant reduction in the number of wet nights, nor improve the effect of subsequent alarm therapy.  Study IV was a cross-sectional questionnaire study of 52 parents, including comparison with normative data and with validated instruments evaluating intra-parental stress and satisfaction. The results showed no significant differences between the parents studied and normative data.    Study I and IV were the first to look at the parents, as opposed to children with enuresis. The results can be used by healthcare professionals when counselling families about strategies to use and attitudes to avoid. Study II aimed at filling a glaring blank in the field of knowledge: we do not know how children with infrequent enuresis differ from those who wet their beds often or every single night. The fact that no differences in bladder or kidney function was found indicates that they may differ in the way they sleep. Study III will probably have the greatest impact on how we should treat children with enuresis. The recommendation that all of them be given bladder training as a first-line therapy can no longer be supported.

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abstract: Adverse childhood family environments have been found to have long-term effects on a child's well-being. Although no prior studies have examined the direct effects of childhood family adversities on nighttime blood pressure (BP) dip, parental death and divorce in childhood, have been associated with a variety of related psychological problems in adulthood. The current study examined the direct effects of parental death and divorce in childhood and quality of early family relationships on adult nighttime BP dip as well as the mediating role of three psychosocial factors (depression, hostility and social stress). One hundred and forty-three young adults were asked to complete self-reported measures of the three psychosocial factors and quality of family relationships. Study participants wore an ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) monitor over a 24-hr period in order to assess nocturnal BP dip. Although neither childhood family adversity nor quality of childhood family relationships directly predicted nighttime BP dipping, quality of early family relationships predicted all three psychosocial factors, and hostility was found to mediate the relationship between quality of childhood family relationships and nighttime systolic BP dip. Early family experiences play an important role in influencing nighttime cardiovascular functioning by influencing an individual's psychological functioning in young adulthood. Because nighttime non-dipping has been associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease and other serious health conditions, the results of the present study have important clinical implications and provide specific psychosocial pathways that may be targeted in future programs designed to prevent and treat cardiovascular disease. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. Psychology 2012

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As abelhas utilizam sinais visuais e olfatórios para encontrar plantas das quais utilizam recursos florais. Algumas abelhas adquiriram hábitos crepuscular ou noturno e forrageiam durante períodos de pouca luminosidade. Algumas espécies de abelhas noturnas são conhecidas por possuírem adaptações morfológicas do sistema visual que lhes permitem o voo noturno, e assim facilitam o encontro de plantas que podem ser utilizadas como recursos. No presente estudo investigamos se espécies crepusculares Megalopta sodalis, Megommation insigne e Ptiloglossa latecalcarata, que utilizam Campomanesia phaea como recurso, e possuem adaptações na morfologia externa do sistema visual. A hipótese principal é que seriam encontrados olhos compostos, omatídeos e ocelos maiores, assim como menor quantidade de omatídeos nos olhos compostos quando comparadas às abelhas diurnas. Para tanto, medimos o comprimento, área e número de omatídeos dos olhos compostos, assim como o diâmetro dos omatídeos e ocelos. A distância intertegular foi medida para ter um controle do tamanho corporal. Além das abelhas crepusculares acima citadas, utilizamos as abelhas diurnas Bombus brasiliensis, Bombus morio, Melipona bicolor e Euglossa cordata para comparação. Para a medida dos olhos fizemos um molde de esmalte e a partir deste obtivemos imagens que foram analisadas utilizando-se o software ImageJ e Matlab. Para as outras medidas, foram obtidas imagens em estereomicroscopio que foram analizadas com o ImageJ. Utilizamos a análise estatística de permutação para ver se havia diferença entre as abelhas crepusculares e diurnas, e correlação de Spearman para ver se a medida estava correlacionada à distância intertegular. Foi realizado um levantamento das espécies com registro de interação com abelhas crepusculares e noturnas e de suas características florais com uma respectiva análise descritiva. As abelhas crepusculares deste estudo possuem o diâmetro dos ocelos e omatídeos maiores e olhos compostos com maior comprimento e área, e menor número de omatídeos. Algumas variáveis estão correlacionadas com a distância intertegular. As flores visitadas por abelhas noturnas possuem em sua maioria cores claras, perfume acentuado e são odoríferas. As abelhas crepusculares deste estudo possuem adaptações na morfologia externa, o que lhes permite o voo no período de pouca luminosidade. Algumas espécies de abelhas que forrageiam em período de pouca luminosidade visitaram flores de cores fortes e uma não odorífera, isso pode estar relacionado à capacidade de reconhecer cores em ambientes pouco iluminados. Algumas espécies de abelhas forrageiam durante o dia e a noite, essa plasticidade do comportamento pode ser um caminho pelo qual caracteres vantajosos para esse ambiente sejam selecionados. Para as plantas, ter as abelhas noturnas como polinizadoras pode ser vantojoso. Então plantas que possuem sinais reconhecidos pelas abelhas noturnas podem se beneficiar com a polinização noturna, evitando o disperdício de pólen com as abelhas diurnas. A maioria das abelhas foi generalista na utlilização do recurso, mas parece haver preferência por certas espécies de plantas / The bees use visual cues and olfactory to find plants which own floral resources. Some bees acquired crepuscular or nocturnal habits and foraging during periods of low light. Some nocturnal bees species are recognized to possess morphological adaptations of the visual system that enable them to practice the night flight, and thus facilitate the matching of plants that can be used as resources. In the present study we investigated whether crepuscular species Megalopta sodalis, Megommation insigne e Ptiloglossa latecalcarata, using Campomanesia phaea as a resource, have adaptations in the external morphology of the visual system. The main hypothesis was that the eyes were composed of ommatidia and larger ocelli as well as lower amount of ommatidia in the compound eyes when compared to daytime bees. Therefore, we measure the length, the area and number of ommatidia of the compound eye and also the diameter of the ommatidia, ocelli, and intertegular distance to have a control of body size. In addition to the crepuscular bees mentioned above, we used the diurnal bees Bombus brasiliensis, Bombus morio, Euglossa cordata, and Melipona bicolor for comparison. For the measurement of eyes, we made a nail polish mold and from this mold was obtained images which were analyzed using ImageJ and Matlab software. For other measures, we obtained images in stereomicroscope that were analyzed only using ImageJ. We use the statistical analysis of permutation to observe if there was any difference between the crepuscular and diurnal bees, and Spearman correlation to see if the measure was correlated with distance intertegular. In addition, we conducted a survey of species interaction with record crepuscular and nocturnal bees and their floral characteristics with a descriptive analisys. The crepuscular bees in this research have lager diameter of omatidea and ocelli, and larger area and length of compound eyes, and less number of omatidea per eye. Most of the flowers visited by nocturnal bees have pale color, scent and nocturnal anthesis. Some bee species that forage in low light visit flowers with strong color, and one bee visited flower without scent, this can be related with capacibility to recoginized colors in environments with low light. Some bees forage during day and night, this phenotypic plasticity of behavior can be a way that advantageous characters for this environment are selected. For plants can be advantageous. Then plants that posses sinals recognized by nocturnal and crepuscular bees can be benefited through nocturnal pollination, avoiding daylight bees waste their polen. The most of bees were generalists in their utilization of flower resource but seems to have preference for some plant species

It is commonly thought that blow flies are nocturnally inactive. Blowflies are often important in helping to estimate post mortem intervals (PMI) for corpses found at death scenes. If blow flies oviposit during nocturnal hours, there could possibly be up to 12-hour discrepancies for estimates of PMI. Two blow fly species, Phaenicia eximia (Wiedemann) and Cochliomyia macellaria (F.), oviposited nocturnally on ground beef baits in 2003, during the onset of low-atmospheric pressure (an air mass with lower atmospheric pressure than that of the air surrounding it) at rural study sites near Snook (Burleson County), Texas, under artificial lighting of at least 1500 footcandles when temperatures were at 26?C or higher. Trials conducted under similar conditions during the same year without a low-pressure system moving into the area resulted in no nocturnal blow fly oviposition. Nocturnal blow fly oviposition went undetected once low-atmospheric pressure systems settled into the study area, irrespective of temperature and lighting conditions. Thus, this study illustrates that there is a connection between the onset of low-atmospheric pressure and nocturnal blow fly oviposition on baits under artificial lighting of 1500 footcandles or more when temperatures are 26 ?C or above. After concluding 2003 experiments, statistical analyses supplied evidence that woodland habitat was more favorable for blow fly oviposition than prairieland habitat throughout the 2003 study, irrespective of species or time of year. Furthermore, statistical analyses conducted on nocturnal and diurnal temperature ranges furnished evidence to support the hypothesis that 2003 nocturnal temperatures had more of an effect on daily ovipositing than diurnal temperatures for P. eximia and Cynomyopsis cadaverina (Robineau-Desvoidy).