PURPOSE: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is one of the most prevalent metabolic diseases worldwide and can lead to ocular complications such as diabetic retinopathy (DR). As chronic hyperglycemia leads to endothelial pathologies in the retina, diabetic macular edema (DME) develops and worsens visual acuity. Current treatment methods include laser photocoagulation, intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injections, and surgical interventions. This case report explores the effects of nocturnal normobaric hyperoxia (NNBH) treatment in a patient with DME. METHODS: A 64-year-old pseudophakic man with bilateral DME regularly treated with anti-VEGF injections was instructed to self-administer 40% fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) at 5 liters per minute (LPM) for 6 to 8 hours per day during sleep. Retrospective data of visual acuity (VA), optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging, and number of injections during a one-year time frame prior to starting NNBH was compared with newly collected data of a one-year time frame while on NNBH. RESULTS: The patient was treated with a total of 12 anti-VEGF injections in the year prior to starting NNBH treatment. After one year of supplemental oxygen, subject’s VA stabilized to 20/20 in both eyes. When comparing average values of OCT data prior to NNBH and during NNBH, all measurements including central macular thickness (CMT), maximum macular thickness (MMT), foveal volume (FV), and total macular volume (TMV) decreased anywhere from 5.4% to 20.3%, reflecting a stabilization of the retina bilaterally. Subject did not require any intravitreal injections during NNBH treatment. After one month of planned cessation of NNBH, DME recurred. CONCLUSION: This model case demonstrates NNBH may be a novel treatment approach in reducing DME and improving VA in patients with DR. NNBH can be a cost-effective, convenient, and accessible therapy for patients with complications from diabetic retinopathy.

Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) has historically been used as a noninvasive technique to study biodiversity, activity patterns, distribution, and species dispersal. The use of acoustic data has expanded in ecological research; however, studies focusing on primates are underrepresented, especially for nocturnal species. This study seeks to increase the understanding of acoustic activity in the nocturnal Milne-Edwards' sportive lemur (Lepilemur edwardsi). This species is endangered and endemic to the lowland dry forests in northwest Madagascar. Specifically, this study aims to describe the daily and annual acoustic activity patterns of the L. edwardsi. The PAM survey was conducted using AudioMoth recorders in the Mariarano Forest at 20 sites, with a recording being taken one minute every hour for a year. L. edwardsi presence and absence data were obtained from the recordings by using semi-automated analysis tools from ARBIMON (Rainforest Connection®). The results show that the parametric coefficients, Month and Hour, have an effect on the vocal activity of L. edwardsi with the various locations of the sites being taken into account. The probability of recording a L. edwardsi presence increases as the year progresses. Conversely, the probability of a L. edwardsi presence being recorded increases as the night progresses until midnight and decreases until the early morning hours. These results suggest that acoustic communication is important in L. edwardsi offspring rearing and parental investment. In addition, this study demonstrates the great potential of PAM in monitoring endangered and elusive species.

A família Myrtaceae tem muitas espécies frutíferas, algumas são utilizadas comercialmente, entre elas o cambuci (Campomanesia phaea). Os objetivos deste trabalho foram descrever a fenologia reprodutiva, a biologia floral, o sistema reprodutivo e identificar os polinizadores do cambuci para gerar novos conhecimentos que possam contribuir com a produtividade desta espécie. O estudo de fenologia reprodutiva foi conduzido por dois anos, em área de ocorrência natural e área de cultivo comercial. As fenofases (floração e frutificação) foram monitoradas com duas métricas: Índice de atividade (sincronia) e Índice de intensidade (intensidade - Fournier) e correlacionadas com fatores abióticos (temperatura, pluviosidade e comprimento do dia). Os resultados mostraram que a floração e frutificação na área de ocorrência natural e cultivo foram diferentes, mesmo sob mesmas condições climáticas. A floração e frutificação foram mais intensas e sincrônicas na área de cultivo. Os fatores abióticos não explicaram estas diferenças nas fenofases entre as áreas de estudo, porém a adubação do solo e diversidade de polinizadores tiveram papel importante. No estudo de polinização de C. phaea foram observados a duração de antese, recursos florais, receptividade do estigma e viabilidade polínica. O sistema reprodutivo de C. phaea foi investigado baseado na razão P:O e pelos experimentos de polinização manual. Os visitantes florais foram capturados e os polinizadores mais eficientes foram determinados, conforme número de pólen depositado no estigma e número de frutos produzidos. As flores de C. phaea duram dois dias, são hermafroditas e têm o pólen como o único recurso disponível para os visitantes florais. A antese é noturna e começa em torno das 5 h. O sistema reprodutivo de C. phaea é o autoincompatível. Foram coletadas 52 espécies de visitantes florais e entre elas as mais eficientes na polinização foram as abelhas noturnas e crepusculares (Megalopta sodalis, Megommation insigne, Ptiloglossa latecalcarata e Zikanapis seabrai). Além destas abelhas, as flores de C. phaea também foram visitadas e polinizadas por Apis mellifera nos períodos crepusculares e diurnos. Para entender como as abelhas noturnas/crepusculares encontram as flores do cambuci no escuro foram coletadas amostras dos voláteis florais (a noite e durante o dia), pelo método de dynamic headspace e posteriormente analisados por GC-MS. Experimentos eletroantenográficos (GC-EAD) e biotestes foram realizados para testar se os compostos identificados das flores do cambuci são capazes de estimular respostas eletrofisiológicas e comportamentais nas abelhas noturnas/crepusculares. Foram encontrados 14 compostos voláteis nas flores de C. phaea, os mesmos nas amostras da noite e do dia, embora a composição relativa do odor tenha diferido entre os dois períodos. A emissão dos voláteis é maior a noite durante a atividade das abelhas noturnas/crepusculares, e alguns compostos são mais eminentes durante a noite (ex, 1-Octanol) e outros ao dia (ex, 2-Phenylethanol). As abelhas noturnas foram atraídas para os odores sintéticos da flor do cambuci. Apis mellifera também respondeu positivamente ao teste eletroantenográfico e biotestes. Os resultados mostraram que os voláteis emitidos a noite pelas flores de C. phaea tem função atrativa para as abelhas noturnas/crepusculares, e sugere que 1-Octanol possa ser o composto chave nesta atração. / The family Myrtaceae has many fruiting species, some are commercially explored. Among those species is the cambuci (Campomanesia phaea). The objectives this work were to describe the reproductive phenology, the floral biology, the reproductive system, and to identify the pollinators of cambuci in order to generate new knowledge that may help increase the productivity of this species. The study about reproductive phenology was conducted for two years, in an area of natural occurrence and in a commercial crop. The phenophases (flowering and fruit set) were monitored with Activity index (synchrony) and Intensity index (Fournier intensity) and correlated with abiotic factors (temperature, rainfall, and day length). The results showed that flowering and fruit set of C. phaea in natural area and crop were different even under same climatic conditions. The flowering and fruit set were more intense and synchrony in the crop. The abioctic factors do not explain these differences in the phenophases between the study areas, but other variables, such as soil fertilization and pollinator diversity, play an important role. In the pollination study of C. phaea were observed the anthesis duration, floral resources, stigma receptivity, and pollen viability. The reproductive system of C. phaea was investigated based on the P:O ratio and by carrying out manual pollination tests. The flower visitors were captured and determined the most efficient pollinators, according to effectiveness by number of pollen grains deposited in the stigma and number of fruit set. The flowers of C. phaea last two days, are hermaphrodite, and have pollen as the only resource offered to flower visitors. Its anthesis is nocturnal and begins around 5 h. The reproductive system of C. phaea is self-incompatible. Were collected 52 species of flower visitors and among them the most efficient in pollination were nocturnal and crepuscular bees (Megalopta sodalis, Megommation insigne, Ptiloglossa latecalcarata e Zikanapis seabrai). Besides these bees, the flowers of C. phaea flowers were also visited and pollinated by Apis mellifera in crepuscular and diurnal periods. In order to understand how the nocturnal/crepuscular bees find cambuci flowers in darkness flower volatiles were collected (at night and during the day) by dynamic headspace method and after analyzed by GC-MS. In addition, electroantennographic (GC-EAD) and behavioural experiments (bioassays) were performed to test if compounds identified from cambuci flowers are capable in eliciting electrophysiological and behavioural responses in nocturnal/crepuscular bees. In total 14 volatiles compounds were found in C. phaea flowers, the same in the night and day samples. Although, the relative scent composition differed between these two periods. The volatile emission is higher during the activity of nocturnal/crepuscular bees, and some compounds are more eminent during the night (e.g., 1-Octanol) and some during the day (e.g., 2-Phenylethanol). The nocturnal/crepuscular were attracted by synthetic scent of the cambuci flowers. Apis mellifera also showed positive responds towards for electroantennographic and behavioural bioassays. The results showed that volatiles emitted at night by C. phaea flowers have attractive function to nocturnal/crepuscular bees, and suggest that 1-Octanol can be the key compound for this attraction.

A família Myrtaceae tem muitas espécies frutíferas, algumas são utilizadas comercialmente, entre elas o cambuci (Campomanesia phaea). Os objetivos deste trabalho foram descrever a fenologia reprodutiva, a biologia floral, o sistema reprodutivo e identificar os polinizadores do cambuci para gerar novos conhecimentos que possam contribuir com a produtividade desta espécie. O estudo de fenologia reprodutiva foi conduzido por dois anos, em área de ocorrência natural e área de cultivo comercial. As fenofases (floração e frutificação) foram monitoradas com duas métricas: Índice de atividade (sincronia) e Índice de intensidade (intensidade - Fournier) e correlacionadas com fatores abióticos (temperatura, pluviosidade e comprimento do dia). Os resultados mostraram que a floração e frutificação na área de ocorrência natural e cultivo foram diferentes, mesmo sob mesmas condições climáticas. A floração e frutificação foram mais intensas e sincrônicas na área de cultivo. Os fatores abióticos não explicaram estas diferenças nas fenofases entre as áreas de estudo, porém a adubação do solo e diversidade de polinizadores tiveram papel importante. No estudo de polinização de C. phaea foram observados a duração de antese, recursos florais, receptividade do estigma e viabilidade polínica. O sistema reprodutivo de C. phaea foi investigado baseado na razão P:O e pelos experimentos de polinização manual. Os visitantes florais foram capturados e os polinizadores mais eficientes foram determinados, conforme número de pólen depositado no estigma e número de frutos produzidos. As flores de C. phaea duram dois dias, são hermafroditas e têm o pólen como o único recurso disponível para os visitantes florais. A antese é noturna e começa em torno das 5 h. O sistema reprodutivo de C. phaea é o autoincompatível. Foram coletadas 52 espécies de visitantes florais e entre elas as mais eficientes na polinização foram as abelhas noturnas e crepusculares (Megalopta sodalis, Megommation insigne, Ptiloglossa latecalcarata e Zikanapis seabrai). Além destas abelhas, as flores de C. phaea também foram visitadas e polinizadas por Apis mellifera nos períodos crepusculares e diurnos. Para entender como as abelhas noturnas/crepusculares encontram as flores do cambuci no escuro foram coletadas amostras dos voláteis florais (a noite e durante o dia), pelo método de dynamic headspace e posteriormente analisados por GC-MS. Experimentos eletroantenográficos (GC-EAD) e biotestes foram realizados para testar se os compostos identificados das flores do cambuci são capazes de estimular respostas eletrofisiológicas e comportamentais nas abelhas noturnas/crepusculares. Foram encontrados 14 compostos voláteis nas flores de C. phaea, os mesmos nas amostras da noite e do dia, embora a composição relativa do odor tenha diferido entre os dois períodos. A emissão dos voláteis é maior a noite durante a atividade das abelhas noturnas/crepusculares, e alguns compostos são mais eminentes durante a noite (ex, 1-Octanol) e outros ao dia (ex, 2-Phenylethanol). As abelhas noturnas foram atraídas para os odores sintéticos da flor do cambuci. Apis mellifera também respondeu positivamente ao teste eletroantenográfico e biotestes. Os resultados mostraram que os voláteis emitidos a noite pelas flores de C. phaea tem função atrativa para as abelhas noturnas/crepusculares, e sugere que 1-Octanol possa ser o composto chave nesta atração. / The family Myrtaceae has many fruiting species, some are commercially explored. Among those species is the cambuci (Campomanesia phaea). The objectives this work were to describe the reproductive phenology, the floral biology, the reproductive system, and to identify the pollinators of cambuci in order to generate new knowledge that may help increase the productivity of this species. The study about reproductive phenology was conducted for two years, in an area of natural occurrence and in a commercial crop. The phenophases (flowering and fruit set) were monitored with Activity index (synchrony) and Intensity index (Fournier intensity) and correlated with abiotic factors (temperature, rainfall, and day length). The results showed that flowering and fruit set of C. phaea in natural area and crop were different even under same climatic conditions. The flowering and fruit set were more intense and synchrony in the crop. The abioctic factors do not explain these differences in the phenophases between the study areas, but other variables, such as soil fertilization and pollinator diversity, play an important role. In the pollination study of C. phaea were observed the anthesis duration, floral resources, stigma receptivity, and pollen viability. The reproductive system of C. phaea was investigated based on the P:O ratio and by carrying out manual pollination tests. The flower visitors were captured and determined the most efficient pollinators, according to effectiveness by number of pollen grains deposited in the stigma and number of fruit set. The flowers of C. phaea last two days, are hermaphrodite, and have pollen as the only resource offered to flower visitors. Its anthesis is nocturnal and begins around 5 h. The reproductive system of C. phaea is self-incompatible. Were collected 52 species of flower visitors and among them the most efficient in pollination were nocturnal and crepuscular bees (Megalopta sodalis, Megommation insigne, Ptiloglossa latecalcarata e Zikanapis seabrai). Besides these bees, the flowers of C. phaea flowers were also visited and pollinated by Apis mellifera in crepuscular and diurnal periods. In order to understand how the nocturnal/crepuscular bees find cambuci flowers in darkness flower volatiles were collected (at night and during the day) by dynamic headspace method and after analyzed by GC-MS. In addition, electroantennographic (GC-EAD) and behavioural experiments (bioassays) were performed to test if compounds identified from cambuci flowers are capable in eliciting electrophysiological and behavioural responses in nocturnal/crepuscular bees. In total 14 volatiles compounds were found in C. phaea flowers, the same in the night and day samples. Although, the relative scent composition differed between these two periods. The volatile emission is higher during the activity of nocturnal/crepuscular bees, and some compounds are more eminent during the night (e.g., 1-Octanol) and some during the day (e.g., 2-Phenylethanol). The nocturnal/crepuscular were attracted by synthetic scent of the cambuci flowers. Apis mellifera also showed positive responds towards for electroantennographic and behavioural bioassays. The results showed that volatiles emitted at night by C. phaea flowers have attractive function to nocturnal/crepuscular bees, and suggest that 1-Octanol can be the key compound for this attraction.

Since 1904 bedwetting alarms have been developed and scientifically described for the treatment of nocturnal enuresis, also known as bedwetting. Currently, several bedwetting alarms of various designs are available on the overseas market. These can be imported to South Africa at great cost. As affordable alarms were not readily available in South Africa, there was a need to develop and evaluate a new unit. In order to improve the efficacy of this new device, it was accompanied by detailed user guidelines and instructions. The use of this alarm was tested and the observations of thirteen bedwetting children recorded. Additionally, a programme was developed to counsel enuretic children with accompanying problems, and to assist the parents in dealing with their child's bedwetting problem. The observations and findings will be useful in practice and future research. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Educational Psychology - Specialisation in Guidance and Counselling)

La nuit n’est pas seulement un phénomène astronomique mais elle nourrit aussi son imaginaire de nombreux fantasmes et inquiétudes. Pour cette raison, elle reste une source d’inspiration féconde pour les artistes, particulièrement en France autour de 1900. Cette thèse se propose donc de retrouver les traces du phénomène nocturne dans les musiques de la nuit de cette période et au-delà. Que retiennent les musiques nocturnes de cette expérience singulière de la nuit ? À partir d’une méthodologie inspirée des sciences de l’imaginaire et d’une analyse musicale approfondie d’une dizaine de pièces de cette époque, ce travail interroge les notions d’ombre et de lumière, de la nuit comme masque de la mort ou encore de la temporalité et de la spatialité nocturnes. Il aboutit ainsi à la compréhension de certaines formes d’analogies entre la nuit et ses représentations musicales. / For human being, night is not only an astronomic phenomenon but it also nourishes its imagination of many fantasies and fears. For this reason, it remains a great source of inspiration for the artists, particularly in France around 1900, and the purpose of this thesis is then to find the traces of nocturnal phenomenon is night’s music of this period and beyond. What do night’s music keep of this peculiar night experience ? From a methodology inspired by the sciences of imaginary and a musical analysis of a dozen score of this period, this work examine notions such as shade and light, night in his relation to death or to the dimensions of time and space. It leads so to the understanding of certain analogies between night and his musical forms.

Introduction: Enuresis involves involuntary emptying of the bladder at night, completely orpartially, from five years of age. If it occurs twice or more/week for at least three months and it causes suffering, the diagnosis is enuresis. Enuresis is divided into primary and secondary enuresis.In the past, enuresis was interpreted as a psychiatric symptom. Today, psychological disorders are seen as secondary to enuresis. Aim: The purpose of this literature study was to describe the quality of life of children and adolescents with enuresis. Method: A literature study was performed to compile the current state of knowledge regarding quality of life in connection with enuresis. Scientific articles for the study has been searched via PubMed and Cinahl. Results: The results were put together under four of WHO’s six themes, physical health/ psychological health/independence/ social relationships. These are linked to quality of life. As well as a fifth theme emerged from the analysis of the scientific articles, cultural aspects. Children and adolescents with enuresis experienced their life situation mainly as having poor self-esteem, after that it affected mental health, body image, independence, family and social interaction. Conclusion: This literaturestudy demonstrated that children and adolescents were influenced by the quality of life of their enuresis. Among other things, related to social relations, where the boys experienced a greater impact on the quality of life than the girls. In particular, adolescents experienced a worse quality oflife than the younger children, affecting self-esteem. In the clinical activity, it is necessary as apediatric nurse to take into account the experiences and feelings of children and adolescents regarding the daily life of enuresis, in order to achieve optimal enuresis treatment and thus increase their quality of life.

Master of Arts / Department of Geography / John Harrington, Jr / Nighttime rainfall has long been thought of as an important component to the central Great Plains hydroclimate during the wettest three-month period known as the “late spring -early summer precipitation maximum.” Research has suggested that nocturnal rainfall in the region results from a phenomenon known as the nocturnal Great Plains Low-Level Jet (GPLLJ). The jet, which originates in the Gulf of Mexico, transports moisture into the Great plains during the nighttime hours and often provides fuel for nighttime convection. The climatological characteristics of nighttime rainfall, as well the configuration of the low-level winds and the mechanisms behind its formation during this three-month wet period, however; are not well understood. Using hourly rainfall data from Topeka, KS, the nighttime rainfall characteristics are examined Topeka, KS and other Kansas stations for a 63-year period from 1950-2012 for May-July. Additionally, using the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis data, the structure and configuration of the southerly wind phenomenon was analyzed based on its horizontal and vertical characteristics for nighttime rainfall events in May, June and July. A subsequent analysis also analyzed the larger synoptic-scale environment in place for six half-month periods from May to July. The results indicate that nighttime rainfall is a major contributor to the overall moisture budget in the Great Plains, contributing close to 50% of the overall rainfall total for the three-month period. The percentage of nighttime rainfall increases from west-east across the state, as well as temporally from May to July. The southerly winds are at their strongest during May events, tends to reach its peak at 850 mb at 6z (0000LST) near south-central Oklahoma, and forms as the result of both synoptic and thermal mechanisms. The synoptic mechanisms in place that generate the a southerly wind component change by month, leading to incredible variation in terms of its characteristics during nighttime rainfall events.

Orientador: Luis Cuadrado Martin / Resumo: A presença de albuminúria constitui fator prognóstico desfavorável nos pacientes diabéticos do tipo 1 e precede a elevação da PA de consultório em três anos. A monitorização ambulatorial de pressão arterial (MAPA) pode identificar a atenuação ou desaparecimento do descenso noturno, o que prediz o risco cardiovascular, independentemente da pressão arterial de 24 h. Entretanto, apenas um estudo avaliou o papel preditivo da atenuação do descenso noturno para o desenvolvimento da albuminúria no diabetes do tipo 1. Assim, o objetivo do corrente trabalho é de avaliar, em coorte brasileira, se o descenso noturno atenuado pode predizer o desenvolvimento de albuminúria no diabetes do tipo 1. Foi realizado estudo observacional prospectivo que visou avaliar o poder preditivo da ausência ou atenuação do descenso noturno em relação ao surgimento de albuminúria em pacientes diabéticos tipo 1 normoalbuminúricos. Os pacientes foram submetidos à MAPA e dosada a albuminúria por mais de 2 vezes. Ao cabo de um ano a albuminúria foi reavaliada. A frequência de evolução para albuminúria ente os pacientes com descenso noturno ausente/atenuado ou presente foi comparada pelo teste de Fisher. As médias de pressão arterial (PA) foram comparadas por teste "t" para amostras independentes. Foi realizada regressão linear para avaliar a associação entre descenso noturno e elevação da albuminúria no seguimento. O nível de significância foi estabelecido em 5 %. Foram avaliados 24 pacientes com idade de 24 ±8,... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar a evolução temporal e espacial da camada limite planetária (CLP) na cidade de São Paulo durante o período noturno, utilizando o modelo LES. Foram simulados os campos tridimensionais das três componentes da velocidade do vento, temperatura potencial e concentração de monóxido de carbono (CO). Três propriedades da CLP noturna em São Paulo foram analisadas: a) Altura da CLP estável (CLE); b) Jatos de baixos níveis (JBN); c) Dispersão turbulenta de CO. Foi analisado também o ciclo diurno dos fluxos turbulentos de calor sensível e de CO na superfície. Inicialmente foi desenvolvido um procedimento de validação para avaliar o desempenho do modelo LES na simulação das propriedades da CLP convectiva, neutra e estável, utilizando como referência os resultados de simulações consagrados na literatura. A validação foi realizada comparando os perfis verticais médios de velocidade horizontal, temperatura potencial, variância das componentes da velocidade e as componentes da equação do balanço de energia cinética turbulenta (ECT). Os resultados dessa comparação indicam que o modelo LES atual é capaz de reproduzir todas as características dos processos turbulentos destes escoamentos. Foram realizados quatro experimentos numéricos com o intuito de investigar a evolução diurna da CLP para a situação de inverno em São Paulo, usando como condições de contorno, valores horários médios mensais de temperatura potencial e concentração de monóxido de carbono observados em superfície durante o mês de junho em São Paulo. Esses experimentos utilizaram também como condição de contorno a situação média nos dias de céu claro (sem nuvem) no mês de junho em São Paulo. O impacto da intensidade do vento também foi analisado especificando-se como forçante externa o vento geostrófico igual a 5 m/s e 10 m/s de oeste. Os dados utilizados neste trabalho foram medidos na plataforma micrometeorológica do IAG-USP (temperatura do ar e fluxo turbulento de calor sensível) e na estação Lapa da CETESB (concentração de monóxido de carbono e velocidade do vento). Os resultados destas 4 simulações indicam que a altura da CLE foi simulada pelo modelo LES de forma consistente com as forçantes e condições de contorno usadas, indicando que durante o mês de junho em São Paulo a altura da CLE varia entre 100 m e 275 m (médias) e 62 m e 203 m (dias de céu claro). Verificou-se também que a turbulência da CLE é mantida pela produção mecânica de ECT e dissipada majoritariamente pela destruição térmica. A dissipação molecular tem um papel secundário e o transporte turbulento não afeta as propriedades da CLE. Os resultados indicam que as formulações empíricas utilizadas neste trabalho são capazes de reproduzir de forma equivalente a ordem de magnitude da altura da CLE simulada para São Paulo. O melhor resultado foi obtido com h = 700 u*. As simulações do JBN indicaram que para São Paulo o mecanismo de ajuste inercial gera máximos da ordem de 7,1 m/s em torno de 210 m as 05:30 HL (forçante de 5 m/s) e de 14,5 m/s em torno de 420 m e as 05:30 HL (forçante de 10 m/s). Foi observada uma intensificação da turbulência acima do topo da camada estável. A evolução espacial e temporal da concentração de CO simulado pelo modelo LES apresenta um padrão de dispersão turbulento compatível com o esperado para o inverno em São Paulo. Finalmente, o modelo LES é capaz de reproduzir as principais características da evolução diurna do fluxo de calor sensível e de monóxido de carbono da superfície observados no mês de junho na cidade de São Paulo. / The main objective of this work is to investigate the temporal and spatial evolutions of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) in the city of São Paulo during the nighttime period, using a large-eddy simulation (LES) model. It was simulated the 3-dimensional fields of the three components of the wind speed, potential temperature and carbon monoxide concentration. Three properties of nocturnal PBL were investigated: a) PBL depth; b) Low level jet (LLJ) and c) Turbulent dispersion of CO. The diurnal evolution of the turbulent fluxes of sensible heat and CO was also analyzed. Initially, a validation procedure was carried considering the performance of LES model in to simulate the behavior of the PBL for convective, neutral and stable conditions using as reference simulation results available in the literature. The validation was performed by comparing the mean vertical profiles of horizontal wind, potential temperature, variance of wind speed components and the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) equation components. They indicated that the actual version of LES model is capable to simulate the entire cycle of the PBL diurnal evolution over a homogeneous and flat surface. Once validated, the LES model was applied to simulate the PBL for a complete diurnal cycle over a flat and homogeneous surface with aerodynamic roughness length representative of a typical urban area of São Paulo. Four simulations were designed to investigate the nighttime PBL evolution for winter conditions in São Paulo, using as input, monthly average hourly values of potential temperature and monoxide carbon observed at the surface during June in São Paulo. The mean condition for clear sky days observed in June in São Paulo was also considered as input in these simulations. The impact of wind intensity was also analyzed by considering as the external forcing in these simulations a constant background geostrophic wind of $5$ and $10 ms^{-1}$ from West. The dataset used in this work was observed in the micrometeorological platform of IAG (air temperature and sensible heat flux) and at the surface station of environmental agency of the state of São Paulo (CETESB) locate at Lapa (CO and wind speed). The results indicate that the height of stable PBL was simulated consistently with the boundary conditions and external forcing, indicating that during June the in São Paulo the PBL height may vary from 100m (mean condition) and 62m (clear days condition) at the beginning of the night to 275m (mean condition) and 203m (clear sky conditions) at the end of nighttime. It was verified that the turbulence in the Stable PBL is maintained by the mechanical production of TKE and dissipated, mainly, by the negative thermal production. Molecular dissipation has a secondary role and turbulent transport of TKE does not affect the stable PBL. All the empirical formulations used here reproduced the order of magnitude of the stable PBL height. The best performance was obtained by $h = 700 u_*$ and $h = 0.5 \\sqrt{\\frac{u_* L}{\\left|fight|}}$. The simulated nocturnal LLJ indicated that for São Paulo the inertial oscillation yields a maximum intensity is $7.1 ms^{-1}$ at $210m$ and 05:30LT (forcing of $5 ms^{-1}$) and $14.5 ms^{-1}$ at $420m$ at 05:30LT (forcing of $10 ms^{-1}$). In both cases the LLJ intensified the turbulence at the top of the stable PBL. The simulated spatial and temporal evolution of the carbon monoxide concentration shows a pattern of turbulent dispersion consistent with the expected one for winter time in the city of São Paulo. Finally, LES model is able to reproduce the main features of the diurnal evolution of turbulent sensible heat and carbon monoxide fluxes at the surface for São Paulo during the winter.