Šis tyrimas skirtas kolokacijų vertimo problemoms. Darbo objektas – vokiečių kalbos verbonominalinės konstrukcijos, t. y. veiksmažodis + (prielinksnis) + daiktavardis junginiai. Jo tikslas – gretinant dvi kalbas, aptarti ir susisteminti kylančias vertimo problemas bei ieškoti būdų joms spręsti. Darbe taikomi aprašomasis, gretinamasis ir tekstynų lingvistikos tyrimo metodai bei lyginami įvairūs kiekybiniai ir kokybiniai duomenys. Disertacijos tiriamąją medžiagą sudaro apie 4 tūkst. konstrukcijų. Tyrimui sukauptas ir tirtas apie 1 mln. žodžių lygiagretusis tekstynas, sudarytas iš grožinės, populiariosios mokslinės literatūros, kanceliarinių bei administracinių tekstų. Tekstyne rasta 651 skirtinga konstrukcija, o bendras verbonominalinių konstrukcijų vartojimo atvejų skaičius – 1230. Disertacijoje aptariami konkretūs tiriamų konstrukcijų vertimo atvejai, nagrinėjamos formos ir reikšmės lygmenyse vertėjams kylančios problemos ir siūlomi galimi jų sprendimo būdai. Kadangi iš/į vokiečių kalbą verčiantys vertėjai priversti naudotis vieninteliu dvikalbiu vokiečių–lietuvių kalbų žodynu, darbe analizuojama, kaip jame pateikiami stabilieji junginiai, bei konstatuojama, kad informacija pateikiama nesistemingai, todėl pristatomas dvikalbės internetinės verbonominalinių konstrukcijų duomenų bazės modelis. / This study deals with problems of translation of collocations between German and Lithuanian. The syntactic pattern under analysis is Verb + (Preposition) + Noun, i.e. so-called verbal-nominal constructions in German. The aim of the study is to contrast the two languages and identify translation problems as well as propose appropriate solutions. Methodology used for the analysis involves descriptive, contrastive and corpus linguistics approaches, including processing of various quantitative and qualitative data. The material analysed in the dissertation consists of ca. 4,000 constructions. A parallel corpus of 1 million words was used. It was compiled from texts of fiction, popular science writing and administrative office communication. 651 construction types of the chosen pattern were identified in the corpus with the total frequency of tokens of 1230 items. The analysis was focused on the translation of individual types of constructions which often pose a number of difficulties at the level of form and meaning. Owing to the fact that translators between German and Lithuanian have only one German-Lithuanian dictionary at their disposal, the study also involves a critical revision of this lexicographic tool which, as it was found, often contains inadequate information on collocations. The author proposes a model of a bilingual electronic data base as a more advanced tool for the translation of verbal-nominal constructions. / Die vorliegende Dissertationsschrift untersucht die deutschen verbonominalen Konstruktionen vom Typ Verb + (Präposition) + Substantiv und ihre Entsprechungen im Litauischen. Da diese Untersuchung eine kontrastive Studie ist, ist das Ziel der Arbeit die kontrastive Untersuchung und die Beschreibung der möglichen Übersetzungsprobleme sowie die Suche nach den passenden Lösungen. Die deutschen verbonominalen Konstruktionen und ihre möglichen litauischen Entsprechungen wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit auf zwei Ebenen untersucht: auf der formalen oder strukturellen und auf der Bedeutungs- oder semantischen Ebene. Für die durchgeführte Analyse wurden 1230 Beispiele mit den deutschen verbonominalen Konstruktionen und ihre Übersetzungen ins Litauische herangezogen. Da die Übersetzer, die mit dem Sprachpaar Deutsch-Litauisch arbeiten, nur das einzige zweisprachige Wörterbuch konsultieren können, wird es näher hinsichtlich der Informationen zu den stabilen Wortverbindungen untersucht und festgestellt, dass eine zweisprachige Online-Datenbank beim Übersetzen der verbonominalen Konstruktionen hilfreicher wäre.

Die vorliegende Dissertationsschrift untersucht die deutschen verbonominalen Konstruktionen vom Typ Verb + (Präposition) + Substantiv und ihre Entsprechungen im Litauischen. Da diese Untersuchung eine kontrastive Studie ist, ist das Ziel der Arbeit die kontrastive Untersuchung und die Beschreibung der möglichen Übersetzungsprobleme sowie die Suche nach den passenden Lösungen. Bei dieser Studie soll kontrastiv vorgegangen werden, deswegen werden die beschreibende und die kontrastive Untersuchungsmethode herangezogen. Es wird aber auch der korpuslinguistischen Methode bedient, weil die meisten jüngsten Kollokationsuntersuchungen darauf basieren. In dieser Arbeit werden auch verschiedene qualitative und quantitative Parameter verglichen. Die deutschen verbonominalen Konstruktionen und ihre möglichen litauischen Entsprechungen wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit auf zwei Ebenen untersucht: auf der formalen oder strukturellen und auf der Bedeutungs- oder semantischen Ebene. Für die durchgeführte Analyse wurden 1230 Beispiele mit den deutschen verbonominalen Konstruktionen und ihre Übersetzungen ins Litauische herangezogen. Im praktischen Teil der vorliegenden Dissertationsschrift werden die konkreten Übersetzungsbeispiele analysiert und die möglichen Problemlösungen vorgeschlagen. Da die Übersetzer, die mit dem Sprachpaar Deutsch-Litauisch arbeiten, nur das einzige zweisprachige Wörterbuch konsultieren können, wird es näher hinsichtlich der Informationen zu den stabilen... [der volle Text, siehe weiter] / Šis tyrimas skirtas kolokacijų vertimo problemoms. Darbo objektas – vokiečių kalbos verbonominalinės konstrukcijos, t. y. veiksmažodis + (prielinksnis) + daiktavardis junginiai. Jo tikslas – gretinant dvi kalbas, aptarti ir susisteminti kylančias vertimo problemas bei ieškoti būdų joms spręsti. Darbe taikomi aprašomasis, gretinamasis ir tekstynų lingvistikos tyrimo metodai bei lyginami įvairūs kiekybiniai ir kokybiniai duomenys. Disertacijos tiriamąją medžiagą sudaro apie 4 tūkst. konstrukcijų. Tyrimui sukauptas ir tirtas apie 1 mln. žodžių lygiagretusis tekstynas, sudarytas iš grožinės, populiariosios mokslinės literatūros, kanceliarinių bei administracinių tekstų. Tekstyne rasta 651 skirtinga konstrukcija, o bendras verbonominalinių konstrukcijų vartojimo atvejų skaičius – 1230. Disertacijoje aptariami konkretūs tiriamų konstrukcijų vertimo atvejai, nagrinėjamos formos ir reikšmės lygmenyse vertėjams kylančios problemos ir siūlomi galimi jų sprendimo būdai. Kadangi iš/į vokiečių kalbą verčiantys vertėjai priversti naudotis vieninteliu dvikalbiu vokiečių–lietuvių kalbų žodynu, darbe analizuojama, kaip jame pateikiami stabilieji junginiai, bei konstatuojama, kad informacija pateikiama nesistemingai, todėl pristatomas dvikalbės internetinės verbonominalinių konstrukcijų duomenų bazės modelis. / This study deals with problems of translation of collocations between German and Lithuanian. The syntactic pattern under analysis is Verb + (Preposition) + Noun, i.e. so-called verbal-nominal constructions in German. The aim of the study is to contrast the two languages and identify translation problems as well as propose appropriate solutions. Methodology used for the analysis involves descriptive, contrastive and corpus linguistics approaches, including processing of various quantitative and qualitative data. The material analysed in the dissertation consists of ca. 4,000 constructions. A parallel corpus of 1 million words was used. It was compiled from texts of fiction, popular science writing and administrative office communication. 651 construction types of the chosen pattern were identified in the corpus with the total frequency of tokens of 1230 items. The analysis was focused on the translation of individual types of constructions which often pose a number of difficulties at the level of form and meaning. Owing to the fact that translators between German and Lithuanian have only one German-Lithuanian dictionary at their disposal, the study also involves a critical revision of this lexicographic tool which, as it was found, often contains inadequate information on collocations. The author proposes a model of a bilingual electronic data base as a more advanced tool for the translation of verbal-nominal constructions.

The main goal of this thesis is to analyze the syntactic structure of determiner phrases in Brazilian Portuguese (BP), under the Principles and Parameters approach in its minimalist version (CHOMSKY, 1995 and subsequent works), focusing on the extraction of arguments and adjuncts introduced by de (of) preposition (de-phrases). The analysis to be developed takes into account Abney s (1987) DP hypothesis and the theoretical perspective that assumes the nominal construction as the reflex of the architecture of the clause structure. The de-phrases are going to be analyzed into two different groups: those which are true genitive constructions (arguments) and those which we are going to refer to as typical adjuncts. As we will make clear throughout the thesis, the group of genitives is generated in argument positions and the second group is generated in adjunction configuration. In what regards the restrictions imposed on extraction of de-phrases, we are going to propose that it can be captured by the unique constraint of Locality, as discussed in Manzini (1994). We are also going to argue that in BP the locus of phi-features (at least in what concerns number features) is the head D (MAGALHÃES, 2004; COSTA & FIGUEIREDOSILVA, 2006) and, once D is the locus for number in this language, this head is responsible for the Case properties of genitives (following similar analysis showed in AVELAR, 2006). Another crucial point of the proposal is the projection of a category FP, above DP, in BP nominal constructions, which plays similar role of the projection TopP proposed in Haegeman (2004). [Spec, FP] is an escape hatch position, not [Spec, DP], the last one an A position, related to Case properties. In relation to adjunction phenomenon, we will assume Hornstein & Nunes s (2008) proposal that adjunction occurs without obligatory labeling, in a similar way that Avelar (2006) proposes adjunction in DPs of BP. Instead of being adjoined in the DP periphery, as stated in Avelar, true nominal adjuncts are adjoined in a projection below DP, fact that explains why typical adjuncts can t be extracted in this language. / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O principal objetivo desta tese é analisar a estrutura sintática dos sintagmas de determinante no Português Brasileiro (PB), dentro do quadro teórico da Teoria de Princípios e Parâmetros, na sua versão Minimalista (CHOMSKY, 1995 e trabalhos subseqüentes), centrando-se no fenômeno da extração de argumentos e adjuntos de nome introduzidos pela preposição de (de-phrases), como um fenômeno submetido a restrições de ordem estrutural. A análise a ser apresentada assume a hipótese DP como proposta em Abney (1987), bem como a perspectiva teórica que tem tratado a arquitetura do sintagma nominal como uma arquitetura que reflete a da sentença. Os de-phrases em contextos nominais serão analisados separadamente em dois grupos: o grupo dos sintagmas genuinamente genitivos e que são manipulados na sintaxe como verdadeiros DPs, aos quais iremos nos referir como sintagmas argumentais, e o grupo a que iremos nos referir como típicos adjuntos adnominais. Conforme iremos mostrar ao longo desta tese, enquanto que os sintagmas do primeiro grupo são licenciados em posições argumentais, o segundo grupo é licenciado em configuração de adjunção. No que concerne às restrições impostas para a extração dos de-phrases, iremos propor que as restrições a serem verificadas podem ser capturadas unicamente pela noção da condição de Localidade, como proposto em Manzini (1994). Ainda, iremos argumentar que, no PB, os traços de concordância (pelo menos no que se refere à concordância de número) parecem estar localizados em D (MAGALHÃES, 2004; COSTA & FIGUEIREDO-SILVA, 2006) e, uma vez que D é lócus de número no PB, esta categoria licencia genitivos em relação a Caso, idéia já presente em Avelar (2006). Em termos de estrutura do DP, outro ponto crucial da análise é a proposta de projeção de uma categoria funcional acima da projeção DP, a qual denominaremos FP, nos moldes em que TopP é uma categoria proposta em Haegeman (2004) no domínio nominal. Conforme iremos discutir, a posição [Spec, FP] é a posição de válvula de escape para de-phrases no PB e não a posição [Spec, DP], esta última, uma posição A, relacionada a propriedades de Caso (genitivo). No que tange ao fenômeno da adjunção dentro de sintagmas de determinante, iremos assumir a proposta de Hornstein & Nunes (2008) de que a adjunção é uma operação que ocorre sem rotulação obrigatória, seguindo a proposta de adjunção de de-phrases no sintagma nominal como apresentada em Avelar (2006), para o PB. A diferença em relação à proposta de Avelar é a de que em vez de serem licenciados na periferia da construção nominal, os típicos adjuntos adnominais são gerados abaixo da projeção DP, o que explica a resistência desses constituintes para extração.

The present MA thesis is concerned with an English verbonominal construction, which consists of a semantically light verb, in the case of the present thesis have and take, with an eventive object. The construction represents one semantic unit, which is proved by a paraphrase in which the object replaces the whole construction as the verb of the clause without any change of meaning. The construction affects the aspectual features of the verb, which is reflected in Czech translation equivalents. It also allows for easier modification and quantification. The kind of determiner and modifier present has an impact on the Czech counterparts, most importantly on the aspect of the verb. Modifiers usually translate as adverbials or adjectives modifying a syntactic object, if the Czech counterpart is verbonominal. The integration of the English modifiers into the Czech sentence is often problematic. The thesis presents a theoretical survey of information on the topic and provides a linguistic description of 279 examples of the construction obtained through the online corpora InterCorp. The examples are analyzed with respect to determiners, quantifiers and modifiers. This, along with the Czech counterparts, is the basis for conclusions on the influence of the construction on the translation to Czech.