The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air conditioning Engineers suggests that the building sector represents over 30 percent of our national energy consumption (Parsons, R., 2001). Embodied energy in components of building construction can represent as much as five to ten years of operating energy. Building materials such as concrete, steel and glass require significant amounts of energy for production, and therefore are important when calculating embodied energy in buildings (Keable, 2007; Rypkema, 2007). Because of the relatively large area and volume of related components, the building enclosure system represents a major factor when calculating embodied energy. Alternative materials could be incorporated by adapting traditional and vernacular building approaches to today's standards, for example, compressing soil blocks for use as external walls in buildings that can be applicable to almost any climate including rainforests and cold climates. As an alternative to high-embodied energy materials used for enclosure systems, compacted earth-based enclosure systems may be a viable option, particularly if developed and applied as a pre-manufactured modular system. This study seeks to both quantitatively and qualitatively explore the potential development of earth-based building curtain wall systems. Using modified ASTM test protocols for building enclosure systems and components, alternative earth-based panels were compared. The results suggest that earth-based panels may be a viable option for curtain wall systems but its performance is highly dependent on the composition of the panels. The results of the tests are summarized. / Master of Science

The Coastal Plain in the southern Chesapeake Bay area is becoming increasingly susceptible to nuisance flooding as a result of the combination of sea-level rise and land subsidence associated with aquifer compaction from excessive groundwater pumping. Detailed time-series of cumulative compaction data (land subsidence) from the three U.S. Geological Survey deployed extensometers in the regions, along with cyclical piezometer data, reflect the nature of the complex multi-aquifer/aquitard system in the Coastal Plain. Franklin, Virginia and Suffolk, Virginia extensometers were deactivated in 1995 and were reactivated in 2016 along with the addition of a high-sensitivity borehole extensometer in Nansemond, Virginia in collaboration with the Hampton Roads Sanitation District as a part of the Sustainable Water Initiative for Tomorrow (SWIFT). Yearly compaction rates estimated from the reactivated extensometers are -3.3 mm/year, 15.6 mm/year, and -20.7 mm/year in Franklin, Suffolk, and Nansemond, Virginia respectively. One-dimensional vertical compaction modeling is utilized to estimate the total compaction and differentiate which fine-grained confining units or aquifer interbeds are contributing most to total compaction historically and presently. Additionally, properties of the system can be estimated including the elastic specific storage of the aquitards and aquifers and the inelastic storage of the aquitards. The total cumulative change in aquifer system thickness estimated by the MODFLOW subsidence package can be compared to the observed total cumulative change in aquifer system thickness at each site for validation of hypothesis about the dynamics of the aquifer system to known changes in stress. Subsidence rates and aquifer/aquitard properties can be useful for managing and modeling the groundwater in the Coastal Plain of Virginia. / Master of Science / The Coastal Plain in the southern Chesapeake Bay area is becoming increasingly susceptible to flooding at high tides in low lying areas as a result of the combination of sea-level rise and sinking of the land surface (land subsidence) associated with aquifer compaction from excessive groundwater pumping from buried aquifers. Detailed time-series of land subsidence data from the three U.S. Geological Survey deployed extensometers in the region, along with water level data from nearby wells, reflect the nature of the complex multi-aquifer/aquitard system in the Coastal Plain. Franklin, Virginia and Suffolk, Virginia extensometers were deactivated in 1995 and were reactivated in 2016 along with the addition of a high-sensitivity borehole extensometer in Nansemond, Virginia in collaboration with the Hampton Roads Sanitation District as a part of the Sustainable Water Initiative for Tomorrow (SWIFT). Yearly land subsidence rates estimated from the reactivated extensometers are -3.3 mm/year, 15.6 mm/year, and -20.7 mm/year in Franklin, Suffolk, and Nansemond, Virginia respectively. One-dimensional vertical compaction modeling is utilized to estimate the total sinking of the land surface as well as to differentiate which fine-grained confining units or aquifer interbeds are contributing most to total subsidence historically and presently. Additionally, properties of the system can be estimated including the elastic specific storage of the aquitards and aquifers and the inelastic storage of the aquitards. The total cumulative change in aquifer system thickness estimated by the MODFLOW subsidence package can be compared to the observed total cumulative change in aquifer system thickness at each site for validation of hypothesis about the dynamic changes of the aquifer system with known changes in stress. Subsidence rates, understanding the dynamics of the aquifer system, and aquifer/aquitard properties can be useful for managing groundwater and modeling the aquifer system in the Coastal Plain of Virginia.

In the first half of this thesis, a novel approach for k-induction bounded model checking using signal domain constraints and property partitioning for proving unreachability of branches in Verilog RTL code is presented. To do this, it approach uses program slicing with respect to the variables of the property under test to generate small-sized SMT formulas that describe the change of variable values between consecutive cycles. Variable substitution is then used on these variables to generate the formula for the subsequent cycles without traversing the abstract syntax tree of the entire design. To reduce the approximation on the induction step, an addition of signal domain constraints is proposed. Moreover, we present the technique for splitting up the property in question to get a better model of the system. The later half of the thesis is concerned with presenting a technique for doing sequential vector compaction on test set generated during simulation based ATPG. Starting with a compaction framework for storing metadata and about the test vectors during generation, this work presented to methods for findind the solution of this compaction problem. The first of these two methods generate the optimum solution by converting the problem appropriate for an optimization solver. The latter method utilizes a heuristics based approach for solving the same problem which generates a comparable but sub-optimal solution while having magnitudes better time and computational efficiency. / Master of Science / Electronic circuits can be described with languages known a hardware description languages like Verilog. The first part of this thesis is concerned about automatically proving if parts of this code is actually useful or reachable when implemented on and actual circuit. The thesis builds up on a method known as bounded model checking which can automatically prove if a property holds or not for a given system. The key insight is obtained from the fact that various memory elements in a circuit is allowed to be only in a certain range of values during the design process. The later half of this thesis is gear towards generating minimum sized inputs values to a circuit required for testing it. This work uses large sized input values to circuits generated by a previously published tool and proposes a way to make them smaller. This can reduce cost immensely for testing circuits in the industry where even the smallest increase in testing time increases cost of development immensely. There are two such approaches presented, one of which gives the optimum result but takes a long time to run for larger circuits, while the other gives comparable but sub-optimal result in a much more time efficient manner.

Compaction caused by certain intensive forest management practices can reduce tree growth, but the causes of growth reduction are usually complex interactions between soil properties and tree species. We used a 7 by 7 factorial greenhouse experiment to create a matrix of bulk density ((Ï b)) and volumetric water content (θv) to determine soil compaction effects on seedling growth of: (i) ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws) grown on Dome and Cohasset soils from California; (ii) shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) on a Clarksville soil from Missouri; and (iii) loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) on an Argent soil from South Carolina. We also characterized soil physical properties and determined compaction effects on soil strength, air/water balance and least limiting water range (LLWR) for each of the soils. Optimum water content for compaction varied from 19%(Argent) to 34%(Cohasset). Compactive effort curves varied for the four soils;maximum Ï b were 1.33, 1.52, 1.58 and 1.65 Mg m-3 for the Cohasset, Dome, Clarksville, and Argent soils, respectively. Compression indices ranged from 0.33 to 0.38. In general, soil strength increased linearly with a θv decrease at the higher Ï b levels, but the effect varied with each soil type. Cohasset, with the lowest BD, had the highest soil strength (3.5 MPa), while strengths exceeding 2.0 MPa were not found for the Argent soil. Compaction affected the soil water retention curves and associated air/water balance parameters for all soils, particularly the Cohasset and Dome soils. Aeration porosity became limiting at Ï b of 1.3, 1.42, 1.44 and 1.55 Mg m-3 for the Cohasset, Dome, Clarksville and Argent soils respectively. The LLWR was lowest for the Dome and Argent soils (0.3 cm 3 cm-3 ) and in some cases increased with compaction. Models of root growth opportunity were developed using multiple regression. The general model of root length density (RLD) = b0 + b1 θv + b2 Ï b + b3 θv2 described rooting response for the Clarksville-shortleaf and Argent-loblolly soil-species combinations (p = 0.005). However, the root response of ponderosa pine on Cohasset was linear and pine roots in the Dome soil responded to an interaction between θv and Ï b. No model adequately described oak seedling growth as a function of BD and VW. High soil strength at low water contents and low aeration porosity at high water contents limited root growth. Shoot mass of seedlings growing within the least limiting water range (LLWR) was greater than those growing outside the range for all soil-species combinations except the Argent-loblolly pine (p = 0.05). The loblolly pines had greater shoot mass at volumetric water contents above the upper LLWR limits (aeration limiting). The LLWR is a promising method for integrating compaction's influence on soil properties and thus root growth potential since single factors did not appear to adequately explain each soil's compressibility. Furthermore, response surface models of RLD as a function of VW and BD in conjunction with the LLWR and seasonal site water data have potential for determining compaction- induced soil limitations for tree growth, but need to be calibrated for both soil and species. / Master of Science

Identifying the proper tillage system which provides the best agronomic benefits for cotton production in the coastal plain soils of Virginia was the basis for this research. Strip-tillage was evaluated from 2015-2016 on-farm to determine the effects of annual and biennial treatments on plant growth and lint yield, as well as measuring the impacts on soil compaction. Also, small plot tillage experiments were conducted from 2013-2016 assessing no-till, conventional tillage, minimum tillage, and strip-tillage as well as the subsequent effects of these systems on four cotton varieties. Biennial strip-tillage produced similar lint yields to annual strip-tillage at 3 of 4 locations, with only one location showing a significant difference in lint yield of 135 kg ha-1. Persistence of subsoil tillage within the row from the previous year was observed at some locations and plant heights were not different at all locations, although annual strip-tillage provided deeper potential rooting depths both early season and at harvest. In short term tillage systems, minimal penalties in plant growth and lint yield were observed in no-till verses the other systems, primarily associated with greater soil compaction, shorter plant heights, and lower yields. An overall 8% reduction in yield was found with no-till systems, with no significant differences in yield among tillage systems observed in any year. Varietal effects on plant growth and yield were observed annually, with FM 1944 GLB2 being the shortest plants, and DP 1321 B2RF having the tallest plants. No tillage by variety interaction was observed, supporting the idea that varieties respond similarly across tillage systems. / Master of Science / Cotton production in the Coastal Plain region of Virginia utilizes several tillage methods for agronomic benefits to promote plant growth and lint yield. Tillage studies were conducted in Suffolk, Virginia and the Tidewater region from 2013-2016. Tillage methods of conventional tillage, strip-tillage, minimum tillage, and no-tillage and the impacts these systems had on plant growth and development of several varieties, as well as how they altered soil properties including compaction were assessed. Precision strip-tillage was investigated to determine if a zone of sub-soil tillage may remain beneficial for two growing seasons (biennial). Overall, annual and biennial strip-tillage seems to produce similar lint yields, with only one of four locations having a statistical difference in lint yield with annual strip-tillage resulting in 135 kg ha-1 more lint than biennial strip-tillage. No-tillage resulted in roughly an 8% decrease in relative yield compared to the other three tillage practices, as well as greater soil compaction readings. However, differences in plant growth and development as well as lint yields seemed to be more related to varietal impacts.

O desenvolvimento de modelos teóricos e computacionais para simular a história de deformação e reconstruir o estado termoporomecânico de bacias sedimentares é de grande interesse da indústria do petróleo. A compactação dos sedimentos, o escoamento dos fluidos e o fluxo térmico são processos de grande importância que ocorrem ao longo da diagênese. Fenômenos puramente mecânicos prevalecem nas camadas superiores da bacia associados à expulsão do fluido e ao rearranjo das partículas sólidas, enquanto a compactação químico-mecânica resultante dos processos de pressão-solução intergranular é dominante nas camadas mais profundas, onde as tensões e temperaturas são maiores. Estes processos de deformação podem ser significativamente afetados pela sua evolução térmica, já que o calor altera a viscosidade dos fluidos e as propriedades físico-químicas dos minerais. O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver um modelo constitutivo para o material poroso saturado no contexto da termoporomecânica finita e uma ferramenta computacional com uma interface de multiprocessamento em memória compartilhada baseada no método dos elementos finitos para representar os processos de formação e compactação gravitacional de uma bacia sedimentar. As deformações mecânicas e químico-mecânicas são representadas pela plasticidade e viscoplasticidade, respectivamente. Uma característica fundamental do modelo está relacionada à mudança das propriedades do material poroso em função da variação de temperatura e da evolução de caráter irreversível da sua microestrutura. Simulações numéricas realizadas em condições oedométricas permitem investigar a evolução do modelo constitutivo e do comportamento global da bacia, onde é possível verificar o caráter interdependente dos diferentes processos termoporomecânicos envolvidos. A capacidade da ferramenta computacional de representar problemas tridimensionais complexos é demonstrada a partir de uma história de deposição sedimentar associada a camadas estratigráficas com espessuras variáveis. / Development of theoretical and numerical models to simulate the deformation history and rebuild the thermoporomechanical state of sedimentary basins is of great interest for the oil industry. Compaction of sediments, fluid and thermal flows are fundamental coupled processes during diagenesis. Purely mechanical phenomena prevail in the upper layers involving pore fluid expulsion and rearrangement of solid particles, while chemo-mechanical compaction resulting from Intergranular Pressure-Solution (IPS) dominates for deeper burial as stress and temperature increase. The thermal evolution of the basin may substantially affect both processes as heat modifies the viscosity of fluids and physicochemical properties of minerals. The aim of the present contribution is to provide a constitutive model for saturated porous media in the context of finite thermoporomechanics and a numerical tool with a shared memory multiprocessing interface based on the finite element method to deal with depositional phase and gravitational compaction modeling of sedimentary basins. Purely mechanical and chemo-mechanical deformations are respectively modeled by means of plasticity and viscoplasticity. A key feature of the model is related to the evolution of the sediment material properties associated with temperature and large irreversible porosity changes. The evolution of the constitutive model and the overall behavior of the basin are provided by numerical simulations performed under oedometric conditions. The coupled nature of the thermoporomechanical processes is investigated. A depositional history with varying stratigraphic layers is proposed to demonstrate the ability of the numerical tool to model complex 3D problems.

Les laves alcalines continentales dérivent de magmas mantelliques, riches en éléments volatils, et se sont mises en place, soit dans un environnement orogénique, à proximité des zones de subduction, soit dans un environnement intracontinental éloigné de toute zone de subduction active. Leur genèse implique la fusion partielle des sources mantelliques soit à des profondeurs relativement faibles (<150 km), soit à plus grandes profondeurs (> 150 km) pouvant même atteindre le sommet de la zone de transition du manteau. Au niveau du plateau turco-iranien, les laves alcalines d'âge inférieur à 80 Ma présentent des signatures géochimiques pointant vers deux types de sources, c'est-à-dire des sources influencées par la subduction et d'autres intra-plaques (" OIB-like basalts "). Sur la base de la teneur en SiO2 et de l'indice d'alcalinité, les laves peuvent être regroupées en trois types principaux, les groupes I, II et II. Les groupes I et II sont des laves potassiques/ultra-potassiques et alcalines sodiques avec des compositions chimiques soit influencés par la subduction soit de type OIB, alors que les laves du groupe III ont une composition transitoire entre les séries fortement potassiques calco-alcalines à alcalines dont la composition est influencée par les processus de subduction. En particulier, la chaîne de Salavat, située au nord-ouest de l'Iran, est caractérisée par des laves (coulées, "pillow-lavas") présentant une population abondante de macrocristaux de clinopyroxène zonés. La comparaison des variations de la composition chimiques de ces cristaux zonés avec les éléments majeurs et traces sur roche totale montre que les différentes populations de clinopyroxènes zonés sont représentatives des magmas du groupe I et / ou II. Notre synthèse des images les plus récentes de tomographie sismique montre la présence d'un grand ensemble de corps elliptiques à faible vitesse sismique, d'une taille d'environ 100 km, que nous avons appelés " Poche de compaction ", dispersés entre ~ 400 km et 100 km de profondeur. Un modèle est développé montrant que la faible vitesse sismique des " Poche de compaction " résulte de la percolation et de la concentration dans ces grandes poches, de magmas riches en éléments volatils libérées à environ 410 km de profondeur dans le "Big Mantle Wedge". Ces magmas riches en éléments volatils interagissent avec le manteau environnant à une température inférieure de ~ 100 à 200 ° C à celle de l'adiabat mantellique subcontinental habituel, ce qui entraîne finalement la précipitation de phases minérales hydratées et carbonatées à ~ 8 -6,5 GPa, la fusion partielle du manteau métasomatisé, entre 6,5 GPa et 4 GPa, et enfin la précipitation de phases minérales hydratées / carbonées en dessous de 4 GPa. L'extraction de ces magmas s'effectue par l'intermédiaire d'un essaim de dykes qui se déclenche lorsque le sommet du Poche de compaction traverse successivement ces profondeurs critiques: ~ 240 km (8 GPa), ~ 165 km (5,5 GPa) et ~ 135 km (4,5 GPa). Il est montré que les trois groupes de laves (groupe I, II et III) peuvent être liés à ces trois événements successifs d'extraction à l'état fondu. Il est frappant de constater que la zonation des cristaux de clinopyroxène dans les laves de Salavat peut être représentative d'un magma du groupe I transporté par un dyke généré à 240 km de profondeur, qui se met en place près de la transition spinelle-grenat dans le manteau supérieur où il cristallise partiellement. Environ 0,3 Ma plus tard, lorsqu'un filon produit à 135 km de profondeur transportant un magma du groupe II traverse cette interface, il piège un assemblage partiellement cristallisé du magma du groupe I. Par la suite, ces deux magmas mélangés peuvent se mettre en place dans les niveaux superficiels froids de la croute où ils se solidifient simultanément. Ceci explique pourquoi les cristaux zonés de clinopyroxènes sont en équilibre avec différents types de magmas alcalins. / Continental alkaline lavas are volatile-rich mantle derived magmas erupted either in orogenic setting, close to subduction zones, or in intracontinental setting far away from any active subduction zone. Their genesis involves partial melting of mantle sources either at shallow depths (< 150 km) or either at greater depths (> 150 km) down to the top of the Mantle Transition Zone. In the Turkish-Iranian Plateau, alkaline lavas younger than 80 Ma have geochemical signatures pointing to both types, i.e. subduction-influenced and intraplate (Oceanic Island Basalt-like). Based on SiO2 content and alkalinity index, the lavas can be grouped into three main types, group I, II and II. Groups I and II are ultrapotassic-potassic and sodic alkaline lavas with subduction-influenced and Oceanic Island Basalt-like chemical patterns, respectively whereas group III lavas have a transient composition between high-K calc-alkaline to calc-alkaline series with subduction-influenced chemical patterns. Particularly the Salavat Range, located in NW Iran, is characterised by lavas (flow, pillow structures dykes) displaying an abundant population of zoned clinopyroxene macrocrysts. A combination of mineral chemistry of the zoning patterns with the bulk rock major and trace element features evidence that the different populations of zoned clinopyroxene are representative of melts of group I and/or II. Our synthesis of the most recent available seismic tomography images show the presence of a large set of elliptic, ~100 km size, low velocities bodies, we named "Compaction pockets", scattered from ~400 km up to ~ 100 km depth. A model is developed showing that the low velocity of the compaction pockets result from the percolation and concentration into large pockets of volatile-rich melt liberated at ~ 410 km depth in the "Big Mantle Wedge". It is shown to result from interaction of volatile-rich melts with the surrounding mantle at a temperature ~100-200 °C lower than the usual sub-continental mantle adiabat, which eventually results in the precipitation of hydrated and carbonated mineral phases at ~8-6.5 GPa, partial melting of metasomatized mantle at 6.5 down to 4 GPa and finally in the precipitation of hydrated/carbonated phases below 4 GPa. Melt extraction occurs via swarm of dykes triggered when the top of the compaction pocket successively crosses these critical depths: ~240 km (8GPa), ~165 km (5.5 GPa) and ~135 km (4.5 GPa). It is shown that the three groups of lavas (group I, II and III) may be linked to these three successive melt extraction events. Strikingly, the clinopyroxene zonings recorded in the Salavat Range lavas may be representative of group I melt transported by a dyke generated at 240 km depth which pond close to the spinel-garnet mantle transition and eventually partially crystalized there. About 0.3 Ma later, when a 135 km deep dyke transporting a group II melt crosses that last interface, it traps partially crystalized assemblage of group I melt. Thereafter, the couple of mantle-derived melts may pound in a cold horizon where they simultaneously solidify and can explain the formation of clinopyroxene zonings in equilibrium with different alkaline melts.

O desenvolvimento de modelos teóricos e computacionais para simular a história de deformação e reconstruir o estado termoporomecânico de bacias sedimentares é de grande interesse da indústria do petróleo. A compactação dos sedimentos, o escoamento dos fluidos e o fluxo térmico são processos de grande importância que ocorrem ao longo da diagênese. Fenômenos puramente mecânicos prevalecem nas camadas superiores da bacia associados à expulsão do fluido e ao rearranjo das partículas sólidas, enquanto a compactação químico-mecânica resultante dos processos de pressão-solução intergranular é dominante nas camadas mais profundas, onde as tensões e temperaturas são maiores. Estes processos de deformação podem ser significativamente afetados pela sua evolução térmica, já que o calor altera a viscosidade dos fluidos e as propriedades físico-químicas dos minerais. O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver um modelo constitutivo para o material poroso saturado no contexto da termoporomecânica finita e uma ferramenta computacional com uma interface de multiprocessamento em memória compartilhada baseada no método dos elementos finitos para representar os processos de formação e compactação gravitacional de uma bacia sedimentar. As deformações mecânicas e químico-mecânicas são representadas pela plasticidade e viscoplasticidade, respectivamente. Uma característica fundamental do modelo está relacionada à mudança das propriedades do material poroso em função da variação de temperatura e da evolução de caráter irreversível da sua microestrutura. Simulações numéricas realizadas em condições oedométricas permitem investigar a evolução do modelo constitutivo e do comportamento global da bacia, onde é possível verificar o caráter interdependente dos diferentes processos termoporomecânicos envolvidos. A capacidade da ferramenta computacional de representar problemas tridimensionais complexos é demonstrada a partir de uma história de deposição sedimentar associada a camadas estratigráficas com espessuras variáveis. / Development of theoretical and numerical models to simulate the deformation history and rebuild the thermoporomechanical state of sedimentary basins is of great interest for the oil industry. Compaction of sediments, fluid and thermal flows are fundamental coupled processes during diagenesis. Purely mechanical phenomena prevail in the upper layers involving pore fluid expulsion and rearrangement of solid particles, while chemo-mechanical compaction resulting from Intergranular Pressure-Solution (IPS) dominates for deeper burial as stress and temperature increase. The thermal evolution of the basin may substantially affect both processes as heat modifies the viscosity of fluids and physicochemical properties of minerals. The aim of the present contribution is to provide a constitutive model for saturated porous media in the context of finite thermoporomechanics and a numerical tool with a shared memory multiprocessing interface based on the finite element method to deal with depositional phase and gravitational compaction modeling of sedimentary basins. Purely mechanical and chemo-mechanical deformations are respectively modeled by means of plasticity and viscoplasticity. A key feature of the model is related to the evolution of the sediment material properties associated with temperature and large irreversible porosity changes. The evolution of the constitutive model and the overall behavior of the basin are provided by numerical simulations performed under oedometric conditions. The coupled nature of the thermoporomechanical processes is investigated. A depositional history with varying stratigraphic layers is proposed to demonstrate the ability of the numerical tool to model complex 3D problems.

O desenvolvimento de modelos teóricos e computacionais para simular a história de deformação e reconstruir o estado termoporomecânico de bacias sedimentares é de grande interesse da indústria do petróleo. A compactação dos sedimentos, o escoamento dos fluidos e o fluxo térmico são processos de grande importância que ocorrem ao longo da diagênese. Fenômenos puramente mecânicos prevalecem nas camadas superiores da bacia associados à expulsão do fluido e ao rearranjo das partículas sólidas, enquanto a compactação químico-mecânica resultante dos processos de pressão-solução intergranular é dominante nas camadas mais profundas, onde as tensões e temperaturas são maiores. Estes processos de deformação podem ser significativamente afetados pela sua evolução térmica, já que o calor altera a viscosidade dos fluidos e as propriedades físico-químicas dos minerais. O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver um modelo constitutivo para o material poroso saturado no contexto da termoporomecânica finita e uma ferramenta computacional com uma interface de multiprocessamento em memória compartilhada baseada no método dos elementos finitos para representar os processos de formação e compactação gravitacional de uma bacia sedimentar. As deformações mecânicas e químico-mecânicas são representadas pela plasticidade e viscoplasticidade, respectivamente. Uma característica fundamental do modelo está relacionada à mudança das propriedades do material poroso em função da variação de temperatura e da evolução de caráter irreversível da sua microestrutura. Simulações numéricas realizadas em condições oedométricas permitem investigar a evolução do modelo constitutivo e do comportamento global da bacia, onde é possível verificar o caráter interdependente dos diferentes processos termoporomecânicos envolvidos. A capacidade da ferramenta computacional de representar problemas tridimensionais complexos é demonstrada a partir de uma história de deposição sedimentar associada a camadas estratigráficas com espessuras variáveis. / Development of theoretical and numerical models to simulate the deformation history and rebuild the thermoporomechanical state of sedimentary basins is of great interest for the oil industry. Compaction of sediments, fluid and thermal flows are fundamental coupled processes during diagenesis. Purely mechanical phenomena prevail in the upper layers involving pore fluid expulsion and rearrangement of solid particles, while chemo-mechanical compaction resulting from Intergranular Pressure-Solution (IPS) dominates for deeper burial as stress and temperature increase. The thermal evolution of the basin may substantially affect both processes as heat modifies the viscosity of fluids and physicochemical properties of minerals. The aim of the present contribution is to provide a constitutive model for saturated porous media in the context of finite thermoporomechanics and a numerical tool with a shared memory multiprocessing interface based on the finite element method to deal with depositional phase and gravitational compaction modeling of sedimentary basins. Purely mechanical and chemo-mechanical deformations are respectively modeled by means of plasticity and viscoplasticity. A key feature of the model is related to the evolution of the sediment material properties associated with temperature and large irreversible porosity changes. The evolution of the constitutive model and the overall behavior of the basin are provided by numerical simulations performed under oedometric conditions. The coupled nature of the thermoporomechanical processes is investigated. A depositional history with varying stratigraphic layers is proposed to demonstrate the ability of the numerical tool to model complex 3D problems.

Le maintien ou l'amélioration de la biodiversité est un des objectifs importants de la gestion forestière durable. La flore du sous-bois, qui représente la partie la plus diversifiée de la flore dans les forêts tempérées, joue des rôles écologiques importants. Pourtant, elle pourrait être impactée par l'augmentation de la mécanisation de la gestion forestière. A l'échelle de la parcelle, nous avons étudié en forêt de Montargis les effets simples et combinés de caractéristiques du peuplement et de la surface en cloisonnement sur la diversité floristique du sous-bois (richesse et abondance). Les caractéristiques du peuplement (type de peuplement ou surface terrière des essences à étaient les meilleurs indicateurs de la diversité du sous-bois. La surface des cloisonnements avait un effet négligeable. A plus petite échelle – à l’intérieur du cloisonnement – nous avons étudié la réponse statistique de la diversité du sous-bois à la position dans ou hors du cloisonnement, à des facteurs micro-environnementaux (humidité du sol, compaction du sol, lumière) et aux caractéristiques du peuplement. A cette échelle, les meilleurs modèles incluaient pour les groupes écologiques la position par rapport au cloisonnement, l’humidité du sol et/ou la compaction du sol, selon le groupe écologique considéré. Au niveau espèce, la position par rapport au cloisonnement était le facteur dominant. Globalement, les cloisonnements avaient soit pas d’effet soit un impact positif sur la diversité floristique de sous-bois. Ces résultats ont dépendants du contexte écologique et historique de la forêt de Montargis. L’utilisation d’engins plus lourds ou des passages répétés sur une plus longue période pourraient changer ces conclusions. / Maintaining or improving biodiversity is an important goal of sustainable forest management.Ground flora, which is responsible for most floristic diversity in temperate forests, plays multiple important roles in biodiversity but may be impacted by the increasing mechanisation of forest practices. At stand scale, we investigated in Montargis forest the individual and combined effects of tree stand attributes and skid trail area on ground flora diversity. Tree stand attributes (stand type or basal area) were the best indicators of ground flora diversity, depending on the successional traits or light preference of the species group. The effects of skid trail area were negligible. At finer scale, we studied plant response to skid trail disturbance (represented by subplot on and off skid trails), micro-environmental factors (soil moisture, soil compaction, light) and stand attribute (stand type, basal area). The best models for ecological groups included subplot location, soil moisture or soil compaction, depending on which ecological groups (classified by life form, seed bank persistence, light and moisture requirements) the species belonged to. Stand type as a covariate played a significantly important role in fine-scale diversity pattern. Subplot location was the dominant factor at species level. In conclusion, skid trails had either no impact or a positive impact on ground flora diversity. These results are dependent on the context of Montargis forest (ecological and historical), especially that mechanized harvesting is relatively recent. The employment of heavier machines and increased number of passages is likely to happen. This might induce greater soil compaction and negative effects on plant.