This study evaluated the influence of changes in public transit routes and hubs on the use and behaviour of people in and adjacent to a public square in a medium-sized southern Ontario city. Pre and post transit change data were obtained using behaviour observation and user interviews over a two-week period. Qualitative data was collected through investigator observations, intercept interviews, and field notes. The removal of the transit hub from the square resulted in 50 percent fewer people post change, although the duration of time spent by users in the square increased. There was also a shift in the type of user. The results indicate that transit hub changes can influence the number and types of users in a public square as well as the duration of use. The implications are that public transit design is an important factor in the planning and design of downtown civic space.

No description available.

This thesis is concerned with the study, classically and quantum mechanically, of the square billiard with particular attention to chaos in both cases. Classically, we show that the rotating square billiard has two regular limits with a mixture of order and chaos between, depending on an energy parameter, E. This parameter ranges from -2w(^2) to oo, where w is the angular rotation, corresponding to the two integrable limits. The rotating square billiard has simple enough geometry to permit us to elucidate that the mechanism for chaos with rotation or curved trajectories is not flyaway, as previously suggested, but rather the accumulation of angular dispersion from a rotating line. Furthermore, we find periodic cycles which have asymmetric trajectories, below the value of E at which phase space becomes disjointed. These trajectories exhibit both left and right hand curvatures due to the fine balance between Centrifugal and Coriolis forces. Quantum mechanically, we compare the spectral analysis results for the square billiard with three different theoretical distribution functions. A new feature in the study is the correspondence we find, by utilising the Berry-Robnik parameter q, between classical E and a quantum rotation parameter w. The parameter q gives the ratio of chaotic quantum phase volume which we can link to the ratio of chaotic phase volume found classically for varying values of E. We find good correspondence, in particular, the different values of q as w is varied reflect the births and subsequent destructions of the different periodic cycles. We also study wave packet dynamics, necessitating the adaptation of a one dimensional unitary integration method to the two dimensional square billiard. In concluding we suggest how this work may be used, with the aid of the chaotic phase volumes calculated, in future directions for research work.

Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Includes bibliographical references. / Geometries and geometric systems are not architecture, though architecture is geometric. Geometries and geometric systems, because of their autonomous nature, are generally understandable and can serve as the basis of communicable patterns expressed in architectural form, even though they are not necessarily at the base of man's structural understanding of environmental order. As a method of illustration, this study focuses on the geometry of the square, realizing its persistent and valued use in architectural works of all peoples, in all cultures, throughout all of history. The square is considered as the basic geometric unit which generates the cube, the grid, and the frame. The square and its derivatives are examined with regard to their inherent quantitative, qualitative, and structural properties. The square/orthogonal organization is compared both to concentric and to topological organizations and is shown to have special value as a structure for man's physical/architectural environment. The observance of orthogonal and concentric organizations as experiential phenomena in nature is found to have a major influence on the meanings and symbolic significance which these systems have historically held. Some historical examples are shown to illustrate the functional and symbolic roles that the square/cube, circle/sphere, and grid/frame have played in the structuring of architectural space and form. Some architectural compositions within a square plan, by a number of modern and contemporary architects, are analyzed, focusing on: (1) the descriptive nature of the relationship between functional/formal organization and the geometric structure of the square, and (2) the value that the square holds in these architects' work. Finally, the square is shown to be the basis for two general systems of measure: (1) open grids, and (2) grids of symmetry. The character of these systems are illustrated through their appearance in the structuring of natural form. Historical examples are then presented to show these systems' use and value in architecture. / by Alan Royal Joslin. / M.Arch.

Equivalent model extracting by the least-square estimation method and optimation in time domain measurement.It discuss at the effect of step soure rising and how to use TDR measurements in high speed digital system.It can determine characteristic impedances of DUT,compute accurate models for inductance and capacitance,and predict interconnect component more accurately.

Let G = {g1, ¡K,gn} be a finite abelian group, and let LG = [gij ] be the Latin square defined by gij = gi + gj. Denote by k(G) the largest number of mutually orthogonal system containing LG. In 1948, Paige showed that if the Sylow 2-subgroup of G is not cyclic, then LG has a transversal. In this paper, we give an constructive proof for this theorem and give some upper bound and lower bound for the number k(G).

Thesis (M.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 64).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Carleton University, 1985. / Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

In this thesis the chance-constrained linear goal programming approach is developed to cover the following cases when the parameters have non-negative distributions: the exponential and the 'chi-square distributions. Case 1, when the right hand side coefficients are exponential or chi-square random vdriables. Case 2. when the input coefficients are exponential or chisquare random variables. The following have been achieved: For Case 1 1. We have developed a method for constructing deterministic linear goal programs equivalent to the original probabilistic linear goal programs. 2. We have given a probabilistic interpretation to the deviational random variables and the deviational random variable levels. For Case 2 We have developed a method for constructing deterministic nonlinear goal programs through the definition of the probabilistic deviational variables. 4. We have transformed the equivalent deterministic nonlinear goal programs into equivalent signomial goal programs. S. We have developed a computational algorithm for solving nonlinear goal programs generally and, more particularly, deterministic nonlinear goal programs equivalent to chance-constrained goal programs. iii 6. We have proved that Sengupta! s-transformation for obtaining deterministic programs equivalent to chanceconstrained programs does-not lead to solvable programs. 7. We have-formulated and solved a practical application - namely that of finding the "optimal distribution of exports and, imports to the marine, ports" using the methods and the algorithm presented in the thesis. The methods can be used when a program has mixed goals, some with right hand side coefficients or input coefficients that are exponential or chi-square random variables; -others, deterministic, that is without random variable parameters.

published_or_final_version / abstract / Computer Science / Master / Master of Philosophy