Thesis (Ph. D. (Criminology)) --University of Limpopo, 2018 / Schools mirror the culture of violence that is endemic in our society. They have therefore become the focus of research on violence. However, much of our knowledge on violence that occurs in schools is on learners as victims of educator-on- learner and learner-on-learner violence; and as perpetrators of learner-on-learner because a great amount of research focuses only on these types of violence. Very little research has been done on teachers as victims of violence, and of learnerperpetrated violence, in particular. The little knowledge that is available indicates that objectionable behaviour, such as ill-discipline, class disruptions, and aggression and violent behaviour are aspects of interpersonal relationships that may cause teachers stress, burnout, job dissatisfaction, ill health, and lead to them quitting the teaching profession. This study investigated learner-perpetrated violence as a school and workplace violence. The results of this study, which are the outcomes of independently conducted qualitative and quantitative studies, confirm the parallel existence of learner-perpetrated violence and teacher stress and related ill health, behavioural reaction and organisational effects. The implications of these results are that the current legislation, the South African Schools Act, and regulations and policies associated with it, is inadequate in preventing the victimisation of teachers by learners, in their workplaces. Hence, this study recommends a model that can be implemented to prevent violence against teachers at a primary, secondary, and tertiary level. Learner violence is an occupational health and safety risk for teachers and needs to be handled in the same was as any other occupational health and safety hazard; hence the desire by teachers to be covered against violence at work under the Occupational Health and Safety Act. It is recommended that future research should focus on the incorporation of violence into the existing list of occupational hazard. This will force employers to take every step possible to prevent the victimisation of teachers in their workplaces. The reduction of incidents of violence against teachers has the potential of slowing teacher attrition down.

Thesis (M.A.) (Clinical Psychology) --University of Limpopo, 2007 / The aim of this study was to determine children’s understanding of domestic violence. Children’s understanding encompasses their knowledge and perceptions of domestic violence as well as their attitude towards such violence. Three hundred (300) grade six and grade seven learners ranging in age from 11 to 16 years participated in the study. The participants included 150 girls and 150 boys. The average age of the female participants was 11 to 12 years and of the male participants the average age was 13 to 14 years. The participants resided in the Capricorn district of the Limpopo province. Participants were chosen from three regions, namely a township, city and village or farm area. A questionnaire designed by the University of Limpopo Psychology Department in conjunction with Childline Limpopo was administered to the participants. The questionnaire formed part of a broader research on children’s issues in schools. Areas covered in the questionnaire included biographical data, issues around self esteem, children’s rights, child abuse, domestic violence, gender roles and AIDS knowledge. The present study vii made use of the biographical data as well as data obtained from the domestic violence section of the questionnaire. Results indicated that 92% of participants in the sample had exposure to the concept domestic violence although only 37.3% had intimate knowledge of domestic violence victims. The source of greatest exposure to the concept was the school environment. Knowledge of domestic violence victims had a significant influence on children’s attitude towards conflict and violence. The majority of the sample did not condone violence and men were perceived as holding more violent attributes than women. The gender of the participant held no significant influence on the results. Geographic location appeared to influence responses to statements with significant differences noted by the township sample. Results of the study highlight a need to raise awareness and dispel myths regarding domestic violence. Programmes aimed at raising awareness of domestic violence should be implemented at a school level, as this is where most children are exposed to the concept. Greater awareness of organisations offering information and support to victims of violence is necessary.

Thesis (MPA) --University of Limpopo, 2011

acase@tulane.edu / Background Violence against women (VAW) is a global epidemic, estimated to affect between 10-60% of all women at some point during their life. VAW is associated with a host of poor physical, emotional, and reproductive health outcomes and is a significant financial burden.. Displaced populations are theorized to be particularly at risk, though little quality evidence to back up this claim exists thus far. Haiti presents a unique opportunity to analyze the effect of displacement due to the recent earthquake on experience of various forms of IPV. The effect of displacement on various forms of IPV (physical, emotional, and sexual) were analyzed to understand whether women who were displaced were at greater risk of experience of IPV and sexual assault. Methods Two waves of Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data were used to analyze the association between displacement and experience of intimate partner violence as well as forced sex. Various individual-level controls were also included. Outcome variables were all binary, with the exception of an ordinal variable that classified severity of physical IPV. Difference-in-Difference logit and multinomial logit regressions were performed. Where appropriate, bootstrapping, propensity score weighting, and sub-group analyses techniques were also used. Results There was a marginally significant relationship between women who were displaced after the 2010 earthquake and physical IPV, but the risk did not change significantly between waves. For all outcomes, displacement was not significant. In the multinomial logit model, using no experience of physical violence as the comparison group, displaced women were significantly more likely to experience less severe forms of physical IPV. Education, while a significant protective factor prior to the earthquake, became far less protective in a post-disaster context. Conclusion This study added to the limited research done on post-disaster displacement and various forms of GBV. The results indicate that women who were displaced in Haiti after the earthquake were not necessarily at increased risk of VAW compared to non-displaced Haitians. This is in line with the existing data that did have a comparison group, and indicates that displacement in and of itself is not significant risk factor for IPV and sexual assaults. Further high-quality research is needed to fully understand the relationship between disasters and VAW. / 1 / Nicholas John Thomas

The report of intimate violence is often taken on face value in research. With no gold standard existing, one partner?s report is often an accepted measure of violence in the relationship. This discrepancy in reporting between intimate partners has been thoroughly examined, yet researchers still debate the reliability of single partner reporting. The current study extends upon the Archer (1999) meta-analysis of intimate violence discrepancy reporting, and includes current studies, instruments and research methods in the analysis. This study examines the discrepancy effect among thirty-four samples from studies of heterosexual intimate violence, finding that the discrepancy in general was sizeable for men?s violence, and that different study conditions yield differing levels of discrepancy. This discrepancy level is a major issue when conducting quantitative research, especially typological studies, which utilise estimation and extrapolation of prevalence levels, and when violence data is used to evaluate recidivism. The current study identifies situations where the discrepancy is likely to be high and makes recommendations to improve the accuracy of the data being used to advise government policy and spending.

Terrorism has loomed in the public eye for centuries; however, since 9/11 modern terrorism has attracted a new public dimension. On an international and domestic scope, media and government bodies have identified that the 9/11 terrorist attacks were delivered by the hands of Islamic terrorists, namely Al-Qaeda (U.S. Government, 2002). According to Australian, American and British government official reports and numerous international and domestic media reports, Al-Qaeda publicly claimed responsibility for 9/11 and other terrorist attacks such as the Bali, London and Madrid bombings (Al-Jazeera, 2004: 1-6; Gonzales, 2006:3; National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, 2002: 1-49; ). Furthermore, some domestic and international Muslim communities have responded to 9/11 and other attacks by revealing their support of Al-Qaeda's hatred and violence towards the West (Tarakhil, 2004:1; Ziabi, 2006:5). It was here among these media and governmen t reports that the concept of Jihad emerged as a pivotal religious and political concept that justifies terrorism. As a result, Jihad developed a causal link to terrorism and thus, placed Islam in the forefront of controversy as a religion that creates terrorists. Despite such compelling government and media reports on the association made between Jihad and terrorism, questions as to their link remain prevalent. It would be an ignorant and a deeply unjust assumption to make against Islam, if the public are led to believe that an association truly exists between Jihad and terrorism without credibly assessing the construct and application of both concepts. Therefore, it is the aim of this research to analyze Jihad and terrorism first as singular concepts, and then examine the possible link that Jihad may have with Islamic terrorism. In order to successfully conduct such an enquiry, it is important to compare and contrast both the interpretations of Melbourne's Islamic religious leaders to that of academic literature on Jihad and terrorism.

Typologies of intimate violence are part of an emerging paradigm towards a multifaceted, multi-theoretical approach to understanding the causes and effects of intimate violence. For this new paradigm to be implemented into research and practice, there are several gaps in the knowledge base that must be addressed. In particular, there is a need: (a) to develop a more comprehensive typology of intimate violence that integrates characteristics of perpetrators with interactional characteristics of violence; (b) to evaluate the differential effects of this comprehensive typology for women and men; and (c) to develop of a clinical assessment approach that incorporates the most current knowledge on typologies of violence with the most current knowledge on assessment practices. Two studies were conducted to address these gaps. The first study is an empirical analysis testing Johnson's (1995; 2002) coercive control construct as an indicator of type and effects of intimate violence for women and men using secondary data analysis methods. The second manuscript is the development of a tiered intimate violence assessment approach that incorporates current knowledge on conjoint assessment with current knowledge on typologies of intimate violence. A conceptual clinical assessment approach is proposed that can be tested for its usefulness in assisting clinicians with assessing for intimate violence during conjoint sessions, and for determining whether conjoint treatment is indicated. / Graduation date: 2005

Thesis (M. Nurs.)--University of Hong Kong, 2006.

Although numerous studies have documented the consequences of victimization on psychological distress, few have directly examined potential moderators of this association. Using data from the Welfare, Children, and Families project (1999-2001), a probability sample of 2,402 low-income women with children living in low-income neighborhoods in Boston, Chicago, and San Antonio, I predict psychological distress with measures of physical assault and sexual coercion before age 18 and psychological aggression, sexual coercion, and minor and severe physical assault in the past year. I also test the moderating influence of alcohol consumption. Cross-sectional results suggest that the effects of sexual coercion before age 18 and severe physical assault in the past year are moderated or exacerbated by alcohol consumption. Longitudinal results indicate that alcohol consumption exacerbates the effects of psychological aggression and minor physical assault in the past year on changes in psychological distress over time.

Thesis (M.A.)--Ohio State University. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 102-106). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center.