京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第21585号 / 理博第4492号 / 新制||理||1645(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科化学専攻 / (主査)教授 谷村 吉隆, 教授 林 重彦, 教授 寺嶋 正秀 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第19471号 / 理博第4131号 / 新制||理||1594(附属図書館) / 32507 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科数学・数理解析専攻 / (主査)准教授 竹井 義次, 教授 岡本 久, 教授 小野 薫 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Aujourd'hui, il n'existe pas d'étalon de référence pour la grandeur physique des pressions dynamiques infrasonores. La demande d'étalonnage d'une telle grandeur est apparue récemment, en réponse à des problématiques du domaine de la géophysique, étudiant la propagation d'ondes acoustiques dans l'atmosphère entre 20 Hz et 0,001 Hz, soutenue par la surveillance du respect du Traité d'Interdiction Complète des Essais Nucléaires (TICE). Dans le but de répondre à cet enjeu, cette thèse a pour objectif la réalisation d'un étalon primaire pour cette grandeur. Le contexte métrologique et quelques bancs d'étalonnage existants, utilisant des générateurs de pression dynamique infrasonore, sont présentés. Afin de concevoir le banc d'étalonnage primaire, les réponses en amplitude et en phase du générateur d'infrasons du CEA sont caractérisées analytiquement et expérimentalement. Par ailleurs, le principe de l'étalon primaire basé sur le pistonphone calculable utilise les mêmes modèles d'admittance acoustique de transfert des cavités cylindriques que ceux préconisés pour l'étalonnage primaire des microphones étalons par la méthode de la réciprocité en pression. Les limites des formulations normalisées sont identifiées pour les fréquences inférieures à 100 Hz. Deux solutions alternatives sont proposées, permettant de généraliser la gamme de fréquences au domaine des infrasons. La validité de ces formulations est démontrée expérimentalement. Enfin, à partir de ces travaux, le développement du banc primaire est détaillé, avec son modèle analytique et les choix mécaniques associés. / Currently, there is no reference standard for the dynamic infrasonic pressures physical quantity. The request for calibration of such a quantity has recently appeared, in response to geophysical issues, studying the propagation of acoustic waves in the atmosphere between 20 Hz and 0.001 Hz, supported by the monitoring of the respect of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). In order to meet this challenge, the aim of this thesis is to realize a primary standard for this quantity. The metrological context and some existing calibration benches, using infrasonic dynamic pressure generators, are presented. To design the primary calibration bench, the amplitude and phase responses of the CEA infrasound generator are characterized analytically and experimentally. In addition, the definition of the standard model is based on the primary method models for pressure calibration of standard microphones in the acoustic pressure range, using cylindrical cavities. The limits of the acoustic transfer admittance standard formulations for these cavities are identified for frequencies below 100 Hz. Two alternative solutions are proposed, allowing the frequency range to be extended to the infrasound domain. The validity of these formulations is demonstrated experimentally. Finally, based on this work, the development of the primary bench is detailed, with its analytical model and the associated mechanical choices.

No description available.

The widespread adoption of photonic circuits requires the economics of volume manufacturing offered by integration technology. A Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor compatible silicon material platform is particularly attractive because it leverages the huge investment that has been made in silicon electronics and its high index contrast enables tight confinement of light which decreases component footprint and energy consumption. Nevertheless, there remain challenges to the development of photonic integrated circuits. Although the density of integration is advancing steady and the integration of the principal components – waveguides, optical sources and amplifiers, modulators, and photodetectors – have all been demonstrated, the integration density is low and the device library far from complete. The integration density is low primarily because of the difficulty of confining light in structures small compared to the wavelength which measured in micrometers. The device library is incomplete because of the immaturity of hybridisation on silicon of other materials required by active devices such as III-V semiconductor alloys and ferroelectric oxides and the difficulty of controlling the coupling of light between disparate material platforms. Metamaterials are nanocomposite materials which have optical properties not readily found in Nature that are defined as much by their geometry as their constituent materials. This offers the prospect of the engineering of materials to achieve integrated components with enhanced functionality. Metamaterials are a class of photonic crystals includes subwavelength grating waveguides, which have already provided breakthroughs in component performance yet require a simpler fabrication process compatible with current minimum feature size limitations. The research reported in this PhD thesis advances our understanding of the structure-property relations of key planar light circuit components and the metamaterial engineering of these properties. The analysis and simulation of components featuring structures that are only just subwavelength is complicated and consumes large computer resources especially when a three dimensional analysis of components structured over a scale larger than the wavelength is desired. This obstructs the iterative design-simulate cycle. An abstraction is required that summarises the properties of the metamaterial pertinent to the larger scale while neglecting the microscopic detail. That abstraction is known as homogenisation. It is possible to extend homogenisation from the long-wavelength limit up to the Bragg resonance (band edge). It is found that a metamaterial waveguide is accurately modeled as a continuous medium waveguide provided proper account is taken of the emergent properties of the homogenised metamaterial. A homogenised subwavelength grating waveguide structure behaves as a strongly anisotropic and spatially dispersive material with a c-axis normal to the layers of a one dimensional multi-layer structure (Kronig-Penney) or along the axis of uniformity for a two dimensional photonic crystal in three dimensional structure. Issues with boundary effects in the near Bragg resonance subwavelength are avoided either by ensuring the averaging is over an extensive path parallel to boundary or the sharp boundary is removed by graded structures. A procedure is described that enables the local homogenised index of a graded structure to be determined. These finding are confirmed by simulations and experiments on test circuits composed of Mach-Zehnder interferometers and individual components composed of regular nanostructured waveguide segments with different lengths and widths; and graded adiabatic waveguide tapers. The test chip included Lüneburg micro-lenses, which have application to Fourier optics on a chip. The measured loss of each lens is 0.72 dB. Photonic integrated circuits featuring a network of waveguides, modulators and couplers are important to applications in RF photonics, optical communications and quantum optics. Modal phase error is one of the significant limitations to the scaling of multimode interference coupler port dimension. Multimode interference couplers rely on the Talbot effect and offer the best in-class performance. Anisotropy helps reduce the Talbot length but temporal and spatial dispersion is necessary to control the modal phase error and wavelength dependence of the Talbot length. The Talbot effect in a Kronig-Penny metamaterial is analysed. It is shown that the metamaterial may be engineered to provide a close approximation to the parabolic dispersion relation required by the Talbot effect for perfect imaging. These findings are then applied to the multimode region and access waveguide tapers of a multi-slotted waveguide multimode interference coupler with slots either in the transverse direction or longitudinal direction. A novel polarisation beam splitter exploiting the anisotropy provided by a longitudinally slotted structure is demonstrated by simulation. The thesis describes the design, verification by simulation and layout of a photonic integrated circuit containing metamaterial waveguide test structures. The test and measurement of the fabricated chip and the analysis of the data is described in detail. The experimental results show good agreement with the theory, with the expected errors due to fabrication process limitations. From the Scanning Electron Microscope images and the measurements, it is clear that at the boundary of the minimum feature size limit, the error increases but still the devices can function.