Em levantamentos geodésicos planialtimétrico se faz necessário conhecer a qualidade das coordenadas estimadas de acordo com o tipo de aplicação a que se destinam. Este trabalho mostra de modo didático o estudo das teorias de análise de qualidade de rede GPS, baseando-se nas teorias de confiabilidade de rede propostos por Baarda, em 1968. As hipóteses estatísticas são fundamentais para elaboração dos testes para detecção de erros grosseiros (outliers), que constitui a base para a análise da confiabilidade de rede. Neste trabalho são propostas três estratégias, desenvolvidas em MathCAD, para a análise da qualidade do ajustamento. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com os dos programas comerciais, Ski-Pro e Ashtech Solution, e também validados por medidas de campo feitas com estação total. As três estratégias propostas, para a rede em estudo implantada no Campus II da USP, apresentaram bons resultados / Geodetic planimetric survey requires the knowledge of the coordinates quality, estimated according to the final application. This work shows a didactic way on the study on theoretical analyses on quality of GPS networks, based on reliability network proposed by Baarda in 1968. Statistical hypotheses are fundamental to development of outliers’ detection tests, which consists the base for network reliability. In this work, three strategies are proposed, developed in MathCAD, to analyze adjustment quality. The results were compared with the results of two commercial programs, Ski-Pro and Ashtech Solution, and also field validation measurements with total station. The three proposed strategy, applied on a pilot network located at the Campus II of USP, gave good results

Many tasks in machine learning require learning some kind of input-output relation (function), for example, recognising handwritten digits (from image to number) or learning the motion behaviour of a dynamical system like a pendulum (from positions and velocities now to future positions and velocities). We consider this problem using the Bayesian framework, where we use probability distributions to represent the state of uncertainty that a learning agent is in. In particular, we will investigate methods which use Gaussian processes to represent distributions over functions. Gaussian process models require approximations in order to be practically useful. This thesis focuses on understanding existing approximations and investigating new ones tailored to specific applications. We advance the understanding of existing techniques first through a thorough review. We propose desiderata for non-parametric basis function model approximations, which we use to assess the existing approximations. Following this, we perform an in-depth empirical investigation of two popular approximations (VFE and FITC). Based on the insights gained, we propose a new inter-domain Gaussian process approximation, which can be used to increase the sparsity of the approximation, in comparison to regular inducing point approximations. This allows GP models to be stored and communicated more compactly. Next, we show that inter-domain approximations can also allow the use of models which would otherwise be impractical, as opposed to improving existing approximations. We introduce an inter-domain approximation for the Convolutional Gaussian process - a model that makes Gaussian processes suitable to image inputs, and which has strong relations to convolutional neural networks. This same technique is valuable for approximating Gaussian processes with more general invariance properties. Finally, we revisit the derivation of the Gaussian process State Space Model, and discuss some subtleties relating to their approximation. We hope that this thesis illustrates some benefits of non-parametric models and their approximation in a non-parametric fashion, and that it provides models and approximations that prove to be useful for the development of more complex and performant models in the future.

Em 1993, Bennett propôs um protocolo de teletransporte de um estado quântico por meio de dois canais de comunicação de natureza distinta: Um canal clássico, formado por duas vias clássicas de informação, e um canal quântico, formado por um par de sistemas entrelaçados. Após algumas implementações bem-sucedidas no domínio de variáveis discretas, em 1998 surge uma versão de variáveis contínuas do protocolo [1]. No mesmo ano, Furusawa et al. realizam o teletransporte quântico incondicional baseado em variáveis contínuas do campo [2]. Recentemente, o emaranhamento no domínio de variáveis contínuas entre feixes intensos de luz com diferentes cores foi medido [3, 4, 5]. Neste trabalho relatamos os avanços na implementação do protocolo de teletransporte entre campos intensos de cores distintas. Depois de alguns esforços, conseguimos construir um oscilador paramétrico óptico (OPO) que se apresentou como uma fonte razoável de feixes intensos emaranhados. Os equipamentos necessários para a execução do protocolo foram construídos e instalados. Seguiram-se vários testes para garantir o funcionamento combinado de todas as partes. Entre eles, a teleportação de um estado de vácuo não deslocado, onde obtivemos resultados promissores. Após ajustes de configuração e desenvolvimento de técnicas de análise de dados para fornecer a produção, detecção e análise de estados deslocados do campo, o protocolo foi executado com esse tipo de estados. Alcançamos uma fidelidade de 45% para um estado de entrada deslocado, enquanto que a fidelidade considerando apenas as variâncias chegou a 60%. Para comprovar sucesso de nosso protocolo de teletransporte quântico, estão previstas algumas otimizações e alterações na operação do OPO, através das quais esperamos superar em breve a marca de 50% de fidelidade, correspondente ao limite clássico. / In 1993, Bennett et al. [6] proposed a teleportation protocol of a quantum state by means of two communication channels of distinct natures: A classical channel, formed by two classical information pathways, and a quantum channel, formed by a pair of entangled systems. After some successful implementations in the discrete variables domain, in 1998 arises a continuous variables version of the teleportation protocol [1]. In the same year, Furusawa et al. accomplish the unconditional quantum teleportation based on continuous variables of the field. [2]. Recently, entanglement in the continuous variables domain between bright beams of light with different colors was measured [3, 4, 5]. In this work we report the advances on the teleportation protocol implementation between bright fields of distinct colors. After some struggle, we managed to build an Optical Parametric Oscillator (OPO) witch presented it self as a reasonable source of entangled bright beams. The setup required for the execution of the protocol was built and installed. This was followed by several tests to ensure the combined working of all parts. The teleportation of a nondisplaced vacuum state was one of the performed tests, on wich we achieved promising results. After setup adjustments and the developing of data analysis techniques to provide the production, detection and analysis of displaced states of the field, the protocol was run with this kind of states. We reached a fidelity of 45% for a displaced input state, while the fidelity considering only the variances was up to 60%. To prove the success of our quantum teleportation protocol, some optimizations and changes in the operation of the OPO are in plan, whereby we expect soon to surpass the 50% fidelity benchmark, corresponding to the classical limit.

abstract: A continuously and stably stratified fluid contained in a square cavity subjected to harmonic body forcing is studied numerically by solving the Navier-Stokes equations under the Boussinesq approximation. Complex dynamics are observed near the onset of instability of the basic state, which is a flow configuration that is always an exact analytical solution of the governing equations. The instability of the basic state to perturbations is first studied with linear stability analysis (Floquet analysis), revealing a multitude of intersecting synchronous and subharmonic resonance tongues in parameter space. A modal reduction method for determining the locus of basic state instability is also shown, greatly simplifying the computational overhead normally required by a Floquet study. Then, a study of the nonlinear governing equations determines the criticality of the basic state's instability, and ultimately characterizes the dynamics of the lowest order spatial mode by the three discovered codimension-two bifurcation points within the resonance tongue. The rich dynamics include a homoclinic doubling cascade that resembles the logistic map and a multitude of gluing bifurcations. The numerical techniques and methodologies are first demonstrated on a homogeneous fluid contained within a three-dimensional lid-driven cavity. The edge state technique and linear stability analysis through Arnoldi iteration are used to resolve the complex dynamics of the canonical shear-driven benchmark problem. The techniques here lead to a dynamical description of an instability mechanism, and the work serves as a basis for the remainder of the dissertation. / Dissertation/Thesis / Supplemental Materials Description File / zip file containing 10 mp4 formatted video animations, as well as a text readme and the previously submitted Supplemental Materials Description File / Doctoral Dissertation Mathematics 2019

Bayesian surface smoothing using splines usually proceeds by choosing the smoothness parameter through the use of data driven methods like generalized cross validation. In this methodology, knots of the splines are assumed to lie at the data locations. When anisotropy is present in the data, modeling is done via parametric functions. In the present thesis, we have proposed a non-parametric approach to Bayesian surface smoothing in the presence of anisotropy. We use eigenfunctions generated by thin-plate splines as our basis functions. Using eigenfunctions does away with having to place knots arbitrarily, as is done customarily. The smoothing parameter, the anisotropy matrix, and other parameters are simultaneously updated by a Reversible Jump Markov Chain Monte Carlo (RJMCMC) sampler. Unique in our implementation is model selection, which is again done concurrently with the parameter updates. Since the posterior distribution of the coefficients of the basis functions for any given model order is available in closed form, we are able to simplify the sampling algorithm in the model selection step. This also helps us in isolating the parameters which influence the model selection step. We investigate the relationship between the number of basis functions used in the model and the smoothness parameter and find that there is a delicate balance which exists between the two. Higher values of the smoothness parameter correspond to more number of basis functions being selected. Use of a non-parametric approach to Bayesian surface smoothing provides for more modeling flexibility. We are not constrained by the shape defined by a parametric shape of the covariance as used by earlier methods. A Bayesian approach also allows us to include the results obtained from previous analysis of the same data, if any, as prior information. It also allows us to evaluate pointwise estimates of variability of the fitted surface. We believe that our research also poses many questions for future research.

The European standard Eurocode 5, a design method for timber structures,is currently under revision. In this study the draft for a reviseddesign method for vibrations in timber floors was compared to the currentmethod. The hypothesis of the thesis was that the revised designmethod might force some changes to the present construction practiceand that these changes may carry with them increased costs for the industry.Six common floor structures used in Sweden today were identifiedand for these floors design calculations were made according to the currentand the revised design method. It was checked whether the floorspassed the criteria in the two design methods and a comparison was madefor the only criterion which could be compared between the methods, thepoint load deflection. Floor structures could pass or fail the current designmethod based on two criteria, the point load deflection and the unitimpulse velocity response. All floors passed the current design methodexcept one which had a fundamental frequency below 8 Hz, because ofthe low frequency the current design method was not applicable to thefloor structure. In the revised design method the final result is a responsefactor and based on the response factor floors are given floor performancelevels. The seven step scale for the floor performance level go from I toVII where I is excellent and VII is unacceptable. All floor structures excepttwo achieved an acceptable floor performance level according to therevised design method. The two floors which failed were floors commonlyused in single family houses, they failed for a span length commonly usedtoday. A limited parametric study was performed where it was found thatthe modal mass used had a larger impact on the floor performance levelthan the mass per square meter included. For floors with a fundamentalfrequency above 8 Hz, including a higher mass per square meter resultedin a lower, i.e. better, response factor in all cases except one. For floorswith a fundamental frequency between 4.5 and 8 Hz, a higher mass resultedin a higher, i.e. worse, response factor. The study found that notall floor structures used in Sweden today are acceptable according to therevised design method therefore changes may have to be implemented andthese changes could result in an increased cost.

In this dissertation, we investigate four distinct and interrelated problems for high-dimensional inference of mean vectors in multi-groups. The first problem concerned is the profile analysis of high dimensional repeated measures. We introduce new test statistics and derive its asymptotic distribution under normality for equal as well as unequal covariance cases. Our derivations of the asymptotic distributions mimic that of Central Limit Theorem with some important peculiarities addressed with sufficient rigor. We also derive consistent and unbiased estimators of the asymptotic variances for equal and unequal covariance cases respectively. The second problem considered is the accurate inference for high-dimensional repeated measures in factorial designs as well as any comparisons among the cell means. We derive asymptotic expansion for the null distributions and the quantiles of a suitable test statistic under normality. We also derive the estimator of parameters contained in the approximate distribution with second-order consistency. The most important contribution is high accuracy of the methods, in the sense that p-values are accurate up to the second order in sample size as well as in dimension. The third problem pertains to the high-dimensional inference under non-normality. We relax the commonly imposed dependence conditions which has become a standard assumption in high dimensional inference. With the relaxed conditions, the scope of applicability of the results broadens. The fourth problem investigated pertains to a fully nonparametric rank-based comparison of high-dimensional populations. To develop the theory in this context, we prove a novel result for studying the asymptotic behavior of quadratic forms in ranks. The simulation studies provide evidence that our methods perform reasonably well in the high-dimensional situation. Real data from Electroencephalograph (EEG) study of alcoholic and control subjects is analyzed to illustrate the application of the results.

The elderly population have developed some resistance toward accepting community-based social services. Such resistance could be detrimental to the well-being of low-income seniors by hindering their chance of accessing services intended for them in the first place. Art therapy is seen as a promising intervention against client resistance. This study evaluated the effectiveness of art therapy on reducing resistance to services among low-income seniors living in independent living communities. Through a pre-experimental design, this study analyzed administrative data for a sample of 37 participants from a social service agency in Southern California. Results from two non-parametric tests (WilcoxonSigned-Rank and Mann-Whitney-U) revealed that art therapy is very effective in reducing resistance among seniors. Implications for gerontology and social services providers were discussed.

According to the CDC, young people, aged 15-24 years, share the greatest risk of new sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and the negative impact of alcohol and drug use. The purpose of this quantitative study, based on the theory of social-psychological problem-behavior, was to analyze the 2013 YRBSS secondary data and document if a relationship existed between race/ethnicity and youth sexual behavior, alcohol consumption, and drug use for the 13,583 survey participants. A Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Chi-Square were conducted to answer the research questions. Results indicated that American Indian/Alaskan Natives were most likely to report first sexual activity before 11 years old (7.5%), while Asians were most likely to report never having sex (76.6%). Race/ethnicity also impacted all other variables, such as drugs, with a mixture of results. Hispanic/Latinos were most likely to report higher alcohol consumption (15.12%) compared to Multiple Hispanic (5.12%), while, Multiple Non-Hispanic were more likely to report use of drugs before sexual activity (9.7%) compared to Hispanic Latinos (7.99%). Social change implication of the study called for developed and effective sustainable interventions to help youth with behavior, and it required full integration of race/ethnicity as prerequisites in alleviation strategy. Dissemination plans involved use of public health campaigns, school workshops, and churches to fight the negative impact on youth.

The objective of the present study is to investigate key aspects of ovarian and breast cancers, which are two main causes of mortality among women. Identification of the true behavior of survivorship and influential risk factors is essential in designing treatment protocols, increasing disease awareness and preventing possible causes of disease. There is a commonly held belief that African Americans have a higher risk of cancer mortality. We studied racial disparities of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer on overall and disease-free survival and found out that there is no significant difference in the survival experience among the three races: Whites, African Americans and Other races. Tumor sizes at diagnosis among the races were significantly different, as African American women tend to have larger ovarian tumor sizes at the diagnosis. Prognostic models play a major role in health data research. They can be used to estimate adjusted survival probabilities and absolute and relative risks, and to determine significantly contributing risk factors. A prognostic model will be a valuable tool only if it is developed carefully, evaluating the underlying model assumptions and inadequacies and determining if the most relevant model to address the study objectives is selected. In the present study we developed such statistical models for survival data of ovarian and breast cancers. We found that the histology of ovarian cancer had risk ratios that vary over time. We built two types of parametric models to estimate absolute risks and survival probabilities and to adjust the time dependency of the relative risk of Histology. One parametric model is based on classical probability distributions and the other is a more flexible parametric model that estimates the baseline cumulative hazard function using spline functions. In contrast to women diagnosed with ovarian cancer, women with breast cancer showed significantly different survivorship among races where Whites had a poorer overall survival rate compared to African Americans and Other races. In the breast cancer study, we identified that age and progesterone receptor status have time dependent hazard ratios and age and tumor size display non-linear effects on the hazard. We adjusted those non-proportional hazards and non-linear effects by using an extended Cox regression model in order to generate more meaningful interpretations of the data.