by Chan Po Wai. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 110-117). / Table of Contents --- p.i / Abbreviations --- p.iv / Abstract --- p.v / List of Figures --- p.vii / List of Tables --- p.xi / Chapter Chapter One: --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Objective and scope of the project --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Literature review --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Balkan endemic nephropathy --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Chinese herbs nephropathy --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Aristolochic acid --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Guan-mu-tong --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.4.1 --- Plant --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.4.2 --- Traditional uses --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.4.3 --- Chemical constituents --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.4.4 --- Pharmacological study --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.4.5 --- Reported adverse cases --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- Ma-dou-ling --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.5.1 --- Plant --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.5.2 --- Traditional uses --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.5.3 --- Chemical constituents --- p.14 / Chapter 1.2.5.4 --- Clinical and pharmacological studies --- p.14 / Chapter 1.2.5.5 --- Reported adverse cases --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3 --- Chemical analysis --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Thin layer chromatography --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- High performance liquid chromatography --- p.17 / Chapter 1.4 --- Toxicology --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Acute toxicity --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Subchronic toxicity --- p.19 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Reproductive toxicity --- p.23 / Chapter Chapter Two: --- Materials & Methods / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- "Aqueous extraction of Guan-mu-tong and Ma-dou-ling for acute, subchronic and reproductive toxicity tests" --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Chemical analysis --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Thin layer chromatography --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- High performance liquid chromatography --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Assays for the toxicity --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Acute toxicity --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Subchronic toxicity --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- Reproductive toxicity --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Statistical analysis --- p.33 / Chapter Chapter Three: --- Results / Chapter 3.1 --- Chemical Analysis --- p.34 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Thin layer chromatography --- p.34 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- High performance liquid chromatography --- p.34 / Chapter 3.2 --- Toxicity of Guan-mu-tong --- p.42 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Acute toxicity --- p.42 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Subchronic toxicity --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Reproductive toxicity --- p.54 / Chapter 3.3 --- Toxicity of Ma-dou-ling --- p.56 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Acute toxicity --- p.56 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Subchronic toxicity --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Reproductive toxicity --- p.89 / Chapter Chapter Four: --- Discussion / Chapter 4.1 --- Chemical Analysis --- p.91 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Thin layer chromatography --- p.91 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- High performance liquid chromatography --- p.91 / Chapter 4.2 --- Toxicity of Guan-mu-tong --- p.93 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Acute toxicity --- p.93 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Subchronic toxicity --- p.93 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Reproductive toxicity --- p.94 / Chapter 4.3 --- Toxicity of Ma-dou-ling --- p.95 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Acute toxicity --- p.95 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Subchronic toxicity --- p.97 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Reproductive toxicity --- p.105 / Chapter Chapter Five: --- Conclusion --- p.107 / Bibliography --- p.110 / Appendix A: Procedure on determining the total urinary protein --- p.119 / Appendix B: Procedure on determining the total urinary glucose using Sigma diagnostic kits --- p.121 / Appendix C: Procedure on determining the activity of aspartate aminotransferase --- p.123 / Appendix D: Procedure on determining the activity of alanine aminotransferase --- p.124 / Appendix E: Procedure for preparing a calibration curve for the measurement of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities --- p.125 / Appendix F: Procedure on tissue preparation for light microscopic study --- p.128

Leadership has been a much studied area within industrial and organizational psychology. Recently, scholars have begun to focus on the negative side of leadership; however, a lack of research has limited our understanding of toxic leadership. One step forward in this domain has been the development of the toxic triangle, which posits that toxic leaders are aided by toxic followers with a toxic environment. Although the leader has been studied within this triangle, relatively little has been researched regarding the follower or the environment. Specifically, that there has been a lack of research in the organizational environment that allows the rise of toxic leaders is concerning. In this study, a toxic work environment scale was developed to help capture pieces of organizational environments that contribute to the rise of toxic leadership. A refined scale was used along with a qualitative piece. Four other scales were used to establish convergent and divergent validity. From the results of this study, although refinement is needed, support for three of the dimensions was found: favoritism, perceived threat, and overall organizational climate. Additionally, through the qualitative portion, additional themes that emerged (e.g., bullying) could be utilized in future use of measures to help assess toxic work environment features. Finally, I recommend that researchers interested in the toxic triangle endeavor to conduct studies that examine all elements simultaneously.

A sampling-window based approach was developed to collect and analyze the gases evolved during fire performance testing using the cone calorimeter. For this purpose, a Fourier Transform Intra-red (FTIR) Spectroscopy system and a Novatec analyzer were coupled to the cone calorimeter. An experimental gas sampling apparatus was designed and constructed and a sampling-window based method was developed. The sampling-window based method was initially tested using blue Styrofoam samples, then a small number of intumescent materials were also examined. Using the new integrated system, spectral scans were taken with an FTIR using 30s, 45s and 60s sampling windows, during off-gasing, fire growth, steady heat release rate, and fire decay stages of cone calorimeter testing. By focusing the sampling window on a specific stage of fire development the tests indicated that high concentrations of toxic gases were evolved during sample off-gasing, before ignition. In contrast to other methods that are designed to obtain total toxic gas yield over the full course of a cone calorimeter fire performance test, the sampling-window method here allows for a greater understanding of fire gas evolution at the various stages of fire growth and development. With the cone calorimeter coupled with a preconfigured “out of the box” lightweight portable ambient air analyzer and the sampling-window based approach developed, the fire gases associated with the polystyrene (blue Styrofoam) could be identified along with a number of the fire gases typically associated with the intumescent foam. For further analysis of fire gases produced, a calibrated, lab quality FTIR, with a higher resolution than the preconfigured “out of the box” lightweight portable ambient air analyzer may be required. However the system configuration and methodology would remain the same as developed here. The sampling-window based approach developed is useful for use in the development of other gas sampling techniques and can be used with other complimentary techniques such as Gas Chromatography (GC) and Mass Spectroscopy (MS). In such a combined Cone Calorimeter-GC-MS system, the GC is used to separate the various fire gases while the MS is used to identify all the components at a molecular level, and provide a more concise analysis of evolved fire gases. It is therefore recommended that the GC-MS technique also be developed for the cone calorimeter and used to compliment the FTIR technique developed in this study.

A sampling-window based approach was developed to collect and analyze the gases evolved during fire performance testing using the cone calorimeter. For this purpose, a Fourier Transform Intra-red (FTIR) Spectroscopy system and a Novatec analyzer were coupled to the cone calorimeter. An experimental gas sampling apparatus was designed and constructed and a sampling-window based method was developed. The sampling-window based method was initially tested using blue Styrofoam samples, then a small number of intumescent materials were also examined. Using the new integrated system, spectral scans were taken with an FTIR using 30s, 45s and 60s sampling windows, during off-gasing, fire growth, steady heat release rate, and fire decay stages of cone calorimeter testing. By focusing the sampling window on a specific stage of fire development the tests indicated that high concentrations of toxic gases were evolved during sample off-gasing, before ignition. In contrast to other methods that are designed to obtain total toxic gas yield over the full course of a cone calorimeter fire performance test, the sampling-window method here allows for a greater understanding of fire gas evolution at the various stages of fire growth and development. With the cone calorimeter coupled with a preconfigured “out of the box” lightweight portable ambient air analyzer and the sampling-window based approach developed, the fire gases associated with the polystyrene (blue Styrofoam) could be identified along with a number of the fire gases typically associated with the intumescent foam. For further analysis of fire gases produced, a calibrated, lab quality FTIR, with a higher resolution than the preconfigured “out of the box” lightweight portable ambient air analyzer may be required. However the system configuration and methodology would remain the same as developed here. The sampling-window based approach developed is useful for use in the development of other gas sampling techniques and can be used with other complimentary techniques such as Gas Chromatography (GC) and Mass Spectroscopy (MS). In such a combined Cone Calorimeter-GC-MS system, the GC is used to separate the various fire gases while the MS is used to identify all the components at a molecular level, and provide a more concise analysis of evolved fire gases. It is therefore recommended that the GC-MS technique also be developed for the cone calorimeter and used to compliment the FTIR technique developed in this study.

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Typescript. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1985. / Bibliography: leaves 119-128. / Photocopy. / Microfilm. / ix, 128 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, 1989. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 162-174).

Thesis (M.Sc. (Organic Chemistry))--Mahidol University, 1971.

These (Ph.D.)--University of Massachuesetts Lowell, 2008. / Title from PDF title page. Available through UMI ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 55-66). Also issued in print.