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Heat release rate disturbances are the sources of additional thermal stresses, direct and indirect combustion noise and undesirable vibrations. In extreme cases, these perturbations may even cause destructive combustion instabilities. These quantities are difficult to measure in practical burners. The objective of this work is to develop two alternative diagnostics to measure heat release rate fluctuations in unsteady flames. These techniques are validated in generic configurations for perfectly premixed laminar flames. The first method is an acoustic technique, which is based on the measurement of the travel time of ultrasonic waves through the flames. Fluctuations of the sound propagation time transmission through unsteady flames are used to estimate perturbations in the burned gases width along the acoustic path. This information is then used to reconstruct heat release rate fluctuations. This technique is validated in the cases of unstable laminar premixed flames driven by buoyancy forces and for flames submitted to harmonic flow velocity modulations. Analytical expressions are derived linking fluctuations in heat release rate and disturbances of the sound travel time. Measurements made with this acoustic technique are compared with optical detections based on the flame chemiluminescence and with predictions from an analytical model. Good agreements are obtained between these different methods validating the proposed technique. The second method envisaged is an optical technique based on a Laser Interferometric Vibrometer used to measure integrated density perturbations along the optical path of a laser beam. It is shown that density disturbances along this path result mainly from heat release rate fluctuations when the flames are confined. A link is established to reconstruct heat release rate disturbances from the signal of the interferometer. The technique is validated in the case of pulsated laminar premixed flames. Measurements are compared to line-of-sight integrated chemiluminescence emission measurements. A good agreement is obtained for harmonic flow modulations at different forcing frequencies and perturbation levels for flames operating at different flow conditions. This work validates the principle of this alternative technique for detecting heat release rate perturbations.

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The goal of the present work was to identify and implement modifications to a density-based unstructured RANS CFD algorithm, as typically used in turbomachinery flows (represented here via the RoIIs-Royce 'Hydra' code), for application to Iow Mach number gas-turbine combustor flows. The basic algorithm was modified to make it suitable for combustor relevant problems. Fixed velocity and centreline boundary conditions were added using a characteristic based method. Conserved scalar mean and variance transport equations were introduced to predict scalar mixing in reacting flows. Finally, a flarnelet thermochemistry model for turbulent non-premixed combustion with an assumed shape pdf for turbulence-chemistry interaction was incorporated. A method was identified whereby the temperature/ density provided by the combustion model was coupled directly back into the momentum equations rather than from the energy equation. Three different test cases were used to validate the numerical capabilities of the modified code, for isothermal and reacting flows on different grid types. The first case was the jet in confined cross flow associated with combustor liner-dilution jetcore flow interaction. The second was the swirling flow through a multi-stream swirler. These cases represent the main aerodynamic features of combustor primary zones. The third case was a methane-fueled coaxial jet combustor to assess the combustion model implementation. This study revealed that, via appropriate modifications, an unstructured density-based approach can be utilised to simulate combustor flows. It also demonstrated that unstructured meshes employing nonhexahedral elements were inefficient at accurate capture of flow processes in regions combining rapid mixing and strong convection at angles to cell edges. The final version of the algorithm demonstrated that low Mach RANS reacting flow simulations, commonly performed using a pressure-based approach, can successfully be reproduced using a density-based approach.

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L’enrichissement des hydrocarbures par l’hydrogène permet d’améliorer les performances de la combustion pauvre (augmentation de la réactivité, résistance à l’étirement, stabilité, réduction des polluants, …). Il est primordial de connaitre les caractéristiques de la combustion de ces combustibles hybrides dans différentes conditions, afin de pouvoir les utiliser d’une manière sûre et efficace dans les installations pratiques. L’approche expérimentale reste coûteuse et limitée à certaines conditions opératoires. Cependant, le calcul numérique peut constituer la solution la plus adaptée, compte tenu du progrès réalisé dans le domaine de l’informatique et de la modélisation. Dans ce contexte, ce travail que nous avons effectué à l’ICARE (Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique et Réactivité, CNRS Orléans) vise à compléter les résultats des essais expérimentaux. Les effets de la richesse du mélange et l’ajout de l’hydrogène sur la structure et la formation des polluants sont étudiés dans ce travail. L’augmentation de la richesse du combustible permet de stabiliser la flamme, mais augmente la température et produit plus de CO, CO2 et NOx. Par contre, l’addition de H2 augmente l’efficacité du mélange, stabilise la flamme avec une légère élévation de la température maximale et une diminution des fractions massiques de CO, CO2 et NOx. Le remplacement d’une fraction de 10% où même 20% du gaz principal par l’hydrogène améliore les performances des installations et ne nécessite aucune modification sur les systèmes de combustion. / Fuel blending represents a promising approach for reducing harmful emissions from combustion systems. The addition of hydrogen to hydrocarbon fuels affects both chemical and physical combustion processes. These changes affect among others flame stability, combustor acoustics, pollutant emissions and combustor efficiency. Only a few of these issues are understood. Therefore, it is important to examine these characteristics to enable using blend fuels in practical energy systems productions. The experimental approach is restricted in general to specific operating conditions (temperature, pressure, H2 percentage in the mixture, etc.) due to its high costs. However, the numerical simulation can represent a suitable less costly alternative. The aim of this study done at ICARE is to complete the experiments. Equivalence ratio and hydrogen enrichment effects on lean methane/air flame structure were studied. The increase of the equivalence ratio, increases flame temperature and stability but produces more CO, CO2 and NOx. Hydrogen blending, increases flame stability and reduces emissions. The replacement of 10% or 20% of the fuel by hydrogen enhances installation efficiency with no modifications needed on the combustion system.