3 pp. / This article describes the advantages and benefits of collaborations between Cooperative Extension and non-profit organizations in terms of increasing Extension's outreach capacity and assisting non-profits. Guidelines are provided for Extension personnel interested in working with non-profits.

Abstract Since non-profit organizations (NPO) in Taiwan have been developing rapidly, they have to compete for the limited resources in the society. In the meantime, the depression has made the government increase its budget deficit so industry and people reduce their donation. Waiting for the donation can no longer cope with the service cost. Non-profit organizations (NPO) begin to learn to construct and apply commercial marketing channels, and think how to use the least resources, manpower and equipment to frame suitable marketing channels. Thus, they can get what they need and provide service to invite more people to attend public welfare so as to create the greatest value for the society. This is the motif of the research. The purpose of this research is to investigate the relativity between the service specialty of non-profit organizations and the variety and proficiency of marketing channels hoping to achieve the purposes. First, what are the differences between service characteristics and gaining resources of non-profit organizations in choosing marketing channels. Second, what are the contents and levels of marketing channels for non-profit organizations. Third, what are the proficiency orientations on raising resources and service promotion of the marketing channels chosen by non-profit organizations. This research adopted literature analysis and case studies. We chose eight non-profit organizations which provide the welfare for the mentally and physically challenged, the so called social charity groups, and interview them about the relations between their service and marketing. The results are as follows: 1. Marketing channels of non-profit organizations are similar. However, the differences of individual mission statement, service specialty and resources will influence their choice on major marketing channels. 2. To achieve missions with rare resources, singular and multiple marketing strategies are suitable for non-profit organizations 3. The construction of organization channels depends on the cooperation of outer organized systems. Therefore, the cooperation model among channel members will influence the effects of marketing channels. 4. Non-profit organizations have not established sound estimated mechanism on their chosen marketing channels for raising fund and service promotion. 5. Digital marketing channels are new marketing ones to be learned. At the end, this research makes a conclusion and gives some suggestions according to the analyzed discussions of the investigations above. We hope that it can provide a reference for marketing fellows in industry and non-profit organizations, and for further research. Keywords£ºNon-profit organizations (NPO)¡¢Marketing Channel

Drawing on themes emerging from semi-structured interviews, this study explores the relationship between the Government of Canada (GOC) and non-profit organizations (NPOs) operating in the punishment sector. The impact of this relationship on NPO advocacy is explored. It is argued that the GOC-NPO relationship creates a number of barriers for NPO advocacy, but NPOs manage to maintain this function through various forms of resistance. However, it was found that the majority of participating NPOs were coopted by the state through their extensive relationship with the GOC, and their service provision function in particular. It is therefore suggested that the majority of participating NPOs support the punishment system, making them a part of the Non-Profit Industrial Complex (NPIC).

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Capacity, the emergent combination of attributes that enables a human system to create developmental value (Morgan, 2006, 2008), is the point of arrival of an inquiry journey through a personal territory and the Portuguese non-profit world. Inspired by the metaphor of the Portuguese golden age of the maritime discoveries, and by Action Research, in line with Reason and Bradbury’s notion of inquiry into the “quality in our acting” (Reason and Bradbury, 2001), the author defies several borders in her exploration of answers to the question of “how to build capacity?”. This multi-level question is unfolded in three – the individual, the non-profit organisations and the society, in a journey that find points of connection. The author defies the border of her worldviews, embracing a participatory worldview that offers her an extended epistemology, which she explores in its multiple-level understanding of knowing comprised of experiential, practical, propositional and presentational knowing, in a process of personal and professional development in a concrete project – the Acreditar project. Through stories, another border the author defies, meaning is explored through layers of personal reflections and through shared meanings in a Learning History developed by the Acreditar team members. The stories presented are a result of a commitment to highlight the learning in capacity-building endeavours. In a particular story, and in a twist of irony, the learning emerges from an experience of dis-capacity. But that experience would serve as the departing basis for another re-start the author initiates, in a process of forgiveness that acknowledges the past as irreversible but redeemable. It is my intention to engage you in this journey from the beginning, and I hope this is also a useful journey for you. Ultimately its account is here to serve as basis for further dialogue I would be very glad to engage with you.

Recently in the Netherlands and in Amsterdam, policymakers have started to see generalized trust as an indicator of societal cohesion, which is taken to be endangered by participating in ethnically homogenous or bonding organizations. However, there is no study that supports this negative socialization effect. Existing surveys in the Netherlands and in Amsterdam lack either appropriate data on ethnic minorities or do not allow this question to be properly addressed. They do not contain the relevant variables or do not have a multilevel structure, since the latter requires one to sample many responses from the same organization rather than collect data that is representative of individuals. This thesis addresses this gap in the literature by juxtaposing Turkish (bonding) associations with organizations whose membership consists of different ethnic groups (bridging). I surveyed 40 non-profit organizations in Amsterdam and collected responses from around 450 participants. I subsequently describe different bonding and bridging practices within and between organizations, and demonstrate that Turkish, as compared to mixed organizations, are internally focused on their own group, but externally are more involved in bridging networks. Thus contact within Turkish organizations is confined to fellow ethnics and this allows for testing the contact hypothesis. This thesis employs a multilevel model and distinguishes individual attributes from organizational factors (ethnic composition). However, the variance in generalized trust at the organizational level is only 4%, which indicates that the context of voluntary organizations has not much influence on it. Secondly, I test an interaction effect between the mixed ethnic composition of an organization and the length of participation in years in order to test for a socialization effect (the contact hypothesis). However, this interaction effect is not statistically significant. Finally, I test for another interaction effect, namely the effect of having a close tie in a mixed organization, in order to test for a sufficient but not necessary condition of the contact hypothesis, which might turn contact into attitude change. Again, this interaction is not statistically significant. Beyond bridging and bonding, there are complementary mechanisms which might have affected generalized trust. I, therefore, extend my model to include cognitive evaluations about one’s humanitarian values, negative life experiences and socio-economic factors. Three theoretical frameworks are tested: psychological; norm driven; and social success. The findings suggest that differences in generalized trust are best explained by individual processes rather than contact between ethnically diverse groups in voluntary organizations. Optimism has the strongest effect size on generalized trust. Other key factors are educational levels, and to some extent older age as well as having been widowed or lost one’s partner due to divorce. Younger people who adhere to humanitarian values are also among the high generalized trusters. The effect of education, age and the experience of divorce or separation is also found in other Dutch representative national samples and support the consensus around social success theories in explaining generalized trust.

This thesis examines Czech-German cross-border cooperation within intercultural communication, identifies problems and develops possible solutions. The thesis is divided into a practical and a theoretical part. The theoretical part first describes the Czech-German cross-border cooperation and then intercultural communication, followed by a discussion of the context and the research methods. In the practical part, the author first performs a sequential analysis of data collected via interviews conducted with people working in the Tandem organization. The results of the analysis are interpreted, problems within the cooperation of Tandem are identified, and possible solutions developed. A glossary divided into two parts, recapitulating the definitions of relevant terms from the first two theoretical chapters of this thesis, is listed at the end of this work. A French résumé summarizing all the important points and conclusions is enclosed with the thesis. The aim of this thesis is to answer the following research question: "Linguistic and intercultural challenges of Czech-German non-profit cross-border cooperation: The case of the Tandem organization."

This dissertation explores the relevance of corporate governance in the nonprofit sector in South Africa, and asks the question "How can the application of current formal governance measures lead to positive change at The Valley Trust? ". Significantly, in South Africa it has been a time of transformation, with the emergence of world-class strategies to enhance governance in both the public and the private sectors. Are the principles of good governance are applicable too, to non-profit organisations? South Africa has evidence of relevant documentation both in the public and private sectors. In the private sector the King 2002 report strengthened the original King report which in turn was guided by the Cadbury report on corporate governance in the North. The King 2002 report on corporate governance is considered to be world class and emphasises risk management, leadership, direction, control and disclosure. The Public Finance Management Act, together with the subsequent Treasury Regulations and the local government's Municipal Finance Management Act, spell out the way forward for governance in the public sector with the emphasis on effectiveness, efficiency and economy as assessment criteria in terms of revenue, expenditure, assets and liabilities (REAL) with special reference to risk management and accountability. In terms of enhancing sustainability and good stewardship, The Valley Trust, a non-profit organisation working in Primary Health Care and Development in Southern Africa, has the opportunity to use the resources available, and to apply the current thinking and principles of good governance. / Thesis (M.Com.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2005.

This thesis deals with problems of the non-profit organizations in the field of sports, especially with the civil associations. Main aim of the thesis is to present possibilities of the financial sources which would provide for exercising the sport activities. Another objective is to prove that the sport organizations cannot get along without the public support. The theoretical part focuses on the brief characteristics of particular forms of the non profit organizations and closer considers possibilities of financing the civil associations in the sport area. The applied part targets the concrete civil associations which act in the field of sports. Right after the short characteristics is the main focus given to the financial sources which function is to secure the organization's activity. At the conclusion there is undertaken the analysis of its economy during four years.

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