Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) was negotiated to stop the proliferation of nuclear weapons, resulting from the dangers associated with the use of these weapons well visible during 1945, in Hiroshima and Nagasaki and a nuclear arms race as seen during the Cuban Missile Crisis. During NPT Review Conferences, held every five years, the strength and integrity of this treaty is tested. Evident in NPT review conferences is the disagreement between nuclear weapon states and non-nuclear weapon states over the role and importance placed on nuclear weapons and the slow pace of nuclear disarmament. The NPT has been in force for over 40 years; however the threat of nuclear weapons still exists. It then becomes necessary to understand what role the NPT plays in the international system, which differs depending on the theoretical lens used to interpret the NPT. A realist perspective of the NPT reveals that this treaty is an instrument used by dominant states to safeguard and legitimise their hold over nuclear weapons, while denying other states access to these weapons, instead protecting their allies through extended nuclear deterrence. A liberal perspective of the NPT highlights the moral influence of this treaty as an instrument for the benefit of the greater good, to shield humanity from the dangers of a nuclear explosion by delegitimizing nuclear weapons, key to shaping the perceptions of the decision makers of states regarding state security and nuclear weapons particularly. A constructivist interpretation of the NPT argues that this treaty is a social construction by states to impose a measure of order in their relations. At particular times in history, the NPT moves between a realist and liberal interpretation based on critical events that inform its direction. Social agents (decision makers of the state) through their thinking and ideas construct and give meaning to “reality” which is constantly negotiated. With that in mind, no interpretation of the NPT is fixed and for that reason, a constructivist conclusion seems ultimately applicable, namely that the NPT is what states make of it.

Master thesis analyzes two NATO Member States, the Netherlands and Norway, and their approach to the Treaty on Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) which was signed on 7 July 2017. Both countries decided not to support the TPNW by either voting against it or abstaining from the negotiations. Research aims to explain why some countries refuse to ban nuclear weapons and what factors influenced the positions of the States on the TPNW. For this purpose, a model-based approach with three models (security, domestic and norm model) developed by Scott Sagan is being applied in each case. These models reflect three international relations theories: neo-realism, liberal institutionalism and constructivism. The security model takes into consideration the security environment that a state is in, whether regionally or globally. It considers security threats to be the fundamental cause of nuclear proliferation. The second model focuses on the domestic actors who encourage or discourage governments from pursuing the bomb, public society and domestic institutions. The last model examines the norms which prevail in the society and form state identity of the State. Based on these three different levels of analysis, the thesis explains what factors were critical in formulating the Dutch and Norwegian positions on...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:48:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leandro Bessa Souza.pdf: 1503882 bytes, checksum: c9274dfd7e06305481a21cb527c09226 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-23 / The objective of the present work is to analyzeBrazil´s insertion processinto the Nuclear Weapons Non-Proliferation Regime since the end of the military regime in the country in 1985, with the purpose of identify the presence ofpossiblecontinuity lines in the Brazilian Foreign Policy on this issue until the end of Lula´s second mandate. We search to study the hypothesis that, in spite of the changes of political parties and presidentson the country´s command, Brazil adopted a strategy of progressive critical and active participation in the discussions of the future of the regime in differentinternational forums.Its policy followedtwo basic master lines: the defenseof the global nuclear disarmament and the country´s right to develop nuclear technology for pacific ends. We founded our study in the analysis of the formation and contradictions of said regime, as well on the advances and reverses of Brazil´s nuclear activities. We conclude that during the examined time lapse, the country´s foreignpolicy had as permanency element what we called resisted adhesion , consistent with conducting the regime´s evolution to guarantee autonomy spaces for Brazil´s action in the nuclear area, avoiding assume bigger obligations for the country, in particular the ones related to nonproliferation, even if in times only by symbolic actions. This directive was maintained during Lula´s government and was intensified during his second mandate, which coincides with the country´s apparent interest in strengthening its nuclear projects on its different aspects. Despite of it, we don´t find possible to affirm that there is a consonance between the Brazilian investments on the nuclear area (which oscillate during the studied period) and its position on the regime in exam. / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o processo de inserção do Brasil no Regime Internacional de Não-Proliferação de Armas Nuclearesa partir do fim do regime militar no país em 1985, com o intuito de identificar a presença de possíveis linhas de continuidade na Política Externa Brasileira no tratamento dessetema até o final do segundo mandato da gestão Lula. Procuramos estudar ahipótese de que, a despeito das mudanças de partidos políticos e presidentes no comando do país, o Brasil adotou uma estratégia de progressiva participaçãocrítica e ativa nas discussões acerca dos rumos do regime em estudoem diferentes fóruns internacionais, tendo sua política seguido duas linhas mestras básicas: defesa do desarmamento nuclear mundial em geral e do direito do país de desenvolver a tecnologia nuclear para fins pacíficos. Fundamos nosso estudo na análise daformação e das contradições do referido regime, bem como nos avanços e recuosdo desenvolvimento das atividades nucleares no Brasil. Concluímos que durante todo lapso temporal examinado a política externa do paísteve como elemento de permanência o que cunhamos de adesão resistida , consistente na tentativa de conduzir a evolução do regime de forma a garantir espaços de autonomia para a atuação do Brasil na área nuclear, evitando assumir maiores encargos para o país, em particular em face dos instrumentos de não-proliferação, ainda que por vezes apenas por meio de ações simbólicas. Essa diretriz foi mantida durante o governo Lula, tendo se intensificado durante seu segundo mandato, que coincide com um aparente interesse do país em fortalecer os projetos nucleares em seus diferentes aspectos. A despeito disso, nãonos é possível afirmar que há uma consonância entre os investimentos brasileiros na área nuclear (que oscilam no período estudado) e seu posicionamento perante o regime em exame

A questão das armas nucleares continua a figurar como um ponto central das Relações Internacionais Os esforços e ações concretas para o desarmamento, a não-proliferação e o controle das armas nucleares continuam sendo temas que geram tensões recorrentes entre os Estados. No entanto, no Brasil, são poucas as análises de caráter acadêmico acerca destes temas e, no que tange ao posicionamento corrente e prospectivo do Estado brasileiro no Regime de Não-Proliferação de Armas Nucleares, os estudos e análises são ainda mais escassos, ou incipientes. Tendo como objeto de estudo o Tratado sobre a Não-Proliferação de Armas Nucleares (TNP), o Regime dele decorrente e o processo de inserção do Estado brasileiro nesse Regime, a dissertação está estruturada em três eixos: o primeiro contempla o papel das armas nucleares na percepção de segurança dos Estados; o segundo abrange o TNP e o Regime dele decorrente; o terceiro analisa o processo de inserção do Estado brasileiro no Regime em pauta. Assim, em síntese, a pesquisa efetuada contemplou os motivos que levam os Estados à decisão de desenvolver armas nucleares; a gênese do TNP e a evolução da percepção do significado desse Tratado por parte dos Estados; bem como o processo e o grau de inserção do Brasil no Regime de Não-Proliferação de Armas Nucleares. A pesquisa efetuada buscou colocar o presente objeto de estudo no debate mais amplo das Relações Internacionais, tomando como base as abordagens consagradas da disciplina na questão do gerenciamento da segurança dos Estados, isto é, as duas abordagens que constituem o mainstream da disciplina, a perspectiva teórica liberal (e suas variantes neoliberais) e o pensamento realista (e neo-realista). Dessa forma, as conclusões obtidas valeram-se de lentes teóricas distintas, porém necessárias para a compreensão das partes específicas de um conjunto complexo e das conexões causais entre essas partes. / The issue of nuclear weapons continues to appear as a focal point of International Relations. The efforts and concrete actions on disarmament, non-proliferation, and nuclear arms control are still issues that generate recurring tensions between States. However, in Brazil, there is little analysis of an academic nature about these issues and, with respect to current and prospective position of the Brazilian State in the Nuclear Weapons Non-Proliferation Regime, studies and analysis are even more scarce, or incipient. The present dissertation has as its object of study to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), the Regime arisen from NPT, and the Brazilian State insertion process in this Regime. Therefore our research work is structured in three areas: the first one is about the role of nuclear weapons in States security perception, the second is about NPT and its Regime, the third runs over the insertion of the Brazilian state in this regime. So, in summary, the research performed included the reasons that make a State to develop nuclear weapons, the NPT genesis and evolution of the perception of the meaning of that Treaty by the States, and the process and the degree of insertion of Brazil in the Nuclear Weapons Non-Proliferation Regime. The inquiry sought to place this object of study in the broader debate on Foreign Relations, based on the approaches of the discipline devoted to the question of managing the security of States, id est, the two approaches that constitute the mainstream of the discipline: the perspective theoretical liberal (and neoliberal variants) and realistic thinking (and neo-realist). Thus, we have used different theoretical lenses, which we think necessary for understanding the specific parts and causal connections between these parts of a complex issue.

A questão das armas nucleares continua a figurar como um ponto central das Relações Internacionais Os esforços e ações concretas para o desarmamento, a não-proliferação e o controle das armas nucleares continuam sendo temas que geram tensões recorrentes entre os Estados. No entanto, no Brasil, são poucas as análises de caráter acadêmico acerca destes temas e, no que tange ao posicionamento corrente e prospectivo do Estado brasileiro no Regime de Não-Proliferação de Armas Nucleares, os estudos e análises são ainda mais escassos, ou incipientes. Tendo como objeto de estudo o Tratado sobre a Não-Proliferação de Armas Nucleares (TNP), o Regime dele decorrente e o processo de inserção do Estado brasileiro nesse Regime, a dissertação está estruturada em três eixos: o primeiro contempla o papel das armas nucleares na percepção de segurança dos Estados; o segundo abrange o TNP e o Regime dele decorrente; o terceiro analisa o processo de inserção do Estado brasileiro no Regime em pauta. Assim, em síntese, a pesquisa efetuada contemplou os motivos que levam os Estados à decisão de desenvolver armas nucleares; a gênese do TNP e a evolução da percepção do significado desse Tratado por parte dos Estados; bem como o processo e o grau de inserção do Brasil no Regime de Não-Proliferação de Armas Nucleares. A pesquisa efetuada buscou colocar o presente objeto de estudo no debate mais amplo das Relações Internacionais, tomando como base as abordagens consagradas da disciplina na questão do gerenciamento da segurança dos Estados, isto é, as duas abordagens que constituem o mainstream da disciplina, a perspectiva teórica liberal (e suas variantes neoliberais) e o pensamento realista (e neo-realista). Dessa forma, as conclusões obtidas valeram-se de lentes teóricas distintas, porém necessárias para a compreensão das partes específicas de um conjunto complexo e das conexões causais entre essas partes. / The issue of nuclear weapons continues to appear as a focal point of International Relations. The efforts and concrete actions on disarmament, non-proliferation, and nuclear arms control are still issues that generate recurring tensions between States. However, in Brazil, there is little analysis of an academic nature about these issues and, with respect to current and prospective position of the Brazilian State in the Nuclear Weapons Non-Proliferation Regime, studies and analysis are even more scarce, or incipient. The present dissertation has as its object of study to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), the Regime arisen from NPT, and the Brazilian State insertion process in this Regime. Therefore our research work is structured in three areas: the first one is about the role of nuclear weapons in States security perception, the second is about NPT and its Regime, the third runs over the insertion of the Brazilian state in this regime. So, in summary, the research performed included the reasons that make a State to develop nuclear weapons, the NPT genesis and evolution of the perception of the meaning of that Treaty by the States, and the process and the degree of insertion of Brazil in the Nuclear Weapons Non-Proliferation Regime. The inquiry sought to place this object of study in the broader debate on Foreign Relations, based on the approaches of the discipline devoted to the question of managing the security of States, id est, the two approaches that constitute the mainstream of the discipline: the perspective theoretical liberal (and neoliberal variants) and realistic thinking (and neo-realist). Thus, we have used different theoretical lenses, which we think necessary for understanding the specific parts and causal connections between these parts of a complex issue.