Aucun

Tato diplomová práce se zabývá popisem řiditelnosti specifického robotického hada, který se nazývá trident snake robot. Tento robot je řazen mezi neholonomní systémy. Model je převeden do jazyka diferenciální geometrie a řízen pomocí vektorových polí a operace na nich zavedené (Lieova závorka). Je také uvažována aproximace řídicí distribuce. Dále jsou formulovány pohyby hada ve směru vektorových polí a jejich kombinace, které zajišťují základní pohyby v prostoru (rotace a translace). Tyto pohyby jsou na závěr simulovány v prostředí V-REP.

As already clear from the title, this dissertation deals with autonomous locomotive robot path planning, based on machine learning. Robot path planning task is to find a path from initial to target position without collision with obstacles so that the cost of the path is minimized. Autonomous robot is such a machine which is able to perform tasks completely independently even in environments with dynamic changes. Path planning in dynamic partially known environment is a difficult problem. Autonomous robot ability to adapt its behavior to changes in the environment can be ensured by using machine learning methods. In the field of path planning the mostly used methods of machine learning are case based reasoning, neural networks, reinforcement learning, swarm intelligence and genetic algorithms. The first part of this thesis introduces the current state of research in the field of path planning. Overview of methods is focused on basic omnidirectional robots and robots with differential constraints. In the thesis, several methods of path planning for omnidirectional robot and robot with differential constraints are proposed. These methods are mainly based on case-based reasoning and genetic algorithms. All proposed methods were implemented in simulation applications. Results of experiments carried out in these applications are part of this work. For each experiment, the results are analyzed. The experiments show that the proposed methods are able to compete with commonly used methods, because they perform better in most cases.

This thesis presents model-based adaptive motion control algorithms for under-actuated aerial robotic manipulators combining a conventional multi-rotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and a multi-link serial robotic arm. The resulting control problem is quite challenging due to the complexity of the combined system dynamics, under-actuation, and possible kinematic redundancy. The under-actuation imposes second-order nonholonomic constraints on the system motion and prevents independent control of all system degrees of freedom (DOFs). Desired reference trajectories can only be provided for a selected group of independent DOFs, whereas the references for the remaining DOFs must be determined such that they are consistent with the motion constraints. This restriction prevents the application of common model-based control methods to the problem of this thesis. Using insights from the system under-actuated dynamics, four motion control strategies are proposed which allow for semi-autonomous and fully-autonomous operation. The control algorithm is fully developed and presented for two of these strategies; its development for the other two configurations follows similar steps and hence is omitted from the thesis. The proposed controllers incorporate the combined dynamics of the UAV base and the serial arm, and properly account for the two degrees of under-actuation in the plane of the propellers. The algorithms develop and employ the second-order nonholonomic constraints to numerically determine motion references for the dependent DOFs which are consistent with the motion constraints. This is a unique feature of the motion control algorithms in this thesis which sets them apart from all other prior work in the literature of UAVmanipulators. The control developments follow the so-called method of virtual decomposition, which by employing a Newtonian formulation of the UAV-Manipulator dynamics, sidesteps the complexities associated with the derivation and parametrization of a lumped Lagrangian dynamics model. The algorithms are guaranteed to produce feasible control commands as the constraints associated with the under-actuation are explicitly considered in the control calculations. A method is proposed to handle possible kinematic redundancy in the presence of second-order motion constraints. The control design is also extended to include the propeller dynamics, for cases that such dynamics may significantly impact the system response. A Lyapunov analysis demonstrates the stability of the overall system and the convergence of the motion tracking errors. Experimental results with an octo-copter integrated with a 3 DOF robotic manipulator show the effectiveness of the proposed control strategies. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Notre motivation est de comprendre la locomotion humaine pour un meilleur contrôle des systèmes virtuels (robots et mannequins). La locomotion humaine a été étudiée depuis longtemps dans des domaines différents. Nous considérons la locomotion comme le déplacement d’un repère attaché au corps humain (direction et orientation) au lieu de la trajectoire articulaire du corps complet. Notre approche est basée sur le fondement calculatoire de la locomotion humaine. Le but est de trouver un modèle qui explique la forme de la locomotion humaine dans l’espace. Pour ce faire, nous étudions tout d’abord le comportement des trajectoires au sol pendant la locomotion intentionnelle. Quand un humain marche, il met un pied devant l’autre et par conséquence, l’orientation du corps suit la direction tangente de la trajectoire. C’est ce qu’on appelle l’hypothèse de comportement nonholonome. Cependant, dans le cas d’un pas de côté, l’orientation du corps n’est plus semblable à la direction de trajectoire, et l’hypothèse n’est plus valable. Le comportement de la locomotion devient holonome. Le but de la thèse est de distinguer ces deux comportements et de les exploiter en neuroscience, robotique et animation graphique. La première partie de la thèse présente une étude qui permet de déterminer des configurations de comportement holonome par un protocole expérimental et par une fonction qui segmente les comportements nonholonomes et holonomes d’une trajectoire. Dans la deuxième partie, nous établissons un modèle unifiant comportements nonholonomes et holonomes. Ce modèle combine trois vitesses générant la locomotion humaine : tangentielle, angulaire et latérale. Par une approche de commande optimale inverse nous proposons une fonction multi-objectifs qui optimise des trajectoires calculées pour les rendre proches des trajectoires humaines naturelles. La dernière partie est l’application qui utilise les deux comportements pour synthétiser des locomotions humaines dans un environnement d’animation graphique. Chaque locomotion est caractérisée par trois vitesses et est donc considérée comme un point dans l’espace de commande 3D (de trois vitesses). Nous avons collecté une librairie qui contient des locomotions de vitesses différentes – des points dans l’espace 3D. Ces points sont structurés en un nuage de tétraèdres. Quand une vitesse désirée est donnée, elle est projetée dans l’espace 3D et on trouve le tétraèdre qui la contient. La nouvelle animation est interpolée par quatre locomotions correspondant aux quatre sommets du tétraèdre. On expose plusieurs scénarios d’animations sur un personnage virtuel. / Our motivation is to understand human locomotion to better control locomotion of virtual systems (robots and mannequins). Human locomotion has been studied so far in different disciplines. We consider locomotion as the level of a body frame (in direction and orientation) instead of the complexity of many kinematic joints systems as other approaches. Our approach concentrates on the computational foundation of human locomotion. The ultimate goal is to find a model that explains the shape of human locomotion in space. To do that, we first base on the behavior of trajectories on the ground during intentional locomotion. When human walk, they put one foot in front of the other and consequently, the direction of motion is deduced by the body orientation. That’s what we called the nonholonomic behavior hypothesis. However, in the case of a sideward step, the body orientation is not coupled to the tangential direction of the trajectory, and the hypothesis is no longer validated. The behavior of locomotion becomes holonomic. The aim of this thesis is to distinguish these two behaviors and to exploit them in neuroscience, robotics and computer animation. The first part of the thesis is to determine the configurations of the holonomic behavior by an experimental protocol and an original analytical tool segmenting the nonholonomic and holonomic behaviors of any trajectory. In the second part, we present a model unifying nonholonomic and holonomic behaviors. This model combines three velocities generating human locomotion: forward, angular and lateral. The experimental data in the first part are used in an inverse optimal control approach to find a multi-objective function which produces calculated trajectories as those of natural human locomotion. The last part is the application that uses the two behaviors to synthesize human locomotion in computer animation. Each locomotion is characterized by three velocities and is therefore considered as a point in 3D control space (of three speeds). We collected a library that contains locomotions at different velocities - points in 3D space. These points are structured in a tetrahedra cloud. When a desired speed is given, it is projected into the 3D space and we find the corresponding tetrahedron that contains it. The new animation is interpolated by four locomotions corresponding to four vertices of the selected tetrahedron. We exhibit several animation scenarios on a virtual character.

In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the interest for snake like modular robots due to their superior locomotion capabilities in terms of versatility, adaptability and scalability. Passive wheeled planar snake like robots are a major category and they are being actively researched. Due to the nonholonomic constraints imposed on them, certain configurations lead to the singularity which must be avoided at all costs. Furthermore, it is vital to generate a locomotion pattern such that they can track a wide range of trajectories. All of these objectives must be accomplished smoothly and in an energy efficient manner. Studies indicate that meeting all of these requirements is a challenging problem. In this study, a novel form of the serpenoid curve is proposed in order to make the robot track arbitrary paths. A controller has been designed using the feedback linearization method. Afterwards, a new performance measure, considering both the efficiency and sustainability of the locomotion, has been proposed to evaluate the locomotion. Optimal parameters for the proposed serpenoid curve and the linear controller have been determined for efficient locomotion by running series of simulations. Relations between the locomotion performance, locomotion speed and eigenvalues of the linear controller have been demonstrated. Simulation results show striking differences between the locomotion by using the proposed serpenoid curve with optimal parameters and the locomotion by purely tracking a given path. Obtained results also indicate that the aforementioned requirements are met successfully and confirm the validity and consistency of the proposed performance measure.

The recent technological advances in the field of autonomous vehicles have resulted in a growing impetus for researchers to improve the current framework of mission planning and execution within both the military and civilian contexts. Many recent efforts towards this direction emphasize the importance of replacing the so-called monolithic paradigm, where a mission is planned, monitored, and controlled by a unique global decision maker, with a network centric paradigm, where the same mission related tasks are performed by networks of interacting decision makers (autonomous vehicles). The interest in applications involving teams of autonomous vehicles is expected to significantly grow in the near future as new paradigms for their use are constantly being proposed for a diverse spectrum of real world applications. One promising approach to extend available techniques for addressing problems involving a single autonomous vehicle to those involving teams of autonomous vehicles is to use the concept of Voronoi diagram as a means for reducing the complexity of the multi-vehicle problem. In particular, the Voronoi diagram provides a spatial partition of the environment the team of vehicles operate in, where each element of this partition is associated with a unique vehicle from the team. The partition induces, in turn, a graph abstraction of the operating space that is in a one-to-one correspondence with the network abstraction of the team of autonomous vehicles; a fact that can provide both conceptual and analytical advantages during mission planning and execution. In this dissertation, we propose the use of a new class of Voronoi-like partitioning schemes with respect to state-dependent proximity (pseudo-) metrics rather than the Euclidean distance or other generalized distance functions, which are typically used in the literature. An important nuance here is that, in contrast to the Euclidean distance, state-dependent metrics can succinctly capture system theoretic features of each vehicle from the team (e.g., vehicle kinematics), as well as the environment-vehicle interactions, which are induced, for example, by local winds/currents. We subsequently illustrate how the proposed concept of state-dependent Voronoi-like partition can induce local control schemes for problems involving networks of spatially distributed autonomous vehicles by examining different application scenarios.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:54:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SamaherniMD_TESE.pdf: 1906280 bytes, checksum: 4c045dfdea855b9b5837f362598733e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-01 / This thesis presents a new structure of robust adaptive controller applied to mobile robots (surface mobile robot) with nonholonomic constraints. It acts in the dynamics and kinematics of the robot, and it is split in two distinct parts. The first part controls the robot dynamics, using variable structure model reference adaptive controllers. The second part controls the robot kinematics, using a position controller, whose objective is to make the robot to reach any point in the cartesian plan. The kinematic controller is based only on information about the robot configuration. A decoupling method is adopted to transform the linear model of the mobile robot, a multiple-input multiple-output system, into two decoupled single-input single-output systems, thus reducing the complexity of designing the controller for the mobile robot. After that, a variable structure model reference adaptive controller is applied to each one of the resulting systems. One of such controllers will be responsible for the robot position and the other for the leading angle, using reference signals generated by the position controller. To validate the proposed structure, some simulated and experimental results using differential drive mobile robots of a robot soccer kit are presented. The simulator uses the main characteristics of real physical system as noise and non-linearities such as deadzone and saturation. The experimental results were obtained through an C++ program applied to the robot soccer kit of Microrobot team at the LACI/UFRN. The simulated and experimental results are presented and discussed at the end of the text / Esta tese apresenta o desenvolvimento de uma nova estrutura de controlador adaptativo robusto aplicado a sistemas rob?ticos m?veis com rodas (rob? m?vel de superf?cie) e restri??es n?o-holon?micas de movimento. Este controlador atua tanto na din?mica como na cinem?tica do rob?, e pode ser dividido em duas partes distintas. A primeira parte controla a din?mica, atrav?s da utiliza??o de controladores adaptativos por modelo de refer?ncia e estrutura vari?vel. A segunda parte controla a cinem?tica do rob? atrav?s de um controlador de posi??o, cujo objetivo ? fazer com que o rob? seja capaz de atingir um ponto qualquer no plano cartesiano, sendo que este controlador cinem?tico ? baseado apenas em informa??es da configura??o do rob?. O trabalho aplica um m?todo de desacoplamento para transformar o modelo linear do rob? m?vel, que ? um sistema com m?ltiplas entradas e m?ltiplas sa?das, em dois sistemas desacoplados com apenas uma entrada e uma sa?da cada um, para reduzir a complexidade do projeto do controlador. Em seguida, aplica-se um controlador adaptativo por modelo de refer?ncia e estrutura vari?vel a cada um dos sistemas resultantes. Um controlador ser? respons?vel pelo posicionamento e o outro pela orienta??o do rob?, sendo que estes controladores utilizam como refer?ncias sinais provenientes do controlador cinem?tico de posi??o. Para comprovar o funcionamento da estrutura proposta, obteve-se resultados simulados e experimentais para o rob? m?vel com acionamento diferencial de um kit de futebol de rob?s. O simulador possui as principais caracter?sticas do sistema f?sico real, dentre as quais podem-se destacar os ru?dos de entradas e as n?o-linearidades como zona morta e satura??o. Os resultados experimentais foram obtidos atrav?s de um programa desenvolvido em C++ e aplicado a um kit de futebol de rob?s da empresa Microrobot no Laborat?rio de Acionamento, Controle e Instrumenta??o da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (LACI/UFRN). Os resultados simulados e experimentais s?o apresentados e discutidos ao final da tese

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:56:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DiogoPFP.pdf: 929475 bytes, checksum: cfb18a5bf43c92f6830aa123446e6f33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-08-31 / The main task and one of the major mobile robotics problems is its navigation process. Conceptualy, this process means drive the robot from an initial position and orientation to a goal position and orientation, along an admissible path respecting the temporal and velocity constraints. This task must be accomplished by some subtasks like robot localization in the workspace, admissible path planning, trajectory generation and motion control. Moreover, autonomous wheeled mobile robots have kinematics constraints, also called nonholonomic constraints, that impose the robot can not move everywhere freely in its workspace, reducing the number of feasible paths between two distinct positions. This work mainly approaches the path planning and trajectory generation problems applied to wheeled mobile robots acting on a robot soccer environment. The major dificulty in this process is to find a smooth function that respects the imposed robot kinematic constraints. This work proposes a path generation strategy based on parametric polynomials of third degree for the 'x' and 'y' axis. The 'theta' orientation is derived from the 'y' and 'x' relations in such a way that the generated path respects the kinematic constraint. To execute the trajectory, this work also shows a simple control strategy acting on the robot linear and angular velocities / Um dos maiores problemas em rob?tica m?vel diz respeito ? sua navega??o. Conceitualmente, o ato de navegar em rob?tica consiste em guiar um rob? em um espa?o de trabalho durante um determinado intervalo de tempo, por um caminho que possa ser percorrido e que leve o rob? de uma posi??o e orienta??o iniciais para uma posi??o e orienta??o finais. Esta ? a principal tarefa que um rob? m?vel deve executar. Ela implica em subproblemas que s?o a localiza??o do rob? no espa?o de trabalho, o planejamento de um caminho admiss?vel, a gera??o de uma trajet?ria e, por fim, a sua execu??o. Al?m disso, rob?s m?veis aut?nomos com rodas possuem restri??es cinem?ticas, chamadas tamb?m de restri??es n?o-holon?micas, que fazem com que o rob? n?o possa se mover livremente em seu espa?o de trabalho, limitando a quantidade de caminhos admiss?veis entre duas posi??es distintas. Este trabalho aborda principalmente os subproblemas do planejamento de caminho e gera??o de trajet?ria aplicado a minirrob?s m?veis com rodas que atuam em um projeto de futebol de rob?s. O maior desafio para a navega??o destes ve?culos ? determinar uma fun??o cont?nua que respeite suas restri??es cinem?ticas e evolua no tempo segundo as restri??es impostas pelo problema quanto ? posi??o e orienta??o iniciais e finais e quanto ? velocidade do movimento. Prop?e-se uma estrat?gia de gera??o de caminho baseada em polin?mios param?tricos de terceiro grau em 'x' e 'y'. A orienta??o 'theta' do minirrob? ? obtida da rela??o entre 'y' e 'x' de modo que os caminhos gerados respeitem a restri??o cinem?tica imposta. Para que a trajet?ria seja executada e os resultados experimentais validados ? apresentada uma estrat?gia simples de controle que atua sobre as velocidades linear e angular desenvolvidas pelo rob? m?vel

Tato diplomová práce se zabývá popisem kinematického modelu řízení neholonomního mechanismu, konkrétně robotického hada. Model je zkoumán prostředky diferenciální geometrie. Dále je odvozena jeho nilpotentní aproximace. Lokální říditelnost je zjištěna pomocí dimenze Lieovy algebry generované řídícími vektorovými poli a jejich Lieovými závorkami. V závěru jsou navrženy dva jednoduché řídící algoritmy, jeden pro globální a druhý pro lokální řízení, a poté následuje srovnání jednotlivých modelů.