Thesis (Ph. D.)--Columbia University, 1938. / Vita. Thesis note on verso of half-title. Published also without thesis note. Bibliography: p. [243]-254.

The Taglu is introduced as a new member of the Reindeer Formation. Its type section is in the Taglu G-33 well and its age is Eocene. This member conformably overlies the Aklak Member and underlies the "Un-named shale" or the "Kugmallit" member. The thickness of the Taglu varies from well to well but in the type section it is 800 ft. (268 m). Correlation of the Taglu Member is difficult due to facies changes, similarity in composition of successive facies, faulting, and the absence of marker beds or diagnostic fauna. Correlation, however, was accomplished through seismic interpretation, sedimentary megacycles, trace elements, biology, gamma-ray logs and logic. The Taglu Member was deposited under cool but occasionally warm temperate climatic conditions and is composed of two main deltaic sequences, each represented by a regressive phase overlain by a transgressive phase. Each sequence includes environments such as prodelta, delta front, distributary mouth bars, marshes and swamps, and finally distributary channels on top. The depositional basin during accumulation was undergoing moderate subsidence and receiving a high influx of sediments. Both the Richardson Mountains and the Eskimo Lakes Arch supplied, at least in part, the Taglu sediments. Occasional presence of volcanic rock fragments may indicate a third source, possibly well to the south. Based on its composition, the Taglu sandstone can be classified as quartz arenite and sublitharenite. It consists of quartz, chert, feldspar, mica, rock fragments, woody herbaceous matter, and cementing material. The cementing material includes non-ferroan calcite, ferroan and non-ferroan dolomite, siderite, silica and authigenic clay minerals. The cement, which is mainly controlled by the environment of deposition, is eodiagenetic and in places mesodiagenetic.

This thesis work was directed at aspects of two related problems: (1) sediment compaction and fluid expulsion processes in a subduction margin accretionary prism, and (2) the nature and concentration of gas hydrates that form bottom-simulating reflectors (BSRs) observed in the accretionary prism sediments of the northern Cascadia margin. The formation of the gas hydrate and the occurrence of BSRs in the study area are believed to be mainly a consequence of upward fluid expulsion in the accretionary prism. Therefore, the two study objectives are closely correlated. Most of this thesis work was carried out analyzing multichannel seismic data and incorporating available information including downhole and other geophysical measurements. Seismic techniques, such as velocity analysis, forward modelling, and waveform velocity inversion, were used in analyzing the data to advance our understanding of the tectonic and geophysical processes in a dynamic accretionary prism environment. The velocity structure and the inferred porosity variations across the frontal region of the accretionary prism have been quantitatively assessed by a detailed seismic velocity analysis. Within the Cascadia basin sediments approaching the deformation front, and within the frontal thrust zone of the accretionary prism, seismic velocities increase landward as a result of sediment consolidation. An important conclusion is that more than one third of the pore fluid content of the incoming sediment is lost by the time they are incorporated into the accretionary prism. In the lower slope region of the deformation front, a pronounced velocity decrease is evident. This low-velocity zone is explained by underconsolidation resulting from rapid horizontal shortening and vertical thickening of the sediment column, accommodated by displacements along thrust faults or by distributed deformation. A prominent BSR becomes visible immediately landward of the deformation front in the accreted sediment, and is developed over much of the low-to-mid continental slope. The upward pore-fluid migration is believed to play an important role in the formation of a gas hydrate BSR. From the estimated fluid loss of 35% over the 3-km-thick Cascadia Basin sediments with an average sediment porosity of 30%, the quantity of the expelled fluid reaches 315 m3/m2 over a distance of 12 km before the basin sediments are incorporated into the accretionary prism. Assuming that 100 mmol/L of methane is removed from the expelled fluid as it moves into the hydrate stability field, a 90-m-thick layer with an average hydrate saturation of 10% of the pore space can be formed by the rising fluids. A velocity-depth function in the lower slope region, representing a no-hydrate/no-gas reference profile, has been established from the detailed semblance velocity analyses and the ODP log data. The observed and measured sediment velocities near the ODP drill sites increase downward more rapidly than the reference profile above the BSR. Based on the reference profile, the velocity inversion results imply that the velocity increase due to hydrate above the BSR accounts for ~2/3 of the impedance contrast required to produce the BSR reflection amplitudes. The remainder of the impedance contrast appears to come from the velocity decrease associated with small concentrations of free gas below the BSR. The integrated analysis of the multichannel seismic and ODP downhole velocity data has allowed the velocity enhancement associated with the formation and concentration of gas hydrate to be estimated. If the BSR is overlain by a 100 m zone of sediment with a mean porosity of 50% in which the hydrate saturation increases linearly from zero at the top of the zone to 20% at the BSR, the estimated hydrate concentration-depth profiles indicate a total hydrate amount of about 5 m3/m2 of ocean floor or methane amount of 820 m3/m2 at STP. Throughout the Vancouver Island continental margin, where the clear BSR have been observed in an area of 30x200 km, the total methane gas estimated can amount to about 175 Tcf (trillion cubic feet) or 2.6 Gt of carbon. / Graduate

This Master’s research program was undertaken as part of the Hakai Ancient Landscapes Archaeology Project in Heiltsuk and Wuikinuxv Territories on the Central Pacific Coast of British Columbia (BC), Canada. The project tested the utility of applying vibracore technology to sample a shell midden site on Hecate Island on the BC Central Coast. This revealed that the earliest archaeological occupation began approximately 6,000 years ago, continuing into the 16th Century AD. Analysis using 21 radiocarbon dates from six core samples shows the site was repeatedly occupied and accumulated consistently throughout the tested area and extended to a depth of 544 cm depth below surface. Sampled sediments were utilized to evaluate evidence of fisheries resource management through time with reference to the nearby, intensively-studied archaeological site Namu (ElSx-1). Zooarchaeological results show the herring (Clupea pallasii), salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), rockfish (Sebastes spp.) and greenling (Hexagrammos spp.) were fished persistently and in similar abundances through the occupation of the site. Overall results for vertebrate fauna reveal the total number of specimens is 19,173 and the total number of identified specimens is 6,566. Results also show a consistent harvest of certain shellfish taxa (e.g., mussel and barnacle), however shellfish weight per litre increases through time. When comparing the relative abundance of herring and salmon through time at Namu and EjTa-13, results show that salmon at Namu was more abundant than at EjTa-13. This is likely due to the productivity of salmon in the Namu River adjacent to the site. Alternatively, herring remains were represented similarly between sites indicating the resource was equally desirable at EjTa-13 and Namu. Surprisingly, a large number of very small artifacts of various materials were also recovered (an estimated 550 artifacts per cubic metre of cultural sediments), which indicates that the field and laboratory methods used are especially conducive to the recovery of small items. These results show a persistent and sustainable local fishery through six millennia until the contact period. / Graduate / 2018-12-15

A study of Precambrian sedimentary rocks belonging to Division three of the Yellowknife group has been made. Samples for this study were obtained from an area 2 miles north of the northeast arm of Russel Lake near the granite contact. The rocks are greywacke, arkose and phyllite that have suffered low grade regional metamorphism. Shear zones that parallel the strike of the sediments have provided channelways for mineralizing solutions so that these zones now constitute mineral deposits important for their gold content. The shear zones contain, in addition to quartz and sulphides, an intergrowth of grunerite and hornblende similar to that found in the iron-bearing district of Lake Superior. This amphibole intergrowth is particularly well developed in an assemblage of thinly banded sediments containing a narrow (about 4") iron formation. Although Almandite garnet is found to a small extent in the shear zones, it is the characteristic wall rock alteration of these zones. An attempt has been made to show that the elongated "quartz pebbles” which occur in the shear zones, are of hydrothermal origin. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

If the psychiatrist's belief that childhood determines adult behaviour is true, then historians should be able to ascertain much about the fabric of past cultures by examining the way in which children were raised. Indeed, it may be argued that the roots of new cultures are to be found in the growing up experiences of the first generation. Such is the premise adopted in this thesis, which explores the emergence of the Metis in the Pacific Northwest by tracing the lives of fur trade youngsters from childbirth to old age. Specifically, the study focuses on the children at Fort Vancouver, the Hudson's Bay Company headguarters for the region, during the first half of the nineteenth century — a period of rapid social change. While breaking new ground in childhood history, the thesis also provides a social history of fur trade society west of the Rocky Mountains. Central to the study is the conviction that the fur trade constituted a viable culture. While the parents in this culture came from a wide variety of ethnic backgrounds, their mixed-blood youngsters were raised in the 'wilderness' of Oregon in a fusion of fur trade capitalism, Euro-American ideology and native values — a milieu which forged and shaped their identities. This thesis advances the interpretation that, despite much variation in the children's growing up experience, most fur trade youngsters' lives were conditioned and contoured by the persistent and sometimes contrary forces of race, class and gender. In large measure, the interplay of these forces denoted much about the children's roles as adults. Rather than making them victims of 'higher civilization,' however, the education of fur trade children allowed them access to both native and white communities. Only a few were 'marginalized'. The majority eventually became members of the dominant culture, while a few consciously rejected the white experience in favour of native lifestyles. / Arts, Faculty of / Philosophy, Department of / Graduate

Northwest Coast gambling paraphernalia are found in many museums and are usually accompanied by very meagre catalogue entries. The Accumulation of a number of sources pertaining to this category of material culture was therefore seen as a worthwhile task. Even a superficial examination of these gambling implements suggests that they were associated, with a very popular and possibly important activity, at least prior to European contact. This paper is an attempt to construct a profile of gambling on the Northwest Coast and to assess its importance in the culture. Three main sources of data were drawn upon for this purpose: (1) the material culture itself and the associated records located in museums; (2) the published ethnographic literature; and (3) the published myths. From these sources the analysis yielded a number of conclusions. The first is that gambling was a very popular activity. Secondly, a large degree of homogeneity can be seen to have existed in the areas considered. With a few exceptions, basically similar games of chance were played throughout the entire area, areal differences being quantitative rather than qualitative. A similar pattern is seen in the themes of gambling stated in the myths: there are a few main themes, but details differ from place to place. A third conclusion is that gambling usually involved very high stakes; and a fourth is that losing much was considered shameful, especially when a gambler lost other people's property. A fifth conclusion, supported by the data, is that serious gambling for high stakes was considered strictly a man's activity. A sixth conclusion is that cheating was common, expected, and accepted as part of the play as long as it was not discovered. The seventh conclusion is that the data stress the link between the supernatural and games of chance. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

The intent of this study is to describe and analyze the interrelations of vegetation and environment in the east-central sector of the Mackenzie River Delta, Northwest Territories. It traces the sequence and function of the allogenic events which create varying habitat systems and determines whether environmental modification, once initiated on terra nova is directional - in either a physical or floristic expression. In determining the sequence and influence of physical environmental factors, the following parameters were measured, employing standard instruments and field investigation techniques: micro-relief; depth, areal extent, and duration of flooding; thickness, areal extent, and particle-size distribution of annual deposits of alluvium; magnitude and significance of erosion; patterns of microclimatic variation (including air temperature and humidity, evaporativity, precipitation, wind speed, solar radiation, and net radiation); lake and channel temperatures; soil pH, moisture (hygrotope class), and temperature; development of varying active layer depths; and freezeback of the active layer. To analyze the vegetation of the study area, the phytosociologic methods of the Braun- Blanquet (Zurich-Montpellier) school were applied. Nine seral associations and the climax ecosystem were studied; each was fitted into a successional category. Plant succession was analyzed by reconstructing the course of vegetative development from pioneer to climax community with the aid of successional transects. Results of this study indicate that environmental and floristic changes in the Mackenzie Delta are directional - that given the formation of new ground, such as on the slipoff slope of a shifting channel, ecologic variation will follow a predictable direction. As the seral sequence advances, autogenic influences become dominant over the allogenic initiators until in the climax association, relatively steady-state conditions of environment and vegetation are attained. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

The Pangnirtung Tourism Program was initiated by the Government of the Northwest Territories as a pilot study in northern community based tourism in Pangnirtung, Baffin Island, in 1981. This thesis is a case study documentation and evaluation of that program. Its focus is to examine the program from the perspective of its participants, which include the residents of Pangnirtung, and planners, tourism representatives, consultants and government officials that have been involved with the program. The thesis identifies what the program's objectives are, what the program's strengths and weaknesses are in achieving its objectives, and how it could have been improved to better meet local community development goals. Documentation methods included an extensive literature search, personal interviews with 101 program participants, and a one-month stay in Pangnirtung. The Pangnirtung Tourism Program was initiated with the following main objectives: a) to set up a test case and demonstration project in northern tourism that could be learned from; b) to strengthen and diversify the economy in Pangnirtung; c) to encourage development that fit in with local lifestyles and social goals; and d) to contribute to capacity building in local community development. During the program's planning phase, community consultation was held, a local Tourism Committee was formed, and a consultants' report outlining a five-year strategy was produced. During implementation, the Tourism Committee has taken the lead in managing the program. Development programs have included: trail construction, historic sites development, a visitors' centre, host programs, cultural programs, outfitter training, local purchase of the hotel, and Committee organization. Since the program started, tourism visitation has increased, the industry is more controlled by locals, and there are more tourism activities in the community. As a test case, the program pioneered a new method of tourism development in the north, and much has been learned. No formal monitoring has been done, however, and this has limited its value as a tourism research and demonstration tool. The program has also created jobs and increased incomes in the community, however, most new jobs and income have been in the public sector. Therefore, it is questionable whether the program has served to decrease or increase dependency on government. The lack of documented data makes it impossible to do a detailed economic analysis. With rapidly increasing visitation and changing public expenditures, the economic impacts of the program should be closely monitored in the future. The program has also fitted in reasonably well with local lifestyles, and its cultural projects have contributed to local social programs. Minor disruptions of lifestyles and culture were documented, however, and these may well increase with increased visitation. The program should be monitored in the future to identify and mitigate potential social problems. The program also contributed, in a limited way, to capacity building in community development. Through involvement in businesses and the Tourism Committee, local people have controlled the direction of the program and have started building skills in business and program management. A lack of business awareness and management skills is still a major problem in the community, however, and increased training and organizational development to build this capacity should be given a priority. In conclusion, the program has been successful in achieving many of its objectives, and provides many lessons for tourism development in the north. By emphasizing local control, involvement and management, tourism has been developed with the participation of local people for the benefit of local people. By pioneering and demonstrating this approach in one Inuit community, the Pangnirtung Tourism Program has contributed significantly to facilitating community based tourism development in the north. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Palynological and maturation data are combined to reconstruct the burial and thermal history of three oil wells in the Beaufort-Mackenzie Basin. From south to north, the three wells are Netserk F-40, Tarsuit A-25, and Orviiruk 0-03. Each well was examined palynologically and zoned based on species ranges of pollen, spores, fungi, and algal cysts. Using local extinction events of zonally diagnostic species to define the tops of intervals, seven informal palynozones are presented: Laevigatosporites (Pleistocene); ChenopodipoJlis (Pliocene to early Pleistocene); Ericipites (middle to late Miocene); Selenopemphix-1 (middle to late Oligocene); Integricorpus (early Oligocene); Araliaceoipollenites (late Eocene to early Oligocene); Pistillipollenites (middle Eocene). Correlations within the basin indicate that the proposed zonation may be useful for local correlations. Correlations outside the basin indicate that the palynological assemblages from the Beaufort-Mackenzie Basin may not be as isolated and endemic as first thought. A high recovery of algal cysts is attributed to less harsh maceration techniques, and confirms a significant population of cysts from a region in which they were formerly believed to be relatively scarce. The palynology does not exhibit an increase in marine influence with decreasing proximity to the basin margin. Instead it shows a consistent, strong terrestrial influence throughout each well. The large terrestrial discharge from the Mackenzie River is interpreted to have masked the effect of basin proximity on the palynology of the area. The study wells are dominated by terrestrial Type III organic matter. Recycled and terrestrial inert material often make up over 95 % of the residues. These results support a terrestrial source for the offshore oils in the Beaufort -Mackenzie Basin. There is a small but consistent presence of potential oil-generating material throughout each well (amorphous and liptinite). The liptinite is largely composed of pollen grains, spores, and leaf cuticle. Algal cysts are present but less abundant. If the observed amounts of amorphous and liptinite material continue to some depth, where the required level of thermal maturation might be reached, these sediments could act as source rocks for hydrocarbons. The rare occurrence of resinite in the study wells questions the resinite source theory for the hydrocarbons in the basin The sediments in each of the three study wells are immature to total depth, and could not be the source of Tertiary oils in the Beaufort - Mackenzie Basin. The levels of maturity in the wells, and the low maturation gradient calculated for Netserk F-40 (0.07 Ro/km), suggest that thermal maturation will only be achieved at much greater depths. This is most likely due to rapid sedimentation rates in the basin during the Tertiary. By combining the zonations from Chapter 3 with the maturation data from Chapter 4, the burial and thermal history of each study well is reconstructed. Using a modified version of Lopatin's method, paleo-geothermal gradients are calculated for each well. In each case, the gradient that best accountes for the measured maturities is 15 °C/km. The calculated gradient is approximately 1/2 to 1/3 of the present geothermal gradients for the wells. The gradient is in agreement with those previously calculated from similar basins, and is considered responsible for the failure of any of the study wells to encounter effective source rocks. Source rocks of Tertiary oils in the Beaufort-Mackenzie Basin will only exist at greater depths than those encountered in this study. Prospective targets may therefore be located adjacent to sites where vertical migration of hydrocarbons is likely, such as steeply-dipping faults. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate