While ground stone tools represent diverse activities, the technology is analyzed at a coarse level in the Pacific Northwest. Conducting more detailed analyses of ground stone assemblages can inform on regional Indigenous raw material knowledge, resource use, and tool manufacturing and maintenance practices. In this thesis I addressed questions regarding ground stone technology, including manufacturing time investments, tool recycling, and how ground stone tools were used through the application of experimental tool replication, use studies, and in depth analyses. I replicated tools that are common in the region, including a banded and notched net weight, a maul, two bowls, and a pestle. The replicated tools were all produced with raw materials collected from nearby sources and all ground stone tools were manufactured with cobble choppers. I conducted use wear studies in two phases to examine the impacts of processing both hard and soft materials using the replicated bowl and pestle. The tools underwent an in-depth analysis before and after manufacture and the use wear study to assess manufacturing and use wear attributes. The experimental replications and use study resulted in associating specific attributes with known activities and actions. These insights were then applied to the analysis of ground stone artifacts from the 35CO2 Rylander assemblage, a private artifact collection from a contact-period archaeological site located in the Lower Columbia. I was able to identify manufacturing and use wear attributes to further explore how the ground stone tools were manufactured, used, and maintained. Additionally, I demonstrated a strong relationship between raw material selection, time investment, and tool recycling in the region through the experimental studies and comparative analysis with the Rylander assemblage. Furthermore, this study highlights the need for more robust ground stone analysis standards. Analyses that include in-depth examination at the attribute level will help expand our understanding of ground stone tool technology. Employing standardized vocabulary, terminology, and referencing attributes in photomicrographs builds more comparable datasets, giving researchers valuable insights into skill level, specialization, and time investment associated with ground stone technology.

Graduation date: 1984

Heavy minerals can contain potentially economic amounts of metals as both matrix and trace constituents. Such minerals appear as unconsolidated black sands on the continental shelf off southwest Oregon and along the Oregon coast. Two diverse energies are considered in this investigation. Environmental energy of the depositional regimen, Part I; energy involved in crystallization of transition metals from a magma, Part III. In Part II, an analytical scheme for the evaluation of opaque oxides is proposed, and an examination of the results as applied to two samples is presented. Part I The unconsolidated black sands on the Oregon continental margin have been profoundly affected by tectonic uplift aid by cyclic erosive transgression and regression. Progressive enrichment in heavy minerals from the Klamath Mountains has apparently occurred during each glacio-eustatic regression of the Pleistocene seas, each regression a period of intensified erosion and sediment transport. Subsequent erosive transgressions selectively sort and redistribute these heavy minerals into paralic beach and nearshore deposits. Uplift of the coast and shelf implies that the heavy minerals were reworked during the Holocene transgression into concentrations of greater extent and higher ore tenor than relict deposits of earlier transgressions in upraised Pleistocene terraces. Extrapolation of ore reserve values from the terraces by "Mirror Image" concepts might seriously underestimate the potential of offshore deposits. Offshore heavy mineral concentrations should be coincident with observed submarine terraces. Part II An analytic scheme was developed to investigate opaque oxides in two samples; one from the Pleistocene terraces; the other from near the present shelf edge. Analyses involving X-ray diffraction techniques, atomic absorption and neutron activation established the mineralogy and elemental distribution in magnetically separated diagnostic splits. Chrome spinel, ilmenite and magnetite comprise the opaque oxide fraction in both samples. Correlation studies of these analyses suggest: (1) Chromium is a matrix metal of chrome spinel and is diadochic into magnetite. (2) Iron appears in all opaque oxides and in increasing amounts with increasing magnetic susceptibility. (3) Titanium is a matrix metal in ilmenite, and diadochic into chrome spinel and magnetite. (4) Nickel and ruthenium are diadochic into and correlated to the spinel structure; i.e. to chrome spinel and magnetite. (5) Osmium appears to be correlated to chromium. (6) Zinc is limited to spinel in these samples. Part III Goldschmidt's and Ringwood's criteria for diadochy often fail to explain the distribution of the transition metals because crystal field effects are not considered. Favored d[superscript n] configurations, e.g. octahedrally coordinated, low spin d⁶ cations in the spinel minerals, result in shortened interatomic distance and significantly strengthened cation-ligand bonds, possibly affecting the distribution of such metal cations. The octahedral site preference energy parameter (OSPE) has been used to explain distributional behavior of the first (3d) transition series metals. OSPE calculations for four low spin d⁶ cations - Co(III), Ru(II), Rh(III), and Pt(IV) - give significantly high values for this parameter. High OSPE valued transition metal cations possibly form stable proto-mineral oxide complexes in the magma which persist through crystallization. These associations predetermine the enrichment of transition metals in oxide minerals and act as nuclei during cooling and solidification. Subduction of oxidized and hydrolyzed near-surface rocks down a Benioff zone provides progressively higher Eh in the magma, a variety of cation oxidation states, and water for sepentinization of ultramafic rocks. The distribution of the platinum metals in a strongly reducing magma environment should be different than in the oxidizing magma proposed for the Klamath ultramafics. The OSPE parameter offers an explanation for the observed distribution of platinum group metals in spinel minerals from this investigation, in chromites from Uralian dunitic massifs and the Stillwater complex; and of iridium from the Great Lake Doleritic Sheet, Tasmania. Chrome spinel from Oregon had twice the concentration of ruthenium, and one-third the amount of osmium as similar Uralian chromite deposits. The first significant concentration of ruthenium in magnetite is herein reported recommending continued research into the platinum metal distribution in southwest Oregon. / Graduation date: 1972

Graduation date: 1994

Graduation date: 1997

Graduation date: 1996

Several agricultural and related industry groups in the Pacific Coast states have expressed concern about the competitive position of these states in the production of feed grains and livestock products. This study was directed toward the investigation of these concerns. In order to permit the real world situation, with its accompanying multivariable reality, to be reduced to workable size, a linear programming model was designed. The 48 contiguous states were divided into five regions with smaller regions in the western United States to permit a more detailed analysis of the West. The quantities of feed grains produced in each state were determined and summed for the states in a region. The quantities of fed beef, pork, broilers, turkeys, eggs, and milk (the products of the major grain consuming classes of livestock) demanded in each state were computed. A matrix of transportation costs between regions was developed for feed grains and for the livestock products of the model. Regional weighted average prices received by farmers for each feed grain and for each livestock product were determined. The model was then utilized to indicate production of all the livestock products required for consumption by region at the least cost of producing the products. Optimal solutions were obtained using 1968 and 1969 relative prices and these solutions were analyzed. The analysis indicates that generally the states which are deficit in beef, pork, broiler, and egg production have a slight economic advantage in producing these products for local consumption until the locally produced feed supply is utilized. Each region in the model produced the milk consumed in that region. Region I (Oregon and Washington) has traditionally been self-sufficient in turkey production, and Region III (California) has been a turkey exporting state. According to the model, both of these regions should import the turkey consumed in the region to derive optimum economic benefits. These conclusions are based on the relative prices and transportation costs that existed in 1968 and 1969. After the solutions were obtained, the price of wheat in Region I was varied using a parametric procedure available with the linear programming package. Results of this analysis using 1968 and 1969 relative prices were described. The parametric analysis indicated that at the 1968 price of wheat in Region I more than twice the quantity of wheat allocated to livestock feeding in the basic model could have been economically utilized and would have reduced costs of producing the livestock products consumed in Region I. The 1969 wheat price in Region I was sufficiently low that the parametric analysis indicated an allocation of over four times the quantity used in the basic model for livestock feeding. The basic model utilized 1,043,000 tons of wheat for livestock feeding. It can be concluded from the analysis that Region I could have utilized much larger quantities of wheat for livestock feeding than was allocated for feeding in the basic model. Based on the relative feed ingredient costs that existed in 1968, Region I producers of pork, broilers, eggs, and milk are competitive with other regions in supplying the quantities of these products demanded for regional consumption. The 1969 relative prices made Region I even more competitive in producing pork, broilers, eggs, and milk, and added beef production as an economically advantageous alternative. These conclusions are based only on feed ingredient and transportation costs. If non-feed costs and relative feeder cattle costs for beef production are included, Region I producers appear to have a slight margin for producing beef,for local consumption until locally produced feed supplies are exhausted. / Graduation date: 1972

Recent advances in computer technology have made possible the development of expert systems. Expert systems are computer programs that perform at the level of a human expert. Expert systems can help integrate and apply diverse sources of information and expertise to problems of integrated crop management. A prototype Crop Management eXpert (CMX) system has been developed. The primary goal of CMX is to provide recommendations on optimal irrigation and fertilization scheduling for wheat production in the Pacific Northwest. This system can be used by farmers and/or extension agents. OUS II Shell has been used as a implementation tool. To build this rule - based expert system, a development strategy, commonly used in the construction of expert systems, consisting of 1 ) identification; 2) conceptualization; 3) formalization; 4) implementation; and 5) testing was applied. CMX is composed of modules for irrigation and fertilization management. For irrigation management, CMX is mainly involved in the irrigation scheduling which is the major part of irrigation management. Irrigation strategies have been applied in irrigation decision making. For each strategy, timing criteria which generally consist of management allowed depletion, soil water potential, leaf water potential, and water stress indices have been used. The system provides farmers with irrigation scenarios which determine when and how much water to apply. CMX represents an integration of conventional computing and expert systems technology designed to provide expert recommendations enabling farmers to obtain the best return on their water and fertilizer investment. For fertilization management, a variety of variables have been taken into considered. Crop growth stages, soil moisture, nutrient analysis, protein requirement, and application methods are important factors for the fertilizer decision making. Several constraints have been used in optimal fertilizer advice. CMX can focus only on relevant information, thus reducing the problem space to a manageable size and significantly, improving the efficiency of the system. The facility of the expert system to explain the decision-making process enables users to better understand the underlying assumptions, facts, and reasoning used to generate recommendations. The CMX prototype demonstrates the feasibility of employing expert systems technology in agricultural applications. CMX has been validated and evaluated. The survey results showed that this prototype was successful in capturing domain experts' knowledge as rules and providing advice on the irrigation and fertilization management for wheat. / Graduation date: 1993

The general theme of the thesis is a broad examination of the nature and structure of the constitution of the Northwest Territories, including the relationship of the Territorial Government to the Federal Government and an examination of some possible future developments in the area.<p> Following a review of the constitutional history of the Northwest Territories and a summary of relevant legislation, past and present, Chapter Two contains an examination of the status of the Government of the Northwest Territories, concluding that it is a government in the true sense and not simply an agency of the Federal Government. It has powers similar to those exercised by the Provincial Governments but differs from them in its lack of responsible government and its continuing legal and practical domination by the Federal Government.<p> Some examination is made of the forces promoting change in the constitutional structure and status of the Territories. The two dominant forces examined are the existence of major non-renewable resources, particularly hydrocarbons, and the pressure for settlement of native land claims and native self-determination. An examination of the current law concerning control of natural resources and Federal Government policy statements indicates that the Federal Government has, and will endeavor to retain, virtually complete control over all non-renewable resources with a significant economic impact or national demand.<p> A general review of some of the proposals for the settlement of native claims leads to the conclusion that the claims will be settled in the same manner as previous claims by native people in Canada but will be coupled with changes in the governmental structures of the Territories, consistent with Canadian political traditions, designed to promote and guarantee the involvement of native people in government.<p> It is concluded that, for the most part, the constitution of the Northwest Territories will continue to evolve towards responsible government and full participation by the Territories as a member of the Confederation. That evolution will follow a pattern similar to that established by the development of the prairie provinces with the only significant differences being found in the role of native people in the political life of the community and the strengthened determination of the Federal Government to retain control of non-renewable resources for an indefinite period.

Commercial harvest of sh stocks and their appropriate management requires an understanding of their population dynamics and of their ability to sustain exploitation. Here, some ecological and evolutionary consequences of excessive exploitation are examined. In Chapter 2 I evaluate the knowledge base and status of commercially exploited marine populations that undergo formal stock assessment. Despite a bias towards industrialised countries and stocks of commercial importance, I show the pervasiveness of overexploitation and, by using reference points of stock status, identify important regional di erences in the e ectiveness of sheries management. In Chapter 3 I develop a data format suitable for ecological analyses to best disseminate the valuable information contained in scienti c trawl surveys. This data format is suitable for inclusion into the public Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS) and provides detailed observations that are suitable to the reconstruction of important sheries-independent stock indices. In Chapter 4 I examine the spatiotemporal dynamics of ground sh populations. A positive abundance-occupancy relationship was estimated for the majority of ground- sh populations examined suggesting that this well-described terrestrial pattern is also pervasive in the marine environment. Spatial hysteresis was exhibited by numerous populations, indicating that the spatial distribution of individuals failed to recover despite recoveries in abundance. In Chapter 5 I estimate the demographic consequences of changes in growth and maturation characteristics. The ability of a population to sustain harvest, and its ability to recover from previous depletions can be overestimated because of trends towards earlier maturation and slower growth. In Chapter 6 I conclude the thesis by discussing the implications of my research to sheries science and management. I argue that trends in the spatial distribution and the overall productivity of populations must be accounted for when determining sustainable shing levels and when predicting recovery trajectories under various catch abatement scenarios. While successful management measures have been implemented in a number of marine ecosystems, this thesis highlights the importance of improving our capacity to understand the dynamics of exploited populations and to fully use the wealth of available monitoring and assessment data.