This study identifies and assesses the implications for community development in the Northwest Territories resulting from the structures and processes that have evolved from the Northwest Territories Northern Land Use Planning Program. Community development is described as a purposeful learning process whereby people identify their situation and plan and implement appropriate responses to it The original development strategies that have been applied to the Northwest Territories have been overwhelrningly modeled after the Western economic model, and have contributed to the dependency of northern communities upon government. Community development can help alleviate the powerlessness and economic and political dependency native northerners experience. Community development literature argues that any process leaving out those most affected by decisions will not lead to self-reliance. The Northern Land Use Planning Program was established as a "community-based" process to resolve land use conflicts; its 1983 Basis of Agreement mandated the sharing of authority to make land use plans between the native organizations, and the federal and territorial governments. The principle implication of the findings of this study is that although the Northern Land Use Planning Program is described as a community-based process, and has the potential and opportunity to develop structures and processes which contribute to community development in the Northwest Territories, it has done little to reduce dependency of communities on government. This is because the key elements of decision-making in the Northern Land Use Planning Program are held external to the communities. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Water and sanitation services play an important role in protecting public health and facilitating community growth. However, the choice of technology has significant implications for the social, economic and political development and autonomy of the community. The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the objectives, process and content of planning water and sanitation services in communities in the Northwest Territories (N.W.T.). Relationships, issues and the decision making process are examined at the regional, local and infrastructure levels. Objectives for water and sanitation services are investigated to evaluate the link between knowledge and actions. Technical, economic and planning considerations are examined in the evaluation of policies and systems. Examination of objectives reveals that knowledge of relationships is insufficient to objectively establish a level of service policy or to select technology. Examination of water and sanitation planning in Native communities indicates that the N.W.T. Government establishes the objectives and criteria, conducts the planning studies, and is ultimately responsible for selecting, installing and operating the systems. Infrastructure planning is narrowly focused on the technical and economic considerations in the selection of technology. The values and perceptions of the Native people which the systems are meant to serve are neglected or downgraded. Examination of water and sanitation alternatives indicates that major factors in the evaluation of technology are water consumption, housing type, population, local employment opportunities, and self-reliance. Trucked water delivery and sewage pump out systems are an intermediate technology between rudimentary self-haul and sophisticated piped systems. Trucked systems provide high levels of service, flexibility and local employment and they facilitate local administrative, financial, political and physical control over community infrastructure. This thesis recommends that the N.W.T. Government devolve the resources, responsibility and authority for planning and managing water and sanitation services to the community level. The community should be the controller and the client in a planning process which emphasizes social learning and community development. The primary role of the N.W.T. Government should be to assist the people in assessing the conditions of their lives and community so that they can plan and alter these conditions for the better. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The impact of large-scale volcanic eruptions on landscapes can affect many processes ranging from interrupting or redirecting regional soil forming processes and hydrological systems to generating temporary changes in global climate. Though more studies exist every year, less is known of the direct impact of large-scale volcanic eruptions on ecosystems and extinction, while even less is known of their impact on speciation. In deposits throughout the Pacific Northwest a special combination and association of volcanic magnitude with palaeoecological yield frequently presents unique prospects for inquiry. In this study, particular attention is given to large, late Miocene ash-flow tuffs of central and eastern Oregon, the Rattlesnake Tuff among them. Additionally, a scenario is tested whereby populations become isolated from one another across the expanse of ash-flow tuff and enclosed by nearby physical barriers. Exploration into this scenario and the effects of ecological recovery on speciation in mammals are made through a cellular automaton created here and speciation modeling by H.A. Orr. The cellular automaton is validated by a small data set from New Zealand with results of all models compared to studies in ecology, the fossil record, genetics, and island evolution. Results suggest ecosystem recovery is much faster than mammalian species origination rates. Though evolution in mammals is known to occur over relatively short intervals of time (10 - 10 yrs), based on model comparisons, primary productivity generally returns to its carrying capacity two orders of magnitude (10 - 10 vs. ≥ 10 yrs) faster than mammalian speciation.

Missing pg. 81.

In 1990, the Northwest Association of Schools and Colleges moved to an accreditation model based on outcomes, their assessment and deliberative attempts at institutional change and improvement. No study existed in northwest community colleges which identified the systematic application of effectiveness indicators for institutional change and improvement. This study was conducted with primary administrators in northwest community colleges that have completed the regional accreditation process since 1990. It examined the perceived importance of using effectiveness indicators for assessing institutional outcomes, and their congruence with actual or potential use in making institutional change and improvements. This study shows there is a positive relationship in community colleges between the development of institutional effectiveness indicators and institutional change and improvement. All administrators believed they should be using effectiveness indicators but used them in varying degrees for planning, improving services, budgeting, accreditation, program review and other decision making processes essential to the functioning of community colleges. Although the use varied by category and administrative subgroup, those administrators who had used effectiveness indicators believed their use led to positive institutional change. In order for this study to have an affect on northwest community colleges, several important conditions need to be addressed. The Northwest Association of Schools and Colleges must enforce Policy Statement 2.2, Policy on Educational Assessment, which requires the adoption of an institutional effectiveness model. Community colleges must embrace this model as a mechanism useful for the continuous improvement process. Faculty, staff, administrators and boards must be trained in the application and use of the institutional effectiveness model. Boards must establish outcomes or institutional goals based on their unique mission and must hold the community college president accountable for the achievement of institutional outcomes and the implementation of an assessment process. Assessment must be completed at all levels of the institution. Institutions must adopt an assessment model that reflects the institutions goals and objectives, and place its responsibility prominently within the organization. Finally, measures must be developed at each level or process by the persons closest to the process. Failure to enforce accreditation standards will lead to publicly enacted performance indicators aimed at achieving institutional effectiveness or accountability. / Graduation date: 1998

The United States is the third-largest producer of raspberries in the world. Washington State leads the nation in red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) production. 'Meeker', the most grown red raspberry cultivar in the Pacific Northwest (Washington, Oregon and British Columbia, Canada) is highly susceptible to Raspberry crumbly fruit, a virusinduced disease that produces drupelet abortion and reduces fruit quality and yield. The disease has long been attributed to Raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV), a pollen-and-seed transmitted virus found in most commercial raspberry fields around the world. In recent years, an increased severity of crumbly fruit was observed in areas where two additional viruses were common. One of these viruses, Raspberry leaf mottle virus (RLMV), was characterized recently and shown to be a novel closterovirus transmitted by the large raspberry aphid Amphorophora agathonica Hottes. The second virus, Raspberry latent virus (RpLV) was a tentative member of the family Reoviridae whose characterization remained to be completed. To investigate the role of these two new viruses in the crumbly fruit disorder, 'Meeker' raspberry infected with single or mixtures of the three viruses, in all possible combinations, were generated by graft inoculation. Eight treatments, including a virus free control, were planted in the field at the Northwestern Research and Extension Center in Mt. Vernon, WA. Plant growth and fruit crumbliness were evaluated during establishment and the second year. Simultaneously, the characterization of RpLV, at the genetic and biological level, was completed. RpLV is a novel member of the plant Reoviridae composed of 26,128 nucleotides divided into 10 genomic dsRNA segments. Analysis of the RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) indicated that RpLV was related most closely to members of the genus Oryzavirus. However, the genomic terminal regions, conserved at the genus level in reoviruses, did not show homology to those of oryzaviruses, suggesting that RpLV may be a member of a new genus. It was found later, that RpLV was transmitted by A. agathonica. As all other plant reoviruses are transmitted by leaf- and planthoppers, these findings strongly support the creation of a new genus in the plant Reoviridae for the classification of RpLV. Real-time quantification of viral titers in single or mixed infections revealed that the titer of RBDV was enhanced ~400-fold when the virus was found in coinfections with RLMV. Interestingly, plants co-infected with these two viruses showed significant reduction in plant growth during the establishment and second year. Crumbly fruit was more severe in plants infected with the three viruses compared to the virus-free control. Taken together, this work presents valuable information about the interactions between three important raspberry viruses and their effect on plant growth and fruit crumbliness in 'Meeker', the most important red raspberry cultivar in the Pacific Northwest. / Graduation date: 2012

xv, 136 p. : ill. (some col.) / The Pacific Northwest of the United States has been tectonically and magmatically active with the accretion of the Farallon oceanic terrane "Siletzia" ∼50 Ma. The accretion of Siletzia terminated the flat-slab subduction of the Farallon slab and initiated the Cascadia subduction zone. In this dissertation, I focus on both the large-scale tectonic structures preserved seismically in the crust and upper mantle, and the small-scale, short-term aseismic processes on the plate interface. I measure the shear-wave splitting trends around eastern Oregon with a dataset of ∼200 seismometers from 2006-2008 to analyze the upper-mantle anisotropy. The delay times between splitted shear-waves range from 0.8 s to 2.7 s. In the High Lava Plains, the fast polarization direction is approximately E-W with average delay time ∼1.8 s. I infer that there must be significant active flow in a roughly E-W direction in the asthenosphere beneath this area. The splitting pattern is more variable and complicated in NE Oregon, where the crust and mantle lithosphere may be a significant contribution. In terms of the imaged seismic velocity structures, I infer that the Eocene sedimentary basins in south-central Washington lie above a magmatically underplated crust of extended Siletzia lithosphere. Siletzia thrusts under the pre-accretion forearc, and its southeast termination is especially strong and sharp southeast of the Klamath-Blue Mountains gravity lineament. Magmatic intrusion has increased upper crustal velocity as in the less active Washington Cascades, but the higher temperatures beneath the magmatically active Oregon Cascades have a dominating effect. To better understand the physical mechanism of slow slip events on the plate interface, I explore the scaling relationships of various source parameters collected mainly from subduction zones worldwide and also other tectonic environments. The source parameter scaling relationships of slow slip events highlight the similarities and differences between slow slip phenomena and earthquakes. These relationships hold implications for the degree of heterogeneity and fault healing characteristics. The recurrence statistics of northern Cascadia events behave weakly time predictable and moderately anti-slip predictable, which may indicate healing between events. This dissertation includes co-authored materials both previously published and submitted for publication. / Committee in charge: Eugene Humphreys, Chairperson; David Schmidt, Member; Ray Weldon, Member; James Isenberg, Outside Member

Jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica Host) infestations in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production regions of the central and western USA result in severe economic losses in the wheat market. Field and greenhouse studies were conducted to determine the vernalization requirements of winter wheat, spring wheat, jointed goatgrass, and wheat by jointed goatgrass reciprocal hybrid plants. In field studies, jointed goatgrass plants required more vernalization to produce spikelets and germinable seed than 'Madsen' winter wheat plants. In greenhouse studies, plants of jointed goatgrass populations collected from Oregon and Washington wheat fields required fewer vernalization days to reach the joint stage than Madsen plants. Detailed observations in the greenhouse revealed a longer period between jointing and anthesis for most jointed goatgrass populations that was overlooked in field studies. Vernalization for 6-wk represents the minimum treatment for synchronous reproductive development among jointed goatgrass populations, Madsen winter wheat, and Madsen by jointed goatgrass hybrids, yet the risk of gene transfer might be greater after 7-wk vernalization. In the jointed goatgrass populations tested, there was not selection for a vernalization insensitive growth habit. Because jointed goatgrass spikelets often contain two seed, germination was recorded for primary and secondary positioned seed. Germination of freshly harvested jointed goatgrass seed was promoted by 25/15 C day/night temperatures. However, light and 30/20 C incubation was necessary for maximum germination of non-dormant, primary positioned seed. Both primary and secondary positioned seed within jointed goatgrass spikelets were non-dormant after 16-wk after-ripening at 22 ± 2 C. Under optimum growing conditions, no planting depth selectively allowed wheat germination and emergence while preventing jointed goatgrass germination and emergence. Glume removal did not alleviate dormancy completely in jointed goatgrass seed. Research confirmed jointed goatgrass population polymorphism for vernalization requirements and seed dormancy. Jointed goatgrass reproductive variability might be part of a general purpose genotype strategy to germinate and colonize a wide range of environments. Wheat by jointed goatgrass hybrid plants should be removed from winter and spring wheat fields. Despite a short dormancy period, three or more years of rotation outside of winter annual crops may be necessary to reduce populations of jointed goatgrass. / Graduation date: 2006

At a state university in the Pacific Northwest, the authors surveyed 477 matriculating college students about their immunization status, knowledge, self-perceived risk, and health risk behaviors for hepatitis A and B vaccinations. Review of immunization records revealed that 10% of these students were completely immunized for hepatitis A and 58.8% were completely immunized for hepatitis B. Although their knowledge about hepatitis A and B was very good, there were no significant differences in immunization status or health risk behaviors based on their knowledge or their self-perceived risk of hepatitis A and B. About 66% of students perceived they had no risk or low risk for hepatitis A and B and only 5% felt they had a high risk. In spite of the low self-perceived risk, health risk behaviors for hepatitis A and B were common in this population of college students. In the past twelve months, 56.2% of these students reported being sexually active (vaginal, oral, anal sex), including 20.5% who had two or more sexual partners. Students with multiple sexual partners reported having unprotected sex at a high frequency: 61.3% vaginal, 81.1% oral-genital, and 13.2% anal. The non-sexual health risk behaviors were also common in this population: 53.2% had body piercing/tattoos, and 26.5% traveled internationally to regions with intermediate to high rates of hepatitis A (Africa, SE Asia, Central/South America). These students who traveled internationally were more likely to be immunized for hepatitis A, although 70% remained unimmunized. In addition, students with multiple sexual partners or with a body piercing/tattoo were more likely to be immunized for hepatitis B. However, about one-third of these students with multiple sexual partners or body piercing/tattoo have not completed the hepatitis B series. The theory of planned behavior was applied to determine factors that are associated with college students' decision to be vaccinated for hepatitis A and B. For hepatitis A and B vaccinations, important attitude constructs identified were 'vaccine effectiveness, vaccine adverse effects, anticipation anxiety, inconvenience, and vaccine expense.' The subjective norm constructs with the greatest influence for college students were: 'parents, family doctor, and student health services staff'. The significant perceived behavioral constructs were 'parents reminder, student health services (SHS) reminder, and SHS hepatitis vaccine clinic.' In conclusion, there is still a sizable portion of unvaccinated college students who possess health risk behaviors for hepatitis A and B, such as multiple sexual partners, unprotected sexual behaviors, body piercing/tattoos, and international travel. With a greater understanding of college students' attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control college health services could develop more effective strategies to educate unvaccinated college students about these risks and motivate them to be immunized. / Graduation date: 2003

The purpose of this phenomenological case study was to understand the experiences of older students' use of web-based student services in a community college setting. For the purpose of this study the term "older student" was defined as people born between the years 1943 and 1960. This group of people, often described as the Baby Boomer generation, would not have had access to computer technologies had they gone to college during their adolescent years. Web-based student services was defined as the range of student services which are placed online, allowing students to access information and services without needing to see someone in-person. There were three major reasons for this study: (a) the increase in the development and use of online student services, (b) the increase of older students in higher education, and (c) further need to understand the unique experiences of older students in higher education. The case study design used an interpretive social science philosophical approach. The study was conducted at a large multi-campus community college in a metropolitan area located in the Northwest. A combination of survey, interviews, institutional data, and student-journals were used to answer the following research questions: (a) What is the experience of older students with web-based technology in a community college setting, (b) How do the older students' overall experiences and use of web-based services affect their community college experience, and (c) How might older students' background and experiences with web-based student services inform community college policy and practice? Close examination of data revealed several major themes of older students' experiences with online student services. These themes are: ��� Student Assumptions ��� Self-Motivation ��� Influence of Prior Work Experiences ��� User Preferences ��� How and What Online Services are Used ��� User Suggestions When these themes are taken into consideration with related literature on the digital divide, technology use in student affairs, older student experiences in the community college, and older students' use of technology, this study offers implications for community college leaders and practitioners in the student affairs and technology development. The implications of this study may impact online service development, assessment of computer literacy, program enhancement or development, and technical changes. / Graduation date: 2013