Dans cette thèse, nous présentons une analyse syntaxique du vietnamien de Hô-Chi-Minh-Ville, dans la lignée de la syntaxe fonctionnelle mise en place par André Martinet et développée par la suite par ses continuateurs. Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes intéressée au degré d’opposition verbo-nominal en vietnamien : nous proposons tout d’abord une synthèse des travaux menés à ce sujet, avant d’exposer notre analyse en classes, en nous appuyant sur des critères strictement syntaxiques. Une étude syntaxique détaillée des modalités (déterminants non déterminables) – les modalités nominalisantes, les modalités de degré, les modalités prédicatives et les modalités injonctives – a été nécessaire. Ces unités permettent de distinguer des comportements différents, et l’identification des grandes classes lexicales du vietnamien : nominaux, adjectifs, modaux et verbaux. Il apparait que ces classes d’unités s’organisent en un continuum, avec à un pôle les nominaux, à l’autre les verbaux. Dans un second temps, l’analyse porte sur les différents types de structures prédicatives du vietnamien. La variété des constructions – nucléaires et connectives – est au centre de l’étude, ainsi que l’identification des différentes fonctions. Enfin, nous exposons une analyse des “séries verbales”, phénomène très courant en vietnamien, mais décrivant en fait des réalités très diverses. Tout au long de l’analyse, nous accordons une importance particulière à la variation et aux zones de changements (réanalyses, lexicalisations, grammaticalisations), faisant état de la dynamique des différentes structures et de la langue elle-même. / We present here a syntaxic analysis of the Vietnamese language spoken in Ho Chi Minh City, in line with the functional syntax introduced by André Martinet and developed later by his followers. In a first part, we examined the extent of noun/verb opposition in Vietnamese. After a synthesis of work on this subject, we present our own analysis of the lexical classes, relying on strictly syntactic criteria. A detailed study of the syntactic modalités (undeterminable determinants) - nominalizing undeterminable determinants, undeterminable determinants of degree, predicative undeterminable determinants and injunctive undeterminable determinants - was necessary. These units are used to distinguish different behaviors, and leads to the identification of major lexical classes in Vietnamese: nominals, adjectives, modals and ‘verbals’. It appears that these classes of units are organized along a continuum. In a second part, the analysis focuses on the different types of predicative structures in Vietnamese. The variety of structures - nuclear and connective - is central to the study as well as the identification of the different functions. Finally, we present an analysis of "serial verb constructions" very common in Vietnamese, but actually reflecting very different realities. Throughout this study, we pay particular attention to the variation and change (reanalysis, lexicalizations, grammaticalizations), referring to the dynamics of the various structures and of the Vietnamese language itself.

Low-aspect-ratio reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls, characterized by height-to-length ratios of less than two, have been widely used as a seismic force-resisting system (SFRS) in a wide array of structures, ranging from conventional buildings to critical infrastructure systems such as nuclear facilities. Despite their extensive applications, recent research has brought to light the inadequate understanding of their seismic performance, primarily attributed to the intricate nonlinear flexure-shear interaction behaviour unique to these walls. In this respect, the current research dissertation aims to bridge this knowledge gap by conducting a comprehensive evaluation to quantify the seismic performance of low-aspect-ratio RC shear walls when used in different applications. Chapter 2 focuses on low-aspect-ratio RC shear walls that are employed in residential and industrial structures. Considering their significance, the seismic response modification factors of such walls, as defined in various standards, are thoroughly examined and evaluated utilizing the FEMA P695 methodology. The analysis revealed potential deficiencies in the current code-based recommendations for response modification factors. Consequently, a novel set of response modification factors, capable of mitigating the seismic risk of collapse under the maximum considered earthquake, is proposed. Such proposed values can be integrated into the forthcoming revisions of relevant building codes and design standards. While the FEMA P695 methodology offers a comprehensive approach to assessing building seismic performance factors, its practical implementation is associated with many challenges for practicing engineers. Specifically, the methodology heavily relies on resource-intensive and time-consuming incremental dynamic analyses, making it less feasible for routine engineering practices. To enhance its practicality, a data-driven framework is developed in Chapter 3, circumventing the need for such demanding analyses. This framework provides genetic programming-based expressions capable of producing accurate predictions of the median collapse intensities—a key metric in the acceptance criteria of the FEMA P695 methodology, for different structural systems. To demonstrate its use, the developed framework is operationalized to low-aspect-ratio RC shear walls and the predictive expression is evaluated considering several statistical and structural parameters, which showed its adequacy in predicting the median collapse intensities of such walls. Furthermore, the adaptability of this framework is showcased, highlighting its applicability across various SFRSs. Chapters 4 and 5 tackle the scarcity of experimental assessments pertaining to the seismic performance of low-aspect-ratio RC walls in nuclear facilities. The seismic hybrid simulation testing technique is employed herein to merge the simplicity of numerical simulations with the efficiency of experimental tests. Hybrid simulation can overcome obstacles related to physical specimen sizes, limited actuator capacities, and space constraints in most laboratories. In these two chapters, the experimental program delves into evaluating the seismic performance of three two-storey low-aspect-ratio nuclear RC walls under different earthquake levels, including operational, design, and beyond-design-level scenarios. Diverse design configurations, including the use of increased thickness boundary elements and different materials (i.e., normal- and high-strength reinforcement), are considered in such walls to provide a comprehensive understanding of several structural parameters and economic metrics. Key structural parameters, such as the force-displacement responses, multi-storey effects, lateral and rotational stiffnesses, ductility capacities, displacement components, rebar strains, crack patterns and damage sequences, are all investigated to provide direct comparisons between the walls in terms of their seismic performances. Additionally, economic metrics, including the total rebar weights, overall construction costs and the expected seismic repair costs, are considered in order to evaluate the seismic performance of the walls considering an economic perspective. The findings of this experimental investigation are expected to inform future nuclear design standards by enhancing the resilience and safety of their structures incorporating low-aspect-ratio RC shear walls. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Les symétries géométriques jouent un rôle important dans la compréhension de la stabilité de tout système physique. En structure nucléaire, elles sont reliées à la forme du champ moyen utilisé pour décrire les propriétés des noyaux atomiques. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons utilisé les prédictions obtenues avec l'aide du Hamiltonien du champ moyen nucléaire avec le potentiel de Woods-Saxon Universel pour étudier les effets des symétries dites de « Haut-Rang ». Ces symétries ponctuelles mènent à des dégénérescences des états nucléaires d’ordre 4. Il est prédit que la symétrie tétraédrique influence la stabilité des noyaux proches des nombres magiques tétraédriques [Z,N]=[32,40,56,64,70,90-94,136]. Nous avons sélectionné la région des Terres-Rares proche du noyau doublement magique tétraédrique 154Gd pour notre étude. Dans cette région, il existe des structures de parité négative qui sont mal comprises. Or la symétrie tétraédrique, en tant que déformation octupolaire non-axiale, brise la symétrie par réflexion et doit produire des états de parité négative. Après une étude systématique des propriétés expérimentales des noyaux de la région, nous avons sélectionné le 156Gd comme objet de notre étude des modes d’excitation octupolaire. Nous avons utilisé les probabilités réduites de transition gamma pour discerner ces différents modes. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous avons réalisé trois expériences de spectroscopie gamma à l’ILL de Grenoble avec les détecteurs EXILL et GAMS afin de mesurer les durées de vie et les intensités des transitions gamma des états candidats. L'analyse de nos résultats montre que notamment la forme tétraédrique aide à comprendre les probabilités des transitions dipolaires. Ce résultat ouvre de nouvelles perspectives expérimentales et théoriques. / Geometrical symmetries play an important role in the understanding of all physical systems. In nuclear structure they are linked to the shape of the mean-field used to describe the atomic nuclei properties. In the framework of this thesis, we have used the predictions obtained with the help of the nuclear mean-field Hamiltonian with the Universal Woods-Saxon potential to study the effects of the so-called “High-Rank” symmetries. These point-group symmetries lead to a nuclear state degeneracy of the order of 4. It is predicted that the tetrahedral symmetry affects the stability of nuclei close to the tetrahedral magic numbers [Z,N]=[32,40,56,64,70,90-94,136]. We have selected the Rare-Earth region close to the tetrahedral doubly magic nucleus 154Gd for our study. In this region, there exists negative parity structures poorly understood. Yet the tetrahedral symmetry, as related to a non-axial octupole deformation, breaks the reflection symmetry and leads to the negative parity states. Following a systematics of experimental properties of the nuclei in this region, we have selected 156Gd as the object of our study for the octupole excitation modes. We have used the reduced transitions probabilities to discriminate between these modes. To achieve this goal, we have performed three gamma spectroscopy experiments at the ILL in Grenoble with the EXILL and GAMS detectors to measure the lifetimes and the gamma transition intensities from the candidate states. The analysis of our results shows that including the tetrahedral shape helps to understand the dipole transition probabilities. This result will open new experimental and theoretical perspectives.