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M.Cur. (Nursing Education) / Performance appraisal is a continuous process for identifying, evaluating and developing the work performance of nurse educators so that the goals and objectives of the college are more effectively achieved, while at the same time benefiting individual nurse educators in terms of reward and recognition of performance, professional development and career guidance. Performance appraisal entails structured formal interaction between an appraiser and appraisee, which usually takes the form of a periodic interview (annual or semiannual), in which the work performance of the appraisee is examined and discussed with a view to identifying weaknesses and strengths as well as opportunities for improvement and skills development. The challenge faced by the nurse educators is the lack of knowledge in execution of the performance appraisal. The purpose of the study is to describe guidelines to improve the performance appraisal system of nurse educators at all eight nursing colleges in Botswana. The research design is qualitative, exploratory and descriptive. Purposive sampling was used in this study to recruit nurse educators to participate in individual semistructured interviews. A qualitative open coding data analysis method was used. The researcher ensured the trustworthiness of the study by using Lincoln and Guba’s model of trustworthiness, which is based on four strategies: credibility, dependability, transferability and conformability. Inadequate knowledge among the nurse educators regarding performance appraisal emerged as the only main theme from the semi-structured interviews. Two subthemes that emerged from this theme were: inadequate knowledge of the appraisers and appraisees regarding the performance appraisal process and inadequate knowledge of the appraisers regarding mentoring and coaching of appraisees during the performance appraisal period. The theme and the sub-themes are conceptualised within the existing relevant literature, and guidelines to improve the performance appraisal system at the eight iv nursing colleges in Botswana are then described. Recommendations are made with regard to nursing education, nursing practice and nursing research. It is recommended that the nurse educators be trained in performance appraisal with emphasis on the performance appraisal process and the application of coaching and mentoring strategies throughout the performance appraisal period.

Thesis advisor: Jane Flanagan / AbstractPurpose/Specific Aims: A qualitative descriptive research design was employed to gain insights in how nurse educators describe nursing ethics from a disciplinary perspective and how they teach nursing ethics in a pre-licensure nursing program. The study aimed to identify how nurse educators describe ethical knowledge needed for nursing practice and how nursing ethics is viewed in relation to bio, medical and healthcare ethics. Rationale/Significance of Study: Recent works in nursing ethics has provided some clarity about what is needed to develop nurses who are confident in using ethical decision-making in every-day practice. Nurse educators are responsible for the development of novice nurses who can effectively practice from a disciplinary perspective rooted in nursing ethics. To date, there is scant research exploring nurse educators’ understanding of what constitutes disciplinary specific ethics and impact on daily nursing practice. This study is a necessary first step to identify how nurse educators understand the ethical warrants of their profession and the ways in which this is, or is not, transmitted to nursing students. Sample and Recruitment: Nurse educators teaching in baccalaureate nurse programs in the US were purposely recruited through the Nurse Educators Group in Facebook, with subsequent snowball sampling. The final sample consisted of 16 nurse educators who met inclusion criteria and agreed to participate in the study. Data Analysis: Data was collected using open-ended interview questions and analyzed using conventional content analysis. Data was clustered into “meaning units” from which codes and categories were derived. Codes and categories were further reexamined several times to determine if the analysis accurately portrayed the data. The codes were then developed into themes that expressed the manifestation of the content. Findings: Four major themes were identified during data analysis. They include: Inherent personal qualities guide nurses’ sense of professional ethics, The ethical nurse is a ‘good’ nurse as reflected in their practice, Disciplinary nursing ethics is not discernable from other ethics, and Nursing ethics education is inconsistent across schools of nursing. Conclusions: Findings reveal there is no common viewpoint and a lack of conceptual disciplinary language of what constitutes nursing ethics among nurse educators. The research presented here suggests there is a gap in theory and practice with respect to nursing ethics in daily practice, with implications in policy, further research and nursing education. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2022. / Submitted to: Boston College. Connell School of Nursing. / Discipline: Nursing.

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Magister Curationis - MCur / Teacher identity is regarded as an important disposition when it comes to training would-be teachers, irrespective of the field of study. It is during the teaching practice experience that student nurse-educators transit from their preconceived identity as a student to accepting the teacher identity. It is expected that for student to acquire this identify they require profound knowledge in subject content, pedagogy and didactic knowledge, so as to perform their professions effectively. Although the focus of teaching is the student teachers, attention is sometimes focused more on the nursing facilitators rather than on the nursing student teachers who are becoming teachers. However, good nursing training should also take into consideration the perceptions of nurse student teachers on the teacher identity. This study sought to describe student nurse-educators’ perception of teacher identity with respect to the subject matter, pedagogy, and didactic expertise at a School of Nursing, University of the Western Cape. The quantitative research approach, using the descriptive design was employed to guide the study. Data was collected by means of a self-administered questionnaire using a five point Likert scale. A list of students in master’s education programme was utilised as the sampling frame. The sample included the Masters students in nursing education programme who have completed their theoretical courses and teaching practice. The Statistical Package for Social Science software (SPSS) version 22 was used in the analysis of the survey. The study showed that teacher identity of student nurse-educators is strongly related to their perceived level of knowledge of expertise in subject matter (34%) followed by a grasp in didactics (33.28%). Teacher identity was less perceived in mastering knowledge related to pedagogy (33.12%). While the average median were 3.50 for subject matter, 3.54 in didactics and 3.50 for pedagogy. The relation between knowledge of expertise in subject matter, pedagogy and didactics were established after performing Kendall tau-c test. The link between gender and subject matter, pedagogy and didactics revealed no significant association. No significant difference was found between males and females respondents perceptions with regards to subject matter and didactics; while significant difference was found with didactics. The findings make a contribution to the body of knowledge in the nursing education field, and could contribute to improve the competency and quality in the practice of nursing education. With regards to the speculation on identity formation and development issues, it is hoped these findings will provide greater understanding of the difficulties student nurse-educators experience as they construct individual identities as teacher.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / In this doctoral thesis, I explored how the national guidelines for higher education to institutionalise service-learning as a particular type of community engagement were implemented in South African higher education institutions. Whilst the particular School of Nursing where the study was conducted was cognisant of the national policy imperative on service-learning as stipulated in the guidelines of the Higher Education Quality Committee (HEQC), operationalisation within the academic programmes had not been addressed. An intervention study was thus undertaken to develop a service-learning implementation framework for the School of Nursing using the multi-phased design and development model of Rothman and Thomas (1994). The factors that influenced the implementation of the HEQC’s service-learning policy guidelines in the nursing programmes were explored during the first phase: problem analysis and project planning. During this phase, the research focused on the readiness of the school to institutionalise service-learning at organisational and individual level because service-learning scholars advocate a systems approach to service-learning institutionalisation. At organisational level, the research question investigated whether the higher education institution had created an enabling environment for the school to institutionalise service-learning successfully in the academic. The factors that were associated with readiness at organisational (school) level were those cited as critical success factors for service-learning institutionalisation by Furco (2002) or better known in South African terminology as service-learning good practice indicators. Individual readiness was determined in terms of service-learning scholarship and willingness to participate in service-learning -capacitating activities.

This thesis investigates the effects of clinical facilitator nurses on medical wards in hospitals. These staff are the current culmination of recent attempts to situate nurse education in the field of clinical practice rather than merely the lecture room. Therefore, the work sets out to gain an understanding of the clinical and educational needs perceived by policy makers; the methods chosen by local managers to fulfil these needs; and the practical manifestation of these initiatives at the bedside. The thesis commences with a literature review consisting of historical context studies and a focused analysis of recent research literature. The context studies are of adult and nurse education. The review of clinical facilitator literature uses search criteria to identify and critically analyse previous research related to similar roles in the United Kingdom. The researcher uses a modified grounded theory approach as a methodological framework for collection and use of data. The data is obtained primarily by field observations; semi-structured interviews with practising clinical facilitators; and from questionnaires completed by nursing students. In addition to this generated data, information harvested from official and academic sources is used to produce theory. The discussion chapter explores the contestation that the themes generated indicate that the introduction of educationally focussed staff, into the area dominated by clinical need, is both problematic and essential. Problematic, as conflicts of role and leadership create misunderstanding and hardship for educators and clinicians. Essential, because in acute wards, where nursing skill is literally a matter of life or death for patients, a large proportion of nursing staff are in need of focussed educational support. The study proposes a model of managerial support for the introduction of educationally focused nurses in the clinical area which enables these clinical facilitators to operate in a valued and protected position.

D.Cur. / The focus of this study was the mentoring of newly appointed nurse educators in nursing education institutions (NEIs) in South Africa. The mandate of higher education institutions changed due to the transformation of higher education in South Africa. The need for recruiting and retaining nurse educators to meet the demands of teaching and learning became evident. It is important that newly appointed nurse educators (NANEs) be mentored in order to meet higher education demands. The researcher identified the need to develop a model for mentoring newly appointed nurse educators in nursing education institutions in South Africa. The applicable research questions were: What are the mentoring needs of NANEs in NEIs in South Africa? How can the mentoring needs of NANEs in NEIs in South Africa be met? What model could be developed to mentor NANEs in NEIs in South Africa? What guidelines could be formulated for the model to mentor NANEs in NEIs in South Africa? The aim of the study was to develop a model for mentoring NANEs in NEIs in South Africa. The objectives of the study were to: determine and describe the mentoring needs of NANEs in NEIs in South Africa, identify and conceptualise a framework for how the mentoring needs of NANEs in NEIs in South Africa can be met and describe a mentoring model for NANEs in NEIs in South Africa. The design of the study was quantitative, qualitative, descriptive and theory-generating (Walker & Avant, 1995:136). The study was conducted in four phases. A quantitative, qualitative, descriptive and theory-generating research design was conducted using questionnaires, literature triangulation, inductive and deductive strategies (Mouton, 1989:21). Quantitative data was analysed using the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS) and descriptive statistics. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted on data from the empirical phase to identify and analyse central concepts for model development (Burns & Grove, 2001:242). The population of study was newly appointed nurse educators in nursing education institutions in South Africa. Probability and non-probability sampling approaches were used with multi-stage cluster and purposive sampling methods (Burns & Grove, 2001:242). The conceptual framework for the model was based on purpose, context, role-players and their roles in mentoring. The results of the study indicated that 90 (67%) of the participants did not function according to their key performance areas. The participants specified competency development needs. The study confirmed the need for the mentoring model. The assumptions for the model were based on the multi-dimensional, multi-layered (macro, meso and micro), highly interactive and complex (external and internal environment) context. The agent in the study referred to the mentor and a mentee (stakeholders), who are holistic beings functioning at a bio-psycho-social and cultural level. Mentoring is an interactive participative, purposeful dynamic process of relationship-building, development, engagement and reflection. The outcome of mentoring is to empower and build capacity and competency. A critical self-reflective questionnaire was designed and utilised to evaluate the model for its clarity, simplicity, generality, accessibility and importance. The model was presented from the first to the third phase at different international and national conferences and the two promoters, who are experts in management, teaching and ethics in higher education, gave direction to the researcher and added value to the quality of the study. The researcher recommends that a mentoring programme be developed to mentor NANEs in HEIs. The model can be used to improve practice by developing mentoring programmes for use in clinical, management, education and nursing research.

Many Schools of Nursing’s Deans and Directors throughout the nation find themselves hiring novice nurse educators for a wide variety of reason such as expansion of their nursing programs, retirement of nursing faculty, and presentation of other opportunities for experienced nursing faculty. Deans and Directors for Schools of Nursing in Tennessee are faced with the same challenge. As a result, the Tennessee Deans and Directors for Schools of Nursing have made a commitment to help novice nurse educators, in particular, to be successful in their new role. These Deans and Directors know the specific needs of novice nurse educators they are hiring and essential topics that these nurse educators must become familiar with in order to be successful. In 2017, the Deans and Directors for Schools of Nursing in Tennessee developed the Tennessee Nurse Educator Institute. In its third year, the Tennessee Nurse Educator Institute is offered annually before the start of the academic school year. The purpose is “to provide knowledge and skills for the novice nurse educator and a refresher for more experienced faculty.” Initially, it began as a two-day activity but since has been expanded to three days. Topics include valuable information for the novice nurse educator such as writing test items and analysis; a perspective on surviving the first year as a novice nurse educator; designing a curriculum; engaging students in the 21st century; the importance of the RN-NCLEX blueprint; the basics of clinical teaching; teaching with simulation; evaluation methods for didactic and clinical courses; developing a syllabus; and the importance of program evaluation. Since the launch of the Tennessee Nurse Educator Institute, the total number of nurse educators attending the institute is 195. At the end of the three-day educational activity, nurse educators complete an evaluation to ensure the institute is its goals. In addition, participants are asked for input on what they felt helped them the most, the strengths and weaknesses of the program, and future topics to include. Responses from the evaluations have been overwhelmingly positive. Participants completing the survey was n = 133. Results of the evaluations from the three years showed the following: 98% (131/133) of the participants strongly agreed or agreed that the purpose of the conference was met, the information received will help them be more effective in their position, and they could use the information they learned right away; and 97% (129/133) of the participants strongly agreed or agreed the conference met their expectations. No barriers or obstacles have been encountered in achieving the program’s goal. The Tennessee Deans and Directors for Schools of Nursing plan to continue with the institute every year to help meet the needs of novice and more experienced nurse educators. When nurse educators are given the proper tools to be successful, nursing education is ultimately advanced with outcomes consonant with excellence. The goal is to make sure that nursing educators are using evidence-based practice when teaching future nurses.

The nursing education institutions play a major role in the training of nurses to curb the shortage of nurses in the country. Nurse educators assist with the primary socialisation of new nurses into the nursing profession. Likewise, new nurse educators need to be socialised into the nursing education system. Proper socialisation of new educators into the education system is vital for the continuity and reinforcing of professional values. The purpose of the study was to identify and describe the relationship between professional socialisation and job satisfaction of nurse educators of a provincial college in South Africa. A quantitative, descriptive correlational design was used for the study. The sample consisted of nurse educators (N=102) employed by the Kwa Zulu Department of Health with the Kwa Zulu College of Nursing (KZNCN). Data was collected using a structured questionnaire, which included both the Nurses Professional Values Scale-Revised (NPVS-R) questionnaire and the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ). Statistical data analysis was done using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) programmes. The results showed reliability of the NPVS-R questionnaire with Cronbach’s alpha (α) ranging between .637 and .811 and between .798 and .883 for the MSQ. Confirmatory factor analysis for the NPVS-R and exploratory factor analysis for the MSQ both had p-value of .0001 concluding a statistical significance of the questionnaires with a sufficiently high correlation. Again a positive correlation coefficient (r>.328) was concluded amongst the demographic data and the NPVS-R and MSQ. The null hypothesis was rejected since a good correlation between the professional socialisation and the job satisfaction statements of nurse educators of a provincial college was concluded. Recommendations include: proper socialisation and mentorship of new educators into the new education role for both personal and professional development and the proper utilisation of individual skills and expertise in order to prevent animosity and job dissatisfaction. Moreover, strategies to improve the working conditions and remuneration of nurse educators so as to attract new nurse educators into the education system are vital. / MCur, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014