Introdução: Há um hiato teórico- prático no ensino dos processos de trabalho em enfermagem. Pensando que a integração desses processos tenha origem no ensino, pressupomos que as ações concernentes aos processos de trabalho administrar e cuidar são desenvolvidas de modo descontinuado e desarticulado entre si. Adotamos como referencial teórico do Planejamento Estratégico Situacional e Teoria da Aprendizagem Significativa. Objetivos: Compreender, no processo ensino-aprendizagem, a articulação dos processos de trabalho cuidar e administrar em enfermagem; identificar os fatores intervenientes no ensino da graduação em enfermagem dos processos cuidar e administrar, segundo a percepção dos graduandos e docentes; conhecer as estratégias de ensino-aprendizagem utilizadas pelos docentes, empregadas no ensino dos processos de trabalho em enfermagem; analisar o inter-relacionamento teórico e prático dos processos cuidar e administrar; propor estratégias de ensino-aprendizagem que privilegiem a articulação dos processos de trabalho cuidar e administrar. Metodologia: Estudo qualitativo, realizado em dois cursos de graduação em enfermagem, um público e um privado, do Município de São Paulo. A primeira fase, conduzida pelo Planejamento Estratégico Situacional, momento explicativo contou com 13 docentes e 17 estudantes, concederam entrevistas analisadas pelo Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. O diagnóstico situacional achado permitiu o momento normativo, identificados 13 nós críticos, utilizados no momento estratégico. Adotamos a técnica de grupo focal para coleta de dados, na segunda fase, elaboramos plano de ações possíveis para intervenção no ensino da graduação, contando com a participação de quatro docentes e cinco estudantes da instituição particular. Não houve adesão dos sujeitos da escola pública. Resultados: Aproximadamente metade dos docentes apresenta arcabouço teórico sobre os conteúdos dos processos de trabalho em enfermagem; proporcionalmente, o mesmo ocorreu entre os estudantes. O quantiqualitativo de recursos humanos no campo de ensino prático influencia nessa articulação. O grupo focal destacou, como propostas de melhorias: a realização de metodologias ativas para o ensino, e a descrição de um plano de acompanhamento e avaliação diagnóstica, pactuada no projeto político pedagógico. A aprendizagem significativa, momento tático-operacional, conduziu a construção de um mapa conceitual e um rol de estratégias ativas de ensino. Conclusões: É preciso romper os paradigmas. Práticas pedagógicas ativas estimulantes para docentes e estudantes favorecem aprendizado com significado. O planejamento estratégico situacional apoiou assertivamente o desenvolvimento da pesquisa / Introduction: The articulation of work nursing processes promoted this study. Thinking that the integration of these processes originates in education, we assume that the actions pertaining to the work processes are developed to manage and take care of discontinued mode and inarticulate amongst themselves. The Strategic Planning Situational and Meaningful Learning theory was adopted as theoretical benchmark. Objectives: To understand, in the teaching-learning process, the articulation of work processes and administer nursing care; identify factors involved in the teaching of undergraduate nursing processes of care and manage, as perceived by graduates and teachers; know the strategies of teaching and learning used by professors, employed in the teaching of nursing work processes; analyze the theoretical and practical inter-relationship of processes and manage care; suggest strategies for teaching and learning that emphasize coordination of work processes and administer care. Methodology: Qualitative study in two undergraduate nursing a public and a private, in São Paulo. The first phase, conducted by Strategic Situational Planning, explanatory currently featured 13 teachers and 17 students, granted analyzed using the Collective Subject Discourse interviews. The situational analysis findings allowed the normative moment identified 13 critical nodes, used in strategic moment. We adopted the technique of focus group data collection, in the second phase, we prepared for possible actions plan for intervention in undergraduate teaching, with the participation of four teachers and five students of the particular institution. There was no adherence of the subjects of public school. Results: Approximately half of teachers presents a theoretical framework about the contents of the work processes in nursing; proportionally, the same occurred among students. The human quality resources in the field of practical teaching were considered influences in these joint. The focus group proposal highlights improvement: performing for active teaching methodologies, and a description of a monitoring and diagnostic evaluation, the agreed political pedagogical project. Meaningful learning, operational-tactical moment, was to build a conceptual map and a list of suggestions of active teaching strategies. Conclusions: It is necessary to break the paradigms. Stimulanting pedagogical practices enable meaningful learning in practice theoretical joint of nursing work processes. The development of research did supported for the planning situational strategic assertively

As the nation’s healthcare system moves through the 21st century, unprecedented changes are occurring on both a local and global stage. Healthcare organizations are faced with creating and implementing leadership strategies to enhance the overall patient experience. When coupled with the need to ensure increased nurse job satisfaction, improved cost-effectiveness and healthy organizational cultures with fiscally sound budgets, improvement work has led efforts to ensure effective leadership techniques are used across an agency. This task may be viewed as commonplace for some organizations, while others may perceive this process as a complete paradigm shift from historical practices related to leadership style, behaviors and performance. A successful transition during this time of unprecedented change may depend on an organization’s ability to accept and implement the tenets of transformational leadership. Empirical research illustrates that transformational leadership empowers staff, increases job satisfaction and facilitates cost-effectiveness while constructing an environment conducive to the development of a supportive organizational culture. In an effort to ascertain the current state of leadership at a southeastern Veterans Affair Medical Center, this research study explored the self-reporting leadership practices of all supervisory staff employed at the facility. As a means of measurement, the Leadership Practices Inventory (LPI) was coupled by demographic questionnaire developed by the researcher. Both measurement tools were used to collect the data.

This thesis is based on a journey towards developing team working within a primary healthcare setting which enabled the NHS agenda for primary care service delivery to keep pace with the government modernisation agenda. (Department of Health, 1997). Initially the focus was on the development of an integrated nursing team which enabled all disciplines of nurses to work towards a patient focussed healthcare service, but it soon became evident that all staff involved in delivering the primary healthcare service were essential to the process and developments of the enquiry if the objective was to be achieved. An action enquiry approach based on collaborative and participative action research (Carr and Kemmis, 1986; Lincoln and Guba, 1989; Cayer, 1997) was discussed and was the prime method of enabling changes to occur in the healthcare practice. This is represented by the interrelated four main cycles of enquiry that have emerged from the data, and discussed in this thesis. Key to the success of the developments was an understanding of team working and leadership as it applied within a healthcare setting and also the underlying dynamics, which are evident when different professional groups from different traditions and knowledge base work together. (Schon, 1983) This was explored within the context of a systems approach to organisational development and through reflective dialogue along the principles advocated for creating a learning organisation. (Senge, 1990) This thesis will demonstrate how confidence developed in myself and the practitioners, especially those from marginalised groups, and how the wider healthcare system made an impact on the developments within the practice. The area of leadership will be discussed from multiple perspectives and recognition that as a concept all stakeholders had a poor understanding of leadership. The key finding from this study identifies the need for a holistic approach to manage and sustain change, and indeed everyday productive working relationships. This especially identifies the importance of giving attention to the preparation of future healthcare workers, the appropriateness of organisational structures in which services are delivered and support structures available to those in team leadership positions.

Thesis (MTech (Human Resource Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015. / Occupational challenges exist in all working environments, and affect all levels of organisational personnel from top management to employee levels. State hospitals in South Africa place occupational demands mainly upon registered nurses who make up most of the hospital staff. The focus of the research investigation concentrated mainly on a population of three groups of registered nurses at a state hospital in Cape Town. They are staff nurses, professional nurses and enrolled nursing assistants. These nurses are experiencing a decline in morale, due to staff shortages, a lack of resources and a perceived lack of leadership. They experience various levels of stress, which affect their personal health and morale. The objective of the research was to analyse the impact on the state registered nurses of three main contributors of occupational challenges faced by these nurses, namely a lack of resources, staff shortages and a perceived lack of good leadership. The nurses are employed to provide quality care for patients in state hospitals.

nÃo hà / RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho à compreender a trajetÃria histÃrica da administraÃÃo da enfermagem no Hospital UniversitÃrio Walter CantÃdio no perÃodo de 1959 a 2011, a partir da narrativa de dez enfermeiras que assumiram o cargo de administraÃÃo maior na Enfermagem do Hospital UniversitÃrio desde 1959, ano de sua fundaÃÃo atà o ano de 2011. Trata-se de uma pesquisa histÃrico-social, de abordagem qualitativa, cujo mÃtodo predominante à a histÃria oral. A histÃria Oral traz a perspectiva de receber revelaÃÃes, segredos, detalhes, etc., de forma que algum aspecto que possa parecer subjetivo nos dias atuais venha a ser esclarecido, alÃm de ser um recurso moderno que torna possÃvel o resgate da memÃria e (re ) construÃÃo da histÃria a partir das prÃprias palavras daqueles que a vivenciaram e que participaram de um determinado perÃodo, mediante suas referÃncias e tambÃm seu imaginÃrio. Os dados foram por meio de um levantamento dos documentos gerenciais da enfermagem do HUWC que se encontravam no arquivo central e na secretaria da CoordenaÃÃo de enfermagem, tais como: relatÃrios, fotografias, comunicaÃÃes internas, planejamento para os serviÃos, entre outros e por meio de entrevistas realizadas com as enfermeiras identificadas. As entrevistas foram gravadas, transcritas na sua Ãntegra e retornadas para as entrevistadas fazerem a verificaÃÃo da fidedignidade das transcriÃÃes, nesse momento houve alguns ajustes, frutos de novas memÃrias das entrevistadas. TambÃm foram reunidos documentos e fotos gentilmente cedidos pelas enfermeiras entrevistadas. As entrevistas foram analisadas por meio do recurso interpretativo da hermenÃutica â dialÃtica. A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comità de Ãtica em Pesquisa do Hospital UniversitÃrio Walter CantÃdio ( CEP/HUWC). O resultado dessa produÃÃo histÃrico - social foi organizado de acordo com a trajetÃria cronolÃgica vivenciada pelas protagonistas e anuncia alguns assuntos que acompanham a histÃria da administraÃÃo da enfermagem no HUWC, como a luta pela valorizaÃÃo profissional, a relaÃÃo do poder, o desejo e a necessidade de conhecimento e de avanÃos cientÃficos e tecnolÃgicos, a relaÃÃo multiprofissional, a humanizaÃÃo da equipe enfim, apresenta um ciclo que nÃo denota um processo linear, sequenciado. Na verdade demonstra um processo nÃo linear que se dà por avanÃos e recuos em deferentes Ãpocas histÃricas, com diferentes dinÃmicas dadas as dIferentes condiÃÃes histÃricas e sociais inerentes a cada personalidade entrevistada . Portanto, como toda e qualquer histÃria, essa tambÃm nÃo acaba com esta dissertaÃÃo. Ela apenas abre caminho que deve ser percorrido por outros para que nÃo se percam todos e, como lembrou Le Goff, a histÃria à filha da memÃria que, merecidamente, precisa ser cuidada. / The objective of this study is to understand the historical trajectory of the administration of nursing at the University Hospital Walter CantÃdio the period 1959 to 2011, from the narrative of ten nurses who took the highest position in nursing administration at the University Hospital since 1959, the year of his foundation until the year 2011. It is a social-historical research, a qualitative approach, which is the predominant method of oral history. Oral history brings the prospect of receiving revelations, secrets, details, etc.., So that some subjective aspect that may seem today will be clarified as well as being a modern resort that makes possible the recovery of memory and (re ) construction of history from the very words of those who experienced and participated in a given period, by their references and also his imagination. The data was through a survey of nursing management of documents HUWC who were in the central file and in the office of the office of the Coordination of nursing, such as reports, photographs, internal communications, planning for services, among others and through interviews with the nurses identified. The enterview were recorded, transcribed in full and returned to the interviewees make the verification of the reliability of the transcripts at that time there were some adjustments, fruits of new memories of the interviewees. Were also gathered documents and photos kindly provided bythe nurses interviewed. The interviews were analyzed through the use of interpretive hermeneutics â dialectic. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of Hospital University Walter CantÃdio (CEP/HUWC). The history-social this result production was organized according to chronological history experienced by the protagonists and announces some issues that accompany the story of the administration of nursing HUWC, as the struggle for professional development, the relationship of power, desire and need for knowledge and scientific and technological advances, the relationship multidisciplinary, humanization of the team finally has a cycle that does not denote a linear process sequenced. In fact demonstrates a non-linear process that occurs by advances and retreats in historic times deferent, with different dynamics given the deferential historical and social conditions inherent to each person interviewed. So, like any story, that it does not end with this dissertation. It just opens the way to be traveled by others so that all is not lost and, as Le Goff recalled, the story is the daughter of memory, deservedly, have to be careful.

Esta pesquisa é um estudo de caso com os objetivos de: avaliar a implementação de um protocolo de prevenção de Úlcera por Pressão (UP) por meio do estudo da Prevalência e da Incidência de UP nas unidades de Clinica Médica, Clinica Cirúrgica e Terapia Intensiva Adulto, do Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo; apreender a percepção das enfermeiras multiplicadoras no processo de implementação do protocolo e propor um processo de avaliação, sistematizado e contínuo da adoção do protocolo de UP. Após aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa do HU, procedeu-se à coleta de dados. Optou-se, na metodologia, pelo desenvolvimento da pesquisa em dois momentos. O primeiro, na abordagem quantitativa, realizado em duas etapas, para o levantamento da prevalência e da incidência de UP nas unidades do estudo. A avaliação de risco para o desenvolvimento de UP foi feita por meio da Escala de Braden, tendo como nota de corte o escore inferior ou igual a 16. No estudo da prevalência, dos 87 pacientes avaliados, 17 desenvolveram UP, acarretando prevalência de 19,5%. No estudo da incidência, dos 190 pacientes de risco acompanhados, 35 desenvolveram um total de 51 úlceras, acarretando incidência de 18,4%. Para o segundo momento, na abordagem qualitativa, os dados foram coletados por meio das técnicas de Entrevista e Grupo Focal, realizadas com as enfermeiras que participaram, como multiplicadoras, do processo de implementação do protocolo. Adotou-se a análise de conteúdo de Bardin como referencial de análise do conteúdo das Entrevistas e do Grupo Focal. A análise interpretativa dos dados qualitativos das entrevistas possibilitou o resgate de Unidades de Significado e conseqüente construção de três Categorias e respectivas Subcategorias. Na Categoria Gerenciamento da Assistência, constituída pelas subcategorias Protocolo assistencial e Protocolo na dinâmica de trabalho, as enfermeiras abordaram o protocolo como instrumento de trabalho adotado e avaliado segundo as experiências vividas no desempenho da assistência de enfermagem. A categoria Gerenciamento de Recursos Humanos composta pelas subcategorias Profissionais com restrição física; Quantitativo de pessoal e Capacitação de pessoal apontou como dificuldades encontradas para a adoção do protocolo, os problemas relativos aos profissionais com restrição física, as vagas não repostas no quadro de pessoal e a necessidade de capacitação do pessoal. Na Categoria Gerenciamento de Materiais, as enfermeiras discorreram sobre os materiais disponíveis nas unidades para a implementação do protocolo. Nas reuniões do Grupo Focal foram sugeridas estratégias e medidas facilitadoras para a continuidade da adoção do protocolo. Para a concretização das estratégias sugeridas neste estudo e, para que as enfermeiras se apoderem efetivamente desta proposta é imprescindível a realização de reuniões com a participação das enfermeiras e das chefes das unidades, a fim de tornar o protocolo cada vez mais compatível com as necessidades dos pacientes, dos profissionais e da instituição. / This research is a case study with the following objectives: to evaluate the implementation of pressure ulcer prevention protocol (PU) by means of studying the Prevalence and Incidence of PU in the units of Medical Clinic, Surgical Clinic and Intensive Adult Care of the University Hospital, at the University of São Paulo; to apprehend nurses\' perceptions as multiplier agents in the implementation process of the protocol and to propose a systematic and continuous evaluation process in the applicability of the PU protocol. After approval by the Ethics Committee in Research of the University Hospital, collect of data was preceded. The research was performed in two moments. The first, in a quantitative approach, carried out in two phases, to survey the prevalence and incidence of PU in the units of study. The evaluation of risk to develop PU was performed by means of the Braden scale, with a cutoff score of less than or equal to 16. In the Prevalence study, 17 out of the 87 patients developed PU, resulting in a prevalence of 19.5%. In the Incidence study, 35 out of the 190 patients developed a total of 51 ulcers, leading to an incidence of 18.4%. In the second moment, a qualitative approach, data were collected using the techniques of interviews and focus group conducted with the nurses who participated as multiplier agents, in the process to implement the protocol. Content analysis of Bardin was used as a reference for analysis of the Interviews content and Focus group. The interpretative analysis of qualitative data from interviews allowed rescuing the Units of Meaning and consequent construction of three categories and their subcategories. In the Management Assistance category, consisting of the sub-categories Assistance Protocol and Protocol in work dynamics, in which nurses approached the protocol as an adopted working instrument and evaluated it according to their experiences in nursing care. The Human Resource Management Category consisted of the subcategories Professionals with physical restraint; Quantitative of staff and Personnel Training as difficulties found in the adoption of the protocol, problems related to professionals with physical restraint, job postings not fulfilled and the need to training personnel. Regarding the Material Management Category, nurses mentioned about the materials available in the units to implement the protocol. In the Focus Group, strategies and measures were suggested to facilitate the continuous adoption of the protocol. For the implementation of the strategies suggested in this study, and for nurses to effectively take hold of this proposal, it is imperative to perform meetings with the participation of nurses and unit heads in order to make the protocol more compatible with the needs of patients, professionals and the institution.

Introdução: Há um hiato teórico- prático no ensino dos processos de trabalho em enfermagem. Pensando que a integração desses processos tenha origem no ensino, pressupomos que as ações concernentes aos processos de trabalho administrar e cuidar são desenvolvidas de modo descontinuado e desarticulado entre si. Adotamos como referencial teórico do Planejamento Estratégico Situacional e Teoria da Aprendizagem Significativa. Objetivos: Compreender, no processo ensino-aprendizagem, a articulação dos processos de trabalho cuidar e administrar em enfermagem; identificar os fatores intervenientes no ensino da graduação em enfermagem dos processos cuidar e administrar, segundo a percepção dos graduandos e docentes; conhecer as estratégias de ensino-aprendizagem utilizadas pelos docentes, empregadas no ensino dos processos de trabalho em enfermagem; analisar o inter-relacionamento teórico e prático dos processos cuidar e administrar; propor estratégias de ensino-aprendizagem que privilegiem a articulação dos processos de trabalho cuidar e administrar. Metodologia: Estudo qualitativo, realizado em dois cursos de graduação em enfermagem, um público e um privado, do Município de São Paulo. A primeira fase, conduzida pelo Planejamento Estratégico Situacional, momento explicativo contou com 13 docentes e 17 estudantes, concederam entrevistas analisadas pelo Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. O diagnóstico situacional achado permitiu o momento normativo, identificados 13 nós críticos, utilizados no momento estratégico. Adotamos a técnica de grupo focal para coleta de dados, na segunda fase, elaboramos plano de ações possíveis para intervenção no ensino da graduação, contando com a participação de quatro docentes e cinco estudantes da instituição particular. Não houve adesão dos sujeitos da escola pública. Resultados: Aproximadamente metade dos docentes apresenta arcabouço teórico sobre os conteúdos dos processos de trabalho em enfermagem; proporcionalmente, o mesmo ocorreu entre os estudantes. O quantiqualitativo de recursos humanos no campo de ensino prático influencia nessa articulação. O grupo focal destacou, como propostas de melhorias: a realização de metodologias ativas para o ensino, e a descrição de um plano de acompanhamento e avaliação diagnóstica, pactuada no projeto político pedagógico. A aprendizagem significativa, momento tático-operacional, conduziu a construção de um mapa conceitual e um rol de estratégias ativas de ensino. Conclusões: É preciso romper os paradigmas. Práticas pedagógicas ativas estimulantes para docentes e estudantes favorecem aprendizado com significado. O planejamento estratégico situacional apoiou assertivamente o desenvolvimento da pesquisa / Introduction: The articulation of work nursing processes promoted this study. Thinking that the integration of these processes originates in education, we assume that the actions pertaining to the work processes are developed to manage and take care of discontinued mode and inarticulate amongst themselves. The Strategic Planning Situational and Meaningful Learning theory was adopted as theoretical benchmark. Objectives: To understand, in the teaching-learning process, the articulation of work processes and administer nursing care; identify factors involved in the teaching of undergraduate nursing processes of care and manage, as perceived by graduates and teachers; know the strategies of teaching and learning used by professors, employed in the teaching of nursing work processes; analyze the theoretical and practical inter-relationship of processes and manage care; suggest strategies for teaching and learning that emphasize coordination of work processes and administer care. Methodology: Qualitative study in two undergraduate nursing a public and a private, in São Paulo. The first phase, conducted by Strategic Situational Planning, explanatory currently featured 13 teachers and 17 students, granted analyzed using the Collective Subject Discourse interviews. The situational analysis findings allowed the normative moment identified 13 critical nodes, used in strategic moment. We adopted the technique of focus group data collection, in the second phase, we prepared for possible actions plan for intervention in undergraduate teaching, with the participation of four teachers and five students of the particular institution. There was no adherence of the subjects of public school. Results: Approximately half of teachers presents a theoretical framework about the contents of the work processes in nursing; proportionally, the same occurred among students. The human quality resources in the field of practical teaching were considered influences in these joint. The focus group proposal highlights improvement: performing for active teaching methodologies, and a description of a monitoring and diagnostic evaluation, the agreed political pedagogical project. Meaningful learning, operational-tactical moment, was to build a conceptual map and a list of suggestions of active teaching strategies. Conclusions: It is necessary to break the paradigms. Stimulanting pedagogical practices enable meaningful learning in practice theoretical joint of nursing work processes. The development of research did supported for the planning situational strategic assertively

Studies have addressed the visitation needs of visitors and patients and the impact of visitation policies on nurses, but few studies compare the level of satisfaction between visitors and nurses when visitation policies change. The objectives of this study were to investigate whether a more liberal intensive care unit visitation policy satisfactorily met the needs and expectations of visitors and nurses. © 1999 Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Inc.

Previous studies have suggested that health care workers may differ with respect to universal precautions knowledge, compliance, practice setting barriers, or exposure to patient body fluids in rural and urban areas. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not there are rural/urban differences in the degree of precaution taken by health care workers to prevent the spread of blood borne pathogens, specifically human immunodefiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV). A random sample of rural and urban registered and licensed practical nurses in Tennessee was surveyed. The respondents completed two instruments that assessed self‐reported universal precautions knowledge, precautions, and practice barriers. No measurable differences in universal precautions knowledge, compliance, or barrier scores between the two groups were found; yet rural nurses were 2.7 times as likely to be exposed to patient body fluids than urban nurses (P<0.005). The conclusion was that rural nurses were as experienced and as knowledgeable about universal precaution techniques as their urban peers, but their knowledge was not translated into practice to the same degree. Two possible explanations offered are (1) rural nurses are more likely to be acquainted with, and thus trusting of, their patients, and (2) the lower seroprevalence of human immunodefiency virus and hepatitis B virus in rural areas may lead to complacency.

The focus of this research is the relationship between the supply of registered nurses and the rate of return on the educational investment to become a registered nurse. Is this rate of return a determining factor in the supply, past, present, and future? Since 98. 8 percent of all registered nurses are women, an integral part of this study is a survey of the data on women in the labor force. The empirical data, statistical, was obtained from government sources and non-government associations, The American Nurses Association, The American Hospital Association, and the educational institutions. The data indicates the following: the yearly average supply of active registered nurses has increased by 3.15 percent from 1966 through 1970; the demand for registered nurses has decreased from 41.1 percent of nursing personnel in 1966 to 36.8 percent in 1970; the average weekly wage of general duty nurses has increased $100.50 in 1966 to $141.00 in 1969; the number of graduates from registered nurse schools has been increasing in recent years. Of the three programs, the Associate Degree shows the largest increase in number of students and it is the one in which the present value of benefits from the investment, $10,414.00, exceeded the present value of the investment costs (education), $6,923.00, which yielded a private rate of return of five percent. In summary, the rate of return on the three registered nurse educational programs, Associate Degree, Diploma Degree, and Baccalaureate Degree, based on employment as a general duty nurse and calculated by both the present value of cost and benefit method and internal rate of return method indicated that only the Associate Degree program produced a positive rate of return. In addition, this is the program that has had the large increase in students and graduates in recent years. If this trend continues, the future supply of registered nurses will be adequate and may overshoot the demand. However, many questions remain unanswered which call for more research, particularly relating to the labor force participation of women.