Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de frações (em hexano, diclorometano, acetato de etila e hidroalcoólica) de extratos etanólicos de Trichilia pallida Swartz, Trichilia pallens C.DC. e Toona ciliata M. Roemer sobre Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), e isolar, identificar e avaliar o efeito dos compostos dessas três meliáceas sobre o desenvolvimento e o metabolismo do inseto, com ênfase para o limonoide cedrelona. As frações causaram baixa mortalidade, mas houve grande redução de peso das lagartas com as frações em diclorometano de folhas e de ramos de T. pallida, de ramos de T. pallens e de folhas e de frutos de T. ciliata, além de maior duração da fase larval, redução do peso de pupas e alteração dos índices nutricionais, sendo a fração de ramos de T. pallida a de maior efeito tóxico e com fagodeterrência secundária, e a fração de folhas de T. ciliata sem efeito tóxico, mas apresentando fagodeterrência possivelmente primária. A partir da fração em diclorometano de frutos de T. ciliata obteve-se um triglicerídeo; da fração em acetato de etila de ramos de T. ciliata obteve-se o flavonoide (+/-)-catequina; da fração em hexano de folhas de T. pallida obteve-se o triterpeno damaradienol e da fração em diclorometano de ramos de T. pallens obteve-se a cumarina escopoletina. O triglicerídeo e a escopoletina causaram pequena mortalidade e redução de peso das lagartas por ingestão, enquanto a catequina causou apenas redução de peso. Por contato, a escopoletina também afetou a sobrevivência. O limonoide cedrelona, isolado do extrato bruto em hexano de caules de T. ciliata, apresentou o maior efeito, tanto por ingestão quanto por contato. Por ingestão, os valores estimados de CL50, CL90 e CE50 para a cedrelona aplicada sobre a dieta foram 365,33, 659,62 e 95,02 ppm, respectivamente, e após incorporação na dieta, os valores foram 119,05, 491,14 e 45,13 ppm, respectivamente. A cedrelona causou fagodeterrência em teste com chance de escolha e redução no consumo foliar no teste sem chance de escolha. A ingestão de cedrelona causou menor peso de lagartas e de pupas, aumento da duração da fase larval e da mortalidade de modo dose dependente, com efeitos subletais observados a partir de 24 ppm. Lagartas de quarto ínstar que ingeriram dieta contendo cedrelona a 300 ppm tiveram redução na eficiência de conversão do alimento ingerido (ECI) e digerido (ECD) e na taxa de crescimento relativo (RGR), enquanto o custo metabólico (MC), a taxa metabólica relativa (RMR) e a digestibilidade aproximada (AD) aumentaram, e a taxa de consumo relativo (RCR) não foi alterada, indicando efeitos tóxicos pós-ingestão e efeito fagodeterrente secundário, com a maior parte do alimento assimilado sendo utilizada no metabolismo. A atividade de proteases no mesêntero das lagartas que ingeriram dieta contendo cedrelona foi reduzida, assim como a quantidade de grupos heme, relacionados às monoxigenases do citocromo P450, enquanto a atividade de glutationa-S-transferases não foi alterada. A atividade de acetilcolinesterase no extrato enzimático de lagartas inteiras aumentou. A bioatividade da cedrelona e os possíveis modos de ação são discutidos. / This work was carried out to evaluate the effect of fractions (in hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and hydroalcoholic) of ethanolic extracts of Trichilia pallida Swartz, Trichilia pallens C.DC. and Toona ciliata M. Roemer to Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith ), and to isolate, identify and evaluate the effect of the compounds from the three Meliaceae on the larvae development and metabolism, with emphasis on the cedrelone limonoid. The fractions caused low mortality, but there was a great reduction in weight of larvae with dichloromethane leaves and stems fractions of T. pallida, stems of T. pallens and leaves and fruits of T. ciliata, in addition to longer duration of the larval stage, pupae weight reduction and changes on nutritional indices. The fraction of T. pallida stems caused the highest toxic effects and secondary phagodeterence, and the fraction of T. ciliata leaves showed probably primary phagodeterrence, but no toxic effect. From the dichloromethane fraction of T. ciliata fruits was obtained a triglyceride (unidentified), from the ethyl acetate fraction of T. ciliata stems was obtained the flavonoid (+/-)-catechin, from the hexane fraction of T. pallida leaves was obtained the triterpene dammaradienol and from the dichloromethane fraction of T. pallens stems was obtained the coumarin scopoletin. Scopoletin and triglyceride caused low mortality and larval weight reduction after ingestion, catechin caused only larval weight reduction. Scopoletin either affect survival by contact. The limonoid cedrelone, isolated from the crude hexane extract of stems of T. ciliata, was the most effective compound, either by ingestion or by contact. After ingestion, the estimated LC50, LC90 and EC50 values for cedrelone applied onto the diet were 365.33, 659.62 and 95,02 ppm, respectively, and after diet incorporation, the values were119.05, 491.14 and 45.13 ppm, respectively. Cedrelone caused feeding deterrence on choice test and reduced leaf consumption in the no-choice test. Cedrelone intake caused low weight gain by larvae and pupae, increased mortality and duration of larval stage in a dose-dependent manner, with sublethal effects observed at 24 ppm. Fourth instar larvae that ingested diet containing 300 ppm cedrelone showed reduced efficiency conversion of ingested (ECI) and digested food (ECD), reduced relative growth rate (RGR), increased metabolic cost (MC), relative metabolic rate (RMR) and approximatte digestibility (AD), but no change in relative consumption rate (RCR), suggesting toxic effects post ingestion and secondary phagodeterrence, in which most of the assimilated food was used in metabolism. The protease activity in the midgut of the larvae that ingested diet containing 300 ppm of cedrelone was reduced, as well the amount of heme groups related to cytochrome P450 monoxygenases in the midgut, but there was no change in the glutathione S-transferases activity. , There was an increase of acetylcholinesterase activity in the larvae bodies. Cedrelone bioactivity and the possible modes of action are discussed.

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de frações (em hexano, diclorometano, acetato de etila e hidroalcoólica) de extratos etanólicos de Trichilia pallida Swartz, Trichilia pallens C.DC. e Toona ciliata M. Roemer sobre Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), e isolar, identificar e avaliar o efeito dos compostos dessas três meliáceas sobre o desenvolvimento e o metabolismo do inseto, com ênfase para o limonoide cedrelona. As frações causaram baixa mortalidade, mas houve grande redução de peso das lagartas com as frações em diclorometano de folhas e de ramos de T. pallida, de ramos de T. pallens e de folhas e de frutos de T. ciliata, além de maior duração da fase larval, redução do peso de pupas e alteração dos índices nutricionais, sendo a fração de ramos de T. pallida a de maior efeito tóxico e com fagodeterrência secundária, e a fração de folhas de T. ciliata sem efeito tóxico, mas apresentando fagodeterrência possivelmente primária. A partir da fração em diclorometano de frutos de T. ciliata obteve-se um triglicerídeo; da fração em acetato de etila de ramos de T. ciliata obteve-se o flavonoide (+/-)-catequina; da fração em hexano de folhas de T. pallida obteve-se o triterpeno damaradienol e da fração em diclorometano de ramos de T. pallens obteve-se a cumarina escopoletina. O triglicerídeo e a escopoletina causaram pequena mortalidade e redução de peso das lagartas por ingestão, enquanto a catequina causou apenas redução de peso. Por contato, a escopoletina também afetou a sobrevivência. O limonoide cedrelona, isolado do extrato bruto em hexano de caules de T. ciliata, apresentou o maior efeito, tanto por ingestão quanto por contato. Por ingestão, os valores estimados de CL50, CL90 e CE50 para a cedrelona aplicada sobre a dieta foram 365,33, 659,62 e 95,02 ppm, respectivamente, e após incorporação na dieta, os valores foram 119,05, 491,14 e 45,13 ppm, respectivamente. A cedrelona causou fagodeterrência em teste com chance de escolha e redução no consumo foliar no teste sem chance de escolha. A ingestão de cedrelona causou menor peso de lagartas e de pupas, aumento da duração da fase larval e da mortalidade de modo dose dependente, com efeitos subletais observados a partir de 24 ppm. Lagartas de quarto ínstar que ingeriram dieta contendo cedrelona a 300 ppm tiveram redução na eficiência de conversão do alimento ingerido (ECI) e digerido (ECD) e na taxa de crescimento relativo (RGR), enquanto o custo metabólico (MC), a taxa metabólica relativa (RMR) e a digestibilidade aproximada (AD) aumentaram, e a taxa de consumo relativo (RCR) não foi alterada, indicando efeitos tóxicos pós-ingestão e efeito fagodeterrente secundário, com a maior parte do alimento assimilado sendo utilizada no metabolismo. A atividade de proteases no mesêntero das lagartas que ingeriram dieta contendo cedrelona foi reduzida, assim como a quantidade de grupos heme, relacionados às monoxigenases do citocromo P450, enquanto a atividade de glutationa-S-transferases não foi alterada. A atividade de acetilcolinesterase no extrato enzimático de lagartas inteiras aumentou. A bioatividade da cedrelona e os possíveis modos de ação são discutidos. / This work was carried out to evaluate the effect of fractions (in hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and hydroalcoholic) of ethanolic extracts of Trichilia pallida Swartz, Trichilia pallens C.DC. and Toona ciliata M. Roemer to Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith ), and to isolate, identify and evaluate the effect of the compounds from the three Meliaceae on the larvae development and metabolism, with emphasis on the cedrelone limonoid. The fractions caused low mortality, but there was a great reduction in weight of larvae with dichloromethane leaves and stems fractions of T. pallida, stems of T. pallens and leaves and fruits of T. ciliata, in addition to longer duration of the larval stage, pupae weight reduction and changes on nutritional indices. The fraction of T. pallida stems caused the highest toxic effects and secondary phagodeterence, and the fraction of T. ciliata leaves showed probably primary phagodeterrence, but no toxic effect. From the dichloromethane fraction of T. ciliata fruits was obtained a triglyceride (unidentified), from the ethyl acetate fraction of T. ciliata stems was obtained the flavonoid (+/-)-catechin, from the hexane fraction of T. pallida leaves was obtained the triterpene dammaradienol and from the dichloromethane fraction of T. pallens stems was obtained the coumarin scopoletin. Scopoletin and triglyceride caused low mortality and larval weight reduction after ingestion, catechin caused only larval weight reduction. Scopoletin either affect survival by contact. The limonoid cedrelone, isolated from the crude hexane extract of stems of T. ciliata, was the most effective compound, either by ingestion or by contact. After ingestion, the estimated LC50, LC90 and EC50 values for cedrelone applied onto the diet were 365.33, 659.62 and 95,02 ppm, respectively, and after diet incorporation, the values were119.05, 491.14 and 45.13 ppm, respectively. Cedrelone caused feeding deterrence on choice test and reduced leaf consumption in the no-choice test. Cedrelone intake caused low weight gain by larvae and pupae, increased mortality and duration of larval stage in a dose-dependent manner, with sublethal effects observed at 24 ppm. Fourth instar larvae that ingested diet containing 300 ppm cedrelone showed reduced efficiency conversion of ingested (ECI) and digested food (ECD), reduced relative growth rate (RGR), increased metabolic cost (MC), relative metabolic rate (RMR) and approximatte digestibility (AD), but no change in relative consumption rate (RCR), suggesting toxic effects post ingestion and secondary phagodeterrence, in which most of the assimilated food was used in metabolism. The protease activity in the midgut of the larvae that ingested diet containing 300 ppm of cedrelone was reduced, as well the amount of heme groups related to cytochrome P450 monoxygenases in the midgut, but there was no change in the glutathione S-transferases activity. , There was an increase of acetylcholinesterase activity in the larvae bodies. Cedrelone bioactivity and the possible modes of action are discussed.

Nutritional status during pregnancy and the effects of nutritional deficiencies on pregnancy outcomes following bariatric surgery is an important issue that warrants further study. Objective: To investigate pregnancy outcomes and nutritional indices following restrictive and malabsorptive procedures. Setting: University Hospital, Greece. Methods: We investigated pregnancy outcomes of 113 women who gave birth to 150 children following biliopancreatic diversion (BPD), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) between June 1994 and December 2011. Biochemical indices and pregnancy outcomes were compared among the different types of surgery and to overall 20-year hospital data, as well as to 56 pre-surgery pregnancies in 36 women of the same group. Results: Anemia was observed in 24.2% and 15.6% of pregnancies following BPD and RYGB, respectively. Vitamin B12 levels decreased postoperatively in all groups, with no further decrease during pregnancy; however, low levels were observed not only after BPD (11.7%) and RYGB (15.6%), but also after SG (13.3%). Folic acid levels increased. Serum albumin levels decreased in all groups during pregnancy, but hypoproteinemia was seen only after BPD. Neonates after BPD had significantly lower average birth weight without a higher frequency of low birth weight defined as less than 2500gr. A comparison of neonatal data between babies born before surgery (BS) and siblings born after surgery (AS) showed that AS newborns had lower average birth weight with no significant differences in body length or head circumference and no cases of macrosomia. Conclusions: Our study showed reasonably good pregnancy outcomes in this sample population following all types of bariatric surgery provided nutritional supplement guidelines are followed. Closer monitoring is required in pregnancies following malabsorptive procedures especially regarding protein nutrition. / Η θρεπτική κατάσταση κατά τη διάρκεια της εγκυμοσύνης και οι συνέπειες διατροφικών ανεπαρκειών στην έκβαση της, που ακολουθεί μια χειρουργική επέμβαση για κλινική σοβαρή παχυσαρκία αποτελεί θέμα που χρήζει περαιτέρω έρευνας. Σκοπός της συγκεκριμένης μελέτης ήταν η διερεύνηση της θρεπτικής κατάστασης και της έκβασης της εγκυμοσύνης, τόσο στις μητέρες όσο και στα νεογνά, σε γυναίκες που είχαν υποβληθεί στο παρελθόν σε περιοριστικές και δυσαπορροφητικές επεμβάσεις για κλινικά σοβαρή παχυσαρκία. Μελετήθηκαν 113 γυναίκες που γέννησαν 150 παιδιά μετά από χολοπαγκρεατική εκτροπή (BPD), Roux-en-Y γαστρική παράκαμψη (RYGB) και επιμήκη γαστρεκτομή μεταξύ Ιουνίου 1994 και Δεκεμβρίου 2011. Συγκρίθηκαν τα αποτελέσματα των θρεπτικών δεικτών και της έκβασης της εγκυμοσύνης μεταξύ των επεμβάσεων καθώς και με τα 20ετή στοιχεία γεννήσεων του νοσοκομείου μας και τα αποτελέσματα από 56 προεγχειρητικές εγκυμοσύνες σε 36 από τις ίδιες γυναίκες. Αναιμία παρατηρήθηκε σε 24.2% και 15.6% των κυήσεων μετά από BPD και RYGB, αντίστοιχα. Τα επίπεδα της βιταμίνης B12 μειώθηκαν μετεγχειρητικά σε όλες τις ομάδες, χωρίς περαιτέρω μείωση κατά τη διάρκεια της εγκυμοσύνης• όμως, χαμηλά επίπεδα παρατηρήθηκαν σε κάποιες γυναίκες όχι μόνο μετά από BPD (11.7%) και RYGB (15.6%), αλλά και μετά από SG (13.3%). Τα επίπεδα του φυλλικού οξέος αυξήθηκαν μετεγχειρητικά και κατά τη διάρκεια της εγκυμοσύνης. Η τιμή της αλβουμίνης μειώθηκε σε όλες τις ομάδες κατά τη διάρκεια της εγκυμοσύνης, αλλά υποπρωτεϊναιμία παρατηρήθηκε μόνο μετά από BPD. Τα νεογνά μετά από BPD είχαν χαμηλότερο μέσο όρο βάρους γέννησης (p<0.05), χωρίς να υπάρχει μεγαλύτερη συχνότητα χαμηλού βάρους γέννησης (<2500gr). Η σύγκριση μεταξύ των νεογνών που γεννήθηκαν πριν και μετά το χειρουργείο έδειξε ότι τα νεογνά που γεννήθηκαν μετά είχαν χαμηλότερο βάρος (p<0.001) χωρίς σημαντικές διαφορές στη διάρκεια κύησης, στο μήκος ή στην περίμετρο της κεφαλής και καθόλου μακροσωμία. Συμπερασματικά, η δική μας μελέτη έδειξε σχετικά καλή θρεπτική κατάσταση και έκβαση στη εγκυμοσύνη μετά από όλους τους τύπους επεμβάσεων στη συγκεκριμένη πληθυσμιακή ομάδα εφόσον υπάρχει συστηματική παρακολούθηση και ακολουθούνται οι διατροφικές οδηγίες. Πιο στενή παρακολούθηση χρειάζεται μετά από δυσαπορροφητικές επεμβάσεις ιδιαίτερα ως προς το θέμα της πρωτεϊνικής θρέψης