Communication and conflicts are highly relevant aspects in current organizations. The aim of this master thesis is to examine how middle managers experience communication with others when they face conflicts. The purpose is also to analyze how conflicts influence the relational communication. The research question for the thesis is: How do middle managers experience their relational communication with top managers and associates when conflicts occur in the workplace? The master thesis uses a Q-methodological approach to analyze the research question, where subjectivity is the primary focus. Thirteen participants sorted 36 statements that provided the data used in the study. The statements represent different aspects and experiences regarding communication related to conflicts. The data were analyzed using a Q-methodological software, PQmethod. The findings represent three different views regarding the subject, called factors. Factor 1: Direct dialogue creates a good environment and openness to conflicts. Factor 2: Good quality in the relation between us is important, but we lack good strategies to manage conflicts effectively. Factor 3: A Rational negotiations and sharing our thoughts and feelings makes us stronger when meeting conflicts. Some similarities among the factors are apparent. They all share, for example, a comfortable emotion after finding a solution to a difficult conflict. Differences among the factors are apparent in the following ways. Factor 1 promotes appreciation of a direct dialogue when conflicts occur. The direct dialogue contributes to less fear of conflicts within this factor. In factor 2 the quality of the relation is important, and there is little direct dialogue when conflicts occur. Strategies on how to cope with difficult communication is desirable. Faktor 3 has a focus on rational negotiations between parties when meeting conflicts. Both direct dialogue and exchange of feelings and thoughts is appreciated here. The findings are analyzed more thoroughly in the discussion section. / Kommunikasjon og konflikter er svært aktuelle temaer i dagens organisasjoner. Med denne masteroppgaven er formålet å undersøke hvordan ulike mellomledere opplever å kommunisere når konflikter inntreffer arbeidsplassen. Et  ønske er å synliggjøre hvordan konflikter påvirker den relasjonelle kommunikasjonen. Med  følgende problemstilling vil jeg undersøke dette nærmere: Hvordan opplever mellomledere sin kommunikative relasjon til toppledelsen (overordnede) og medarbeiderne (underordnede), når det oppstår konfliktfylte situasjoner på arbeidsplassen? Masteroppgaven går frem ved hjelp av forskningsmetoden Q-metodologi for å besvare problemstillingen, der subjektivitet står i sentrum. Det var 13 deltakere somutførte en sortering ved hjelp av 36 utsagn, som danner datamaterialet for undersøkelsen. Utsagnene representerer ulike aspekter og opplevelser rundt temaet kommunikasjon ved konflikter. Datamaterialet er analysert ved hjelp av et Qmetodisk analyseprogram. Funnene representerer tre ulike opplevelser eller syn på temaet, i form av tre faktorer. Faktor 1: Direkte dialog skaper godt miljø og åpenhet for konflikter. Faktor 2: God kvalitet på relasjonen mellom oss er viktig, men vi mangler strategier for å håndtere konflikter effektivt. Faktor 3: Saklig forhandling og deling av tanker og følelser gjør oss sterkere i konflikter. Noen likheter  eksisterer mellom faktorene. Alle deler til eksempel opplevelsen av behag etter å ha løst opp i vanskelige konflikter. Ulikheter mellom faktorene trer frem på følgende måte. Faktor 1 fremmer opplevelsen av å verdsette en direkte dialog ved konflikter. Den direkte dialogen er med på å føre til lite frykt for konflikter i denne faktoren. Hos Faktor 2 oppleves kvaliteten på relasjonen som viktig, samtidig med lite direkte dialog ved konflikter. Bedre strategier for håndtering av vanskelig kommunikasjon oppleves som ønskelig. Faktor 3 opplever å ha en saklig forhandling med hverandre ved konflikter. Både direkte dialog og veksling av følelser og tanker verdsettes her. Funnene drøftes dypere i lys av teoretiske perspektiver i egen drøftingsdel.

<p>1. Initial problem formulation 2. Iterative approach building for one reservoir 3. Testing for two cascaded reservoirs 4. Testing for four cascaded reservoirs 5. Further work</p>

<p>A wind tunnel study of speed-up effects above the very crest of a sharp-edged escarpment and a hill peak in a simulated atmospheric boundary layer has been carried out. It was desired to do a part-deep simulation of an atmospheric boundary that could be found above sea or coastal area exposed to the open sea. Because of the limited work section length was it used a modified roughness, barrier and mixing-device developed by Counihan to accelerate the boundary layer growth. The mean velocity, integral length scales, power spectrum and turbulence intensity in the simulated boundary layer were compared with full scale empirical data. It showed good agreement except for the turbulence intensity which was too low. Speed-up effects for the mean horizontal velocity and the longitudinal turbulence intensity above the very crest of an escarpment and a hill peak were investigated in the simulated atmospheric boundary layer. From the results it was observed that the speed-up effect gave a decrease in the turbulence intensity and a more uniform profile with height. A considerably increase of the horizontal mean velocity in the lowest part of the flow was also observed. Scaled-up data from the wind tunnel experiment were compared with estimations from the Norwegian standard and potential flow with varying degree of agreement.</p>

<p>Based on the no-slip boundary condition for walls at rest for the lattice Boltzmann Bathnagar-Gross-Krook method by J.C.G. Verschaeve [Phys. Rev. 80,036703 (2009)], a no-slip boundary condition for walls with a tangential movement is derived. Numerical tests verify that the present boundary condition is second order accurate and stable for relaxation frequencies close to two.</p>

<p>The fundamental principles of acoustics and of aeroacoustic noise generation are described, along with specific examples relevant for helicopter rotors. The acoustic analogy approach to computing the propagation of sound is presented, and details are given on the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H) equation. Using an incompressible, laminar Navier-Stokes solver in textsc{Fluent} the flow field around a circular cylinder and a NACA 0015 airfoil is computed. The solution of the flows are then used as the input for a simplified FW-H equation. The simulation results are validated by comparing both the flow parameters and the acoustic solution to numerical data from two different numerical studies. The validation leads to the conclusion that the method used is suitable for the both the flow and noise prediction. The pressure fluctuations are dominated by convected pressure fluctuations in the flow itself, not that radiated from the source. Due to this the FW-H method was not properly validated by the test cases, and no conclusions can be drawn as to its accuracy.</p>

<p>This Master Thesis is about the sand erosion challenges with the Francis turbines. The background for studying this subject is the fact that the sand erosion problem is a very negative factor for the development of new hydro electric power plants in many developing countries. The target with this Master Thesis has been to develop a new design, a revised version of the Francis turbine, reducing the sand erosion by 30- 50 per cent compared with today´s version of turbines. The present version of Francis turbines is consisting of three different vane cascades, The stay, guide and runner cascade. The sand erosion is in proportion with the relative speed between the sand particles and the steel cubed. This challenge has thus been analyzed and solved by reducing this speed through the turbine. Regarding the stay vanes, a new design has been proposed where the stay vanes are pressing the spiral casing from outside and not from the inside. This will result in the fact that the whole sand erosion problem has been removed. It has been proposed to remove the the guide vane cascade. This will consequently remove the sand erosion problem here as well. A favourable solution is to increase the reaction degree. For the runner a study of four different parameters has been carried out. These parameters were the number of pole pair in the generator, outlet angle, reaction degree and UCu distribution. The analysis shows that a reduction of sand erosion at the runner outlet was possible by selecting a higher number of pole pair along with a higher outlet angle than what is standard practice today. This result is of high significant importance since the sand erosion is biggest at the runner outlet. A change in the reaction degree may enable the erosion at the inlet of the runner, whereas a change in the UcU will change the erosion between the inlet and outlet. By selecting favourable parameter values, a substantial reduction of sand erosion in a Francis turbine will be possible. The turbines in this Master thesis have been designed in the computer program Matlab. A proposal for new design based upon the results of the parameter study has been analyzed in a CDF analysis. This analysis has been made in Ansys CFX.</p>

<p>A wind tunnel study of speed-up effects above the very crest of a sharp-edged escarpment and a hill peak in a simulated atmospheric boundary layer has been carried out. It was desired to do a part-depth simulation of an atmospheric boundary that could be found above sea or coastal area exposed to the open sea. Because of the limited work section length it was used a modified roughness, barrier and mixing-device method developed by Counihan to accelerate the boundary layer growth. The mean velocity, integral length scales, power spectrum and turbulence intensity in the simulated boundary layer were compared with full scale empirical data. It showed good agreement except for the turbulence intensity which was too low. Speed-up effects for the mean horizontal velocity and the longitudinal turbulence intensity above the very crest of an escarpment and a hill peak were investigated in the simulated atmospheric boundary layer. From the results it was observed that the speed-up effect gave a decrease in the turbulence intensity and a more uniform profile with height. In addition, it was observed a considerably increase of the horizontal mean velocity in the lowest part of the atmospheric boundary layer. Scaled-up data from the wind tunnel experiment were compared with estimations from the Norwegian standard and potential flow with varying degree of agreement.</p>

<p>Field A is a marginal oil field located in the North Sea, operated by Det norske oljeselskap ASA (hereby Det norske). Det norske are currently working on the maturation of the field development, and have identified three development options. • Floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO), with a bridge link to a well head platform (WHP). • Subsea tie-back to a host facility. • Jack-up with production facility (JUDP) and WHP. Produced oil will be stored in a floating storage unit (FSU). The produced oil will be stabilized to the export specifications and offloaded to a shuttle tanker. The base case for gas export is to export wet gas to a platform on another field, Field B, where it will be dehydrated and conditioned to meet the export specifications in one of the export pipelines connected to the platform. There are however uncertainties concerning the processing suitability at Field B, and Det norske is therefore investigating the possibilities for installing dehydration and conditioning equipment on the Field A platform. In this thesis, different methods for dehydration and conditioning of the Field A gas is tested through process simulations in HYSYS. A mapping of the gas infrastructure in the Field A area reveals two dry gas export pipelines; Statpipe and Vesterled, and two rich gas export pipelines; FUKA and Sage. This thesis is mainly based on dry gas export, and therefore most of the work is put into export in Statpipe or Vesterled. A literature study concerning different methods to dehydrate and condition the gas is performed. The simulations later in the thesis are based on this study. To get a comparison basis for the different development alternatives in terms of weight, costs and complexity, a simulation of a basic Field A process with no dehydration or conditioning is first simulated. This will also be the Field A process if wet gas export to Field B is chosen as the solution for gas protraction at Field A. The basic process is then expanded with different equipment for dehydration of the gas, and the different dehydration processes are briefly evaluated. The dehydration processes are then varied and/or expanded to achieve both adequate dehydration and hydrocarbon dew point in the gas, based on the export specifications in Statpipe and Vesterled. The final processes, achieving both proper water- and hydrocarbon dew point in the export gas, are evaluated and compared to the basic process without dehydration and conditioning, in terms of weight, costs and complexity,. Based on the findings in this thesis it seems dry gas export from Field A is difficult to achieve. Based on the limited information available from the operating company of Field B, the Field B process is simulated in HYSYS to check the process suitability for the Field A gas. Finally, an alternative solution to achieve dry gas export from Field A, by bleeding off propane in the process, is briefly discussed. The solution of rich gas export in either FUKA or Sage is also briefly discussed.</p>

<p>Europa har et stadig økende energiforbruk, og har samtidig mål om å redusere bruken av fossile brensel. De termiske kraftverkene er trege å regulere, og et økende innslag av vindkraft forsterker en allerede vanskelig effektsituasjon. Vannkraft egner seg godt til effektregulering på grunn av rask og billig lastendring. Norge kan bidra som effektregulator for Europa. Ved å øke effektinstallasjonen i eksisterende vannkraftverk ved og ved å bygge pumpekraftverk. Fallet mellom Tyrvelstjerna og Strandevatnet i Hol er godt egnet for et pumpekraftverk. Strandevatnet er allerede regulert som en del av Hol-reguleringen og Tyrvelstjerna ligger slik til at de kan demmes sammen til et magasin på 9Mm3 med en 230m lang og 30m høy dam. Høydeforskjellen er ca 500m og avstanden mellom magasinene er ca 2km. Svingesjakt er ikke nødvendig på grunn av den korte vannveien. Stålforing av trykksjakt blir heller ikke nødvendig hvis stasjonen plasseres langt nok inne i fjellet. Det går vei langs Strandevatnet og 2 420kV-linjer går mellom Strandevatnet og Tyrvelstjerna. Utbyggingskostnadene for Tyrvla pumpekraftverk er regnet ut ved hjelp av NVE’s kostnadsgrunnlag for vannkraftanlegg(Slapgård,05). Kostnadene for utbygginger fra 10 til 1000MW er undersøkt. De totale årlige kostnadene for kraftverket består av årlig avskriving av investeringskostnaden og de årlige driftskostnadene. Den totale virkningsgraden i pumpedrift er ca 89 %. I turbindrift er virkningsgraden ca 90 %. Det betyr at en taper ca 20 % av energien ved å først pumpe vann opp og så produsere vannet ned igjen. Dermed må strømprisen under pumpedrift være minst 20 % høyere når det produseres enn når det pumpes for å få positivt driftsoverskudd. Simulering av drift med spotpriser fra Sør-Norge i 2006 og 2007 gir ikke nok inntekter til at investeringen er lønnsom. Spotprisenes døgnvariasjoner er ca 1 øre/kWh i disse årene. Spotprisene på den nederlandske APX-børsen hadde i 2007 en døgnvariasjon på ca 12 øre/kWh. Med disse prisene ville Tyrvla pumpekraft blitt svært økonomisk. Kraftverket blir lønnsomt allerede med en døgnvariasjon på ca 5øre/kWh. Hovedgrunnen til at kraftverket ikke er lønnsomt nå er begrenset nettkapasitet. Hvis nettkapasiteten mellom Norge og Europa blir stor nok vill vi få prisvariasjoner som ligner mer på de europeiske i Norge. Men nettkapasiteten også internt i Norge må styrkes for at prisvariasjonene skal bli store nok til lønnsomhet for Tyrvla pumpekraftverk. Etter at kraftforbindelsen mellom Nederland og Norge ble åpnet har Statnett varslet at Sørlandet kan bli eget prisområde på grunn av begrenset nettkapasitet. Dermed vil prisvariasjonene fra denne kabelen bli dempet mot Hallingdal inntil kapasiteten i det norske nettet er øket.</p>

<p>I denne oppgaven er det gjennomført en dynamisk analyse av vannkraftverket Fortun kraftverk. Tre fenomener er særlig vurdert i denne oppgaven: Sjaktsvingninger mellom svingesjakt og magasin, trykkstøt ved turbinen som følge av retardasjonstrykk ved endring i turbinvannføringen og reguleringsstabilitet. Sjaktsvingningene og trykkstøt beregnes analytisk ut fra kontinuitets- og bevegelsesligningen. Modeller av Fortun kraftverk er laget for å beregne trykkstøt og sjaktsvingninger. En modell er programmert for å finne retardasjonstrykket ved bruk av karakteristikkmetoden. En annen modell bruker Eulers metode for å beregne sjaktsvingningene. En båndgrafmodell beregner både trykkstøt og sjaktsvingninger i samme program. For å se på den reguleringsmessige stabiliteten er det laget et blokkdiagram av Fortun Kraftverk for å regne i frekvensplanet. Blokkdiagrammet er satt opp i programmet simulink. SINTEF-programmet LV-trans er benyttet til å simulere Fortun kraftverk. Konklusjonen er at programmene som er skrevet i denne oppgaven ser ut til å gi realistiske resultater. Ut fra beregningene for sjaktsvingninger er det fare for at frispeilstrømning på tunnelsålen kan oppstå ved pådrag i ugunstig fase. Det maksimale trykket foran turbinen blir anslagsvis på 116 mVs i tillegg til vanntrykket fra magasinet. Noe klart svar på systemets reguleringsstabilitet kom ikke fram da det er en feil i modellen som beregner apf-diagrammet til Fortun.</p>