Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the D.Tech.: Electrical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, 2017. / The tremendous growth in the volume of telecommunication traffic has undoubtedly triggered an unprecedented information revolution. The emergence of high-speed and bandwidth-hungry applications and services such as high-definition television (HDTV), the internet and online interactive media has forced the telecommunication industry to come up with ingenious and innovative ideas to match the challenges. With the coming of age of purposeful advances in Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technology, it is inherently practicany possible to deploy ultra-high speed all-optical networks to meet the ever-increasing demand for modern telecommunication services. All-optical networks are capable of transmitting data signals entirely in the optical domain from source to destination, and thus eliminate the incorporation of the often bulky and high-energy consuming optical­ to-electrical-to-optical (OEO) converters at intermediate nodes. Predictably, all-optical networks consume appreciably low energy as compared to their opaque and translucent counterparts. This low energy consumption results in lower carbon footprint of these networks, and thus a significant reduction in the greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission. In addition, transparent optical networks bring along other additional and favourable rewards such as high bit-rates and overall protocol transparency. Bearing in mind the aforementioned benefits of transparent optical networks, it is vital to point out that there are significant setbacks that accompany these otherwise glamourous rewards. Since OEO conversions are eliminated at intermediate nodes in all-optical networks, the quality of the transmitted signal from source to destination may be severely degraded mainly due to the cumulative effect of physical-layer impairments induced by the passage through the optical fibres and associated network components. It is therefore essential to come up with routing schemes that effectively take into consideration the signal degrading effects of physical -layer impairments so as to safeguard the integrity and health of transmitted signals, and eventually lower blocking probabilities. Furthermore, innovative approaches need to be put in place so as to strike a delicate balance between reduced energy consumption in transparent networks and the quality of transmitted signals. In addition, the incorporation of renewable energy sources in the powering of network devices appears to gain prominence in the design and operation of the next-generation optical networks. The work presented in this dissertation broadly focuses on physical-layer impairment aware routing and wavelength assignment algorithms (PLIA-RWA) that attempt to: (i) achieve a sufficiently high quality of transmission by lowering the blocking probability, and (ii) reduce the energy consumption in the optical networks. Our key contributions of this study may be summarized as follows: Design and development of a Q-factor estimation tool. Formulation, evaluation and validation of a QoT-based analytical model that computes blocking probabilities. Proposal and development of IA-RWA algorithms and comparison with established ones. Design and development of energy-efficient RWA schemes for dynamic optical networks. / D

Orientador: Nelson Luis Saldanha da Fonseca / Dissertação (mestrado profissional) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T22:03:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Reigada_Eduardo_M.pdf: 1564911 bytes, checksum: d3dcb7f7ab42448bd05af8a76b3ff1d7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: A Internet está cada vez mais se concretizando como o novo meio universal de telecomunicação. Dentro de todos os meios existentes hoje, o IP sobre WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing), assim como sua variação o DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing), tem sido visualizado como a arquitetura mais promissora para o novo paradigma da Internet. Conseqüentemente o projeto de redes IP, utilizando-se como meio de transporte fibras ópticas, é um fator crucial neste novo paradigma, pois a capacidade de uma rápida recuperação da rede é a base na qual se dá sustentabilidade ao modelo. Neste trabalho, analisar-se-ão as propostas existentes hoje para a interconexão de roteadores IP com o núcleo de redes ópticas, tanto do Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), quanto de outras organizações internacionais. Mostrar-se-ão algumas alternativas de arquitetura para integração do IP sobre DWDM. Tratar-se-ão também de questões como problemas de roteamento, sinalização, controle e capacidade de recuperação da rede. Finalmente, analisar-se-ão quais seriam os próximos passos vislumbrados hoje que as redes IP sobre DWDM deveriam seguir, através de uma análise do modelo adotado pela CANARIE / Abstract: Internet does become the ¿de facto¿ universal communication carrier. IP over WDM, as well as its variation named DWDM, has been considered as the most promising architecture for the new paradigm of the Internet. IP network, using fiber optics as transmission medium, is of paramount importance for this new paradigm, given its capacity of fast network recovery. In this work, we analyze the existent proposals for IP network based on an Optical core, standardized in the IETF, as well as others international organizations. We show some alternatives to integrate IP over DWDM. We discuss also topics as routing, signaling, network recovery control and capacity. The main idea is that the physical layer can provide a fast protection and the network layer can provide a more intelligent recovery. Finally, we analyze which would be the steps visualized today for the deployment of the IP over DWDM networks, through an analysis of the model adopted by CANARIE / Mestrado / Redes de Computadores / Mestre em Ciência da Computação

Orientador: Renato da Rocha Lopes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T18:36:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Covre_MarcosRicardo_M.pdf: 1171170 bytes, checksum: c54296df40738ea9241917f550660426 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Sistemas ópticos são afetados pelas dispersões cromática e de modo de polarização que causam interferência intersimbólica. Para mitigar essas dispersões é utilizado um receptor de sequência de máxima verossimilhança, com uma métrica subótima adequada para esse sistema. Nesta dissertação uma técnica de redução de estados da treliça do algoritmo de Viterbi é descrita e adaptada para um sistema óptico de modulação por intensidade e detecção direta. A métrica é adaptada para compensar o efeito da redução de estados pela técnica de delayed-decision feedback sequence estimation. Resultados são apresentados em sistemas com dispersão cromática e de modo de polarização / Abstract: Optical systems are affected by chromatic and polarization mode dispersion causing intersymbol interference. To mitigate these dispersions a maximumlikelihood sequence estimation receiver is used, with an appropriate suboptimal metric for this system. In this thesis a technique for reducing the number of states of the trellis of the Viterbi algorithm is described and adapted to an optical intensity modulation and direct detection. The metric is adapted to compensate for the effect of reducing the number of states by the technique of delayed-decision feedback sequence estimation. Results are presented for a system with chromatic and polarization mode dispersions / Mestrado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Dans cette thèse nous décrivons l'étude expérimentale et théorique d'un modulateur à électro-absorption (EAM) en vue de son intégration verticale sur un VCSEL (Laser à Cavité Verticale Emettant par la Surface) pour des communications optiques à très hautes fréquences. La modulation externe de la lumière émise par le VCSEL, alimenté en continu, permet de s'affranchir de la limite physique due à la dynamique des porteurs et devrait donc permettre d'augmenter la bande passante comparé à un VCSEL à modulation directe. Notre approche permet de considérablement diminuer la surface utile de par son intégration monolithique verticale et ainsi la consommation électrique. La première partie est consacrée au design du composant EAM-VCSEL. Tout d'abord nous expliquerons l'effet d'électro-absorption et comment le modéliser, sa combinaison avec la méthode de transfert matricielle, et son implémentation pour optimiser les paramètres physiques des puits quantiques tels que : l'épaisseur, la concentration d'aluminium dans les barrières et le champ électrique à appliquer. Ensuite, basé sur l'état de l'art des modulateurs verticaux, nous présenterons la conception d'une structure Fabry-Pérot asymétrique pour augmenter l'effet d'absorption dans la cavité. Cette structure optimisée du modulateur sera ensuite intégrée sur une structure standard de VCSEL tout en considérant le découplage optique entre ces cavités. Je présenterai ensuite la fabrication de ces composants complexes. Nous aborderons la croissance des structures EAM et EAM-VCSEL avec notamment l'optimisation de la calibration des cellules et les caractérisations après croissance. Ensuite nous présentons un procédé lift-off innovant visant à faciliter le procédé complet. Ce procédé sera utilisé pour fabriquer le modulateur afin de le caractériser en régime statique. Nous démontrons ainsi son fonctionnement en mesurant la réflectivité en fonction de la température et de la tension appliquée ce qui nous permet d'avoir une validation du modèle précédent. Nous présentons enfin la caractéristique LIV du modulateur-VCSEL ainsi que son spectre en longueur d'onde.[...] / In this PhD thesis, we describe experimental and theoretical studies on Electro-Absorption Modulator (EAM) for its vertical integration onto a Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser (VCSEL) to reach high-speed modulation for optical communications. The external modulation of the emitted light by the VCSEL, biased in continuous-wave, avoids the physical limitation due to the carrier dynamics encountered in directly-modulated lasers and thus enables very high frequency bandwidth. Furthermore, this fully monolithic integrated approach decreases the footprint and thus the energy consumption. In the first part of the manuscript, we describe the design of the EAM-VCSEL device. First, we explain the electro-absorption effect and its modelling; its combination with the transfer matrix method, and the implementation of the combined model for optimization of the quantum well parameters: thickness, barrier Al-content and applied electric field. Then, based on the state-of-the-art of the vertical modulators, we design an Asymmetric Fabry-Perot modulator structure to improve the electro-absorption in the top cavity. This EAM structure is integrated onto a standard VCSEL device while considering the decoupling between the two cavities. I present afterwards the fabrication of these complex devices. The epitaxial growth of EAM and EAM-VCSEL structures is presented as an implementation of pre-growth calibration routine to achieve the expected characteristics and the post-growth characterization of the wafers. Then, we present an innovative technological solution used to facilitate the global process. We used a double resist stack for a self-aligned process for the modulator, useful for the mesa etch, the sidewalls passivation and the metallization, all realized with only one single photolithography step. This process is used for the static characterization of the EAM. We demonstrate the feasibility of these devices by carrying out static reflectivity measurements as a function of the temperature and the applied EAM voltage. This allows to validate the previous absorption model. We also present the static characterization of the EAM-VCSEL with LIV curves and spectrum measurements. [...]

<div><div><div><p>Numerous fundamental quests and technological advances require trapping light waves. Generally, light is trapped by the absence of radiation channels or by forbid- ding access to them. Unconventional bound states of light, called bound states in the continuum (BICs), have recently gained tremendous interest due to their peculiar and extreme capabilities of trapping light in open structures with access to radiation. A BIC is a localized state of an open structure with access to radiation channels, yet it remains highly confined with, in theory, infinite lifetime and quality factor. There have been many realizations of such exceptional states in dielectric systems without loss. However, realizing BICs in lossy systems such as those in plasmonics remains a challenge. This thesis explores the realization of BICs in a hybrid plasmonic-photonic structure consisting of a plasmonic grating coupled to a dielectric optical waveguide with diverging radiative quality factors. The plasmonic-photonic system supports two distinct groups of BICs: symmetry protected BICs and Friedrich-Wintgen BICs. The photonic waveguide modes are strongly coupled to the gap plasmons in the grating leading to an avoided crossing behavior with a high value of Rabi splitting of 150 meV . Additionally, it is shown that the strong coupling significantly alters the band diagram of the hybrid system, revealing opportunities for supporting stopped light at an off-Γ wide angular span.</p><p>In another study, we demonstrate the design of a BIC-based all-dielectric metasurface and its application as a nanolaser. Metasurfaces have received an ever-growing interest due to their unprecedented ability to control light using subwavelength structures arranged in an ultrathin planar profile. However, the spectral response of meta- surfaces is generally broad, limiting their use in applications requiring high quality (Q) factors. In this study, we design, fabricate, and optically characterize metasur- faces with very high Q-factors operating near the BIC regime. The metasurfaces are coated with an organic lasing dye as an active medium, and their lasing action is experimentally characterized. The proposed BIC-based metasurfaces nanolaser have very favorable characteristics including low threshold, easily tunable resonances, polarization-independent response, and room temperature operation.</p><div><div><div><p>The second part of the thesis deals with the nonlinear phenomenon in nanopho- tonic structures. We developed an advanced full-wave framework to model nonlinear light-matter interactions. Rate equations, describing atomic relaxations and excita- tion dynamics, are coupled to the Maxwell equations using a Lorentzian oscillator that models the kinetics-dependent light-matter interaction in the form of averaged polarization. The coupled equations are discretized in space and time using a finite- difference time-domain method that provides a versatile multiphysics framework for designing complex structures and integrating diverse material models. The proposed framework is used to study gain dynamics in silver nanohole array, reverse saturable absorption dynamic in optical limiters, and saturable absorption in random lasers. This framework provides critical insights into the design of photonic devices and their complementary optical characterization, and serve as an invaluable utility for guiding the development of synthetic materials. It allows accurate physics-based numerical modeling and optimization of the devices with complex micro- and nano-structured materials and complex illumination sources such as non-paraxial structured beams.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div>

Eelume AS is a norwegian company that develops autonomous underwater vehicles. Their flagship model is an underwater snake robot that performs inspection, maintenance and repair operations. For the time being, Eelume has been using acoustic communications between their AUV's and the docking station, but it has a big drawback: bandwidth. Eelume is interested in streaming live high-quality video from their AUV's to the docking station, which requires several megabits per second. As underwater radio frequency communications are not possible, wireless optical communications seem to be the best available alternative.   The focus of this Thesis is to design an underwater wireless optical communications system that could be implemented on the Eelume AUV, although it is designed as a standalone embedded system that could be integrated into any other platform. Two prototypes were designed and tested through-air: a low-cost system featuring a PIN photodiode that can stream a 1.5 Mbps video signal over 0.5 meters and a high-sensitivity system featuring an avalanche photodiode that can stream a 2.5 Mbps video signal over 10.5 meters.   Even if further underwater testing is needed and some inherent limitations in the design like the precise calibration or the ambient light noise effects could be mitigated. The results achieved by this high-sensitivity system demonstrates that a high-bandwidth mid-range underwater wireless optical communication system featuring a blue/green LED array as the light source and an avalanche photodiode as the photodetector is a viable solution for streaming live high-quality video over several meters even in very turbid seawaters.

archives@tulane.edu / Quantum nonlinear optics has opened up avenues to defy the measurement, sensing, and amplification limits inherent in classical physics. Separately, the use of multimode or spatially structured states in light-based communications allows for remarkable increases in the amount of information that may be transferred by an individual communication or light pulse. In this dissertation, we apply these two boundary-pushing concepts to several experimental projects, with a primary goal to hasten and facilitate the implementation of quantum and classical free-space optical communications schemes into real-life scenarios. We start by applying neural networks to the optimization of spatially-structured and pulsed light communications in Chapter 2, wherein our networks successfully learn to predict distorted optical pulses and classify noisy light patterns carrying non-zero orbital angular momentum. Chapter 3 focuses on four-wave mixing, a nonlinear light-matter interaction in atomic vapor that we use to construct quantum-correlated light beams with nontrivial structures as well as a novel phase-sensitive amplifier. Finally, we continue to take advantage of the complex nonlinear response of atomic vapor in Chapter 4, this time to create "self-regenerating" light beams whose cross-sections resemble Bessel-Gauss functions. / 1 / Erin Knutson

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