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Nous analysons cette thèse au travers de quatre grandes échelles d'observation : macrosociale, mésosociale, microsociale et micro-individuel. Dans le premier temps, pour comprendre le contexte de la gestion et l'utilisation de l'eau potable, nous allons présenter d'abord le contexte environnemental pour rappeler l'importance géopolitique par rapport à l'eau au niveau internationale, montrer progressivement le développement du pays accompagnant « une crise de l'eau » au niveau national, et au niveau régional notre exemple de Guangzhou, ainsi que les solutions et les conflits de cette crise dans une échelle macrosociale. « La maîtrise de l'eau » en quantité et en qualité est toujours un enjeu particulièrement important au niveau national et international. En second, nous allons montrer une évolution de la qualité et de la gestion de l'eau courante à Guangzhou. Dans cette partie, nous allons rappeler d'abord la cause principale d'une pollution importante nuisant à la qualité de l'eau courante à cause d'un développement d'urbanisation très rapide, pour comprendre comment l'eau courante est devenue non potable. Dans l'échelle d'observation mésosociale, nous pouvons observer les réactions et les coopérations des différents secteurs publics et privées autour de la production et de la distribution de l'eau courante. Dans la troisième partie, nous allons mobiliser notre perspective à l'échelle d'observation microsociale. Ici nous nous intéresserons particulièrement à l'usage de l'eau dans la vie quotidienne chez les individus, notamment dans le cadre de l'alimentation. Nous allons présenter d'abord une évolution et une diversité de l'eau dans la famille chinoise citadine contemporaine, de manière plus ancienne comme l'eau des puits vers plusieurs types d'eau commerciale. En face des choix, comment les individus expertisent et choisissent leur(s) eau(x) ? Comment les individus utilisent et transforment les sens de l'eau dans l'espace domestique ? Ensuite, nous analyserons les occasions de consommation et les représentations des eaux potables (l'eau courante, ainsi que des autres eaux sans goût ou avec du goût (des boissons non alcoolisées) dans les familles chinoises dans quatre grandes villes (Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou et Chengdu) en Chine à l'échelle d'observation microsociale et micro-individuel. C'est dans cette partie que nous voyons les différentes pratiques entre les chinois les plus traditionnels qui pratiquent la philosophie chinoise du qi, du yin et du yang dans la consommation des eaux dans leur vie quotidienne et les chinois plus modernes qui ne pratiquent pas du tout la tradition, ou bien entre les deux. C'est aussi dans cette partie, où nous voyons le lien interrelationnel dans la société chinoise au travers de la consommation des eaux. À la fin, nous avons travaillé sur le goût, surtout le sucré dans les boissons non alcoolisées en montrant les occasions, les pratiques et les représentations et la gestion du corps par rapport au sucre et au sucré. / We will analyze this topic based on four major scales of observation: macrosocial, mesosocial, microsocial and micro individual. Firstly, in order to understand the context of drinking-water usage and management, we will present the environmental context and the geopolitical importance of water at the international level. We will then demonstrate China's development following a "water crisis" at the national level. Finally, we will present the regional-level example of Guangzhou, along with the solutions to and conflicts within this crisis on a macrosocial scale. "Water management", in terms of quantity and quality, continues to be a particularly important issue on the national and international stage. Secondly, we will examine the changes in the quality and management of running water in Guangzhou. In this second section, we will first show that running water in the region has become undrinkable due to severe pollution stemming from rapid urbanization. On a mesosocial level, we can observe the reactions of and cooperation between various segments of the public and private sector with respect to the production and distribution of running water. In the third section, we will examine the issue on the microsocial scale. Here, we will be focusing on water usage in individuals' daily lives, especially in the context of food and eating habits. We will first describe the changing role and diversity of water usage in the modern urban Chinese household, from historic usage of well-water to various types of commercially produced water. How do individuals select their preferred water source(s) based on the available options? How do they use and transform the meaning of water within the domestic realm? Next, we will analyze the forms of consumption and the representations of drinking water (including running water as well as other types of non-alcoholic water beverages, both flavored and unflavored) within Chinese households in four major Chinese cities: Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Chengdu on the microsocial scale and micro individual. In this section, we outline the differences between the habits of more traditional Chinese, adherents of the Chinese philosophy of qi, yin, and yang, and those of more modern, non-traditional Chinese, as well as those in between the two extremes. This section also explores the relationships inherent in Chinese society though the lens of water consumption. Lastly, we address the issue of flavor, especially sugar in non-alcoholic drinks, by outlining the forms, practices, representations, and management of the body in relation to sugar and sweet drinks.

The research presented in this thesis is an explorative study into the basic concepts and the effects of dance movement psychotherapy (DMP) intervention on the attunement behaviours of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). From a retrospective analysis of positively evaluated single cases of DMP with ASD participants, movement markers of interpersonal relating behaviours have been formulated in terms of Social Engagement and Attunement Movement (SEAM) behaviours. These were organised into an observation scale, and used subsequently to generate nominal observation data on the behaviours of a small sample of children with ASD. Evaluation with the SEAM observation scale yielded a significant increase of SEAM behaviours in the course of the dance therapy. Retrospective analysis of the actions of the therapist throughout four single cases of DMP with ASD participants yielded a specific approach that was described as Shared Movement Approach (SMA). SMA has been specified as an improvisation based method of DMP that takes the child's interpersonal attunement and engagement behaviours as cues for the therapist to accommodate her interventions, so that the child's interpersonal relating behaviours are facilitated and supported. Through her kinaesthetically informed interventions the DMP therapist contributes to an increase of interpersonal engagement and attunement by the ASD participant from within the shared movement actions. The SEAM observation scale was explored on conceptual clarity and consistency in a group of independent movement analysts, and interrater agreement was used as an indication of its contents validity. An interval rating procedure with the SEAM scale yielded the best results on interrater agreement as expressed in Cohen's kappa. The Shared Movement Approach and the SEAM observation scale were then tested for replication of outcome on SEAM behaviours within four repeated single subject cases in a pilot study in a Dutch outpatient clinical setting. The outcome monitoring yielded the replication of increase of interpersonal relating behaviours as measured with the SEAM observation scale. Within subject therapy outcomes, although diverse in their individual profiles, were found to be significant when analysed with non-parametric tests. Group averages showed a significant increase of SEAM behaviours. The effects beyond therapy were evaluated with the somatic and social sub-scales of the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) and the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), showing individual differences and a significant problem reduction on average. The outcomes as experienced by the juvenile participants were evaluated with the somatic and social sub-scales of the Youth Self Report (YSR), which on average showed a significant decrease of experienced social and somatic problems. The results obtained are discussed in view of current theories on experiential approaches and concepts for psychotherapy with an ASD population.

Text in Afrikaans, abstract in Afrikaans and English / Navorsing toon dat beoordelingskale, gebaseer op spesifieke werksgedrag as geldige prestasiemetingsinstrumente gebruik kan word om die individuele ontwikkelingsbehoeftes van elke werknemer te bepaal. Die doel van die studie is die ontwikkeling en validering van 'n gedragsobservasieskaal vir senior bestuurders. Vir die doel is 49 senior bestuurders se prestasiemetings verkry op drie skale, naamlik 'n gedragsobservasieskaal wat ontwikkel is, die Werknemerbeoordelingskaal en 'n gedragsgeankerde skaal. 'n Pearson korrelasie van 0,74 is tussen die totaaltellings van die Gedragsobservasieskaal en die van die Gedragsgeankerde skaal verkry (p<0.01 ;N=49). Tussen die totaaltellings van die Gedragsobservasieskaal en die Werknemerbeoordelingskaal is 'n Pearson korrelasie van 0,75 gevind (p<0,01 ;N=49). Met hierdie resultate kan dus aanvaar word dat die Gedragsobservasieskaal 'n geldige meetinstrument van werksprestasie is en as prestasiemetingskaal gebruik kan word. / Research indicates that appraisal scales based on specific behaviour can be used as performance appraisal instruments to promote every employees' individual development need. The aim of this study is the development and validation of a behavioural observation scale for senior management. To achieve this aim 49 senior managers' performance scores were obtained on three scales, namely a behavioral observation scale which was developed, the Employee Rating Scale, and a behaviourally anchored rating scale. A Pearson correlation of 0,74 was obtained between the total scores of the Behavioral Observation Scale and the Behaviourally Anchored Rating Scale (p<0,01 ;N=49). Between the total scores of the Behavioral Observation and the Employee Rating Scales a Pearson correlation of 0,75 was found (p<0,01 ;N=49). With these results in mind, the Behavioral Observation Scale can be accepted as a valid measurement scale of work performance and can thus be applied as a performance appraisal instrument. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M. Comm. (Industrial Psychology)

本研究探究在進行跨國商務溝通時，所應具備職能為何，藉由文獻探討、訪 談、專家會議和問卷調查等方式確立國際商務溝通職能模型，並且針對一真實課 程進行評鑑工具的發展和驗證，以瞭解工具和課程的有效性。 根據研究的結果，確立了台灣人才在全球舞台上的國際商務溝通職能包含三 個層次、九個構面，即為基礎、加分和目標三層次，敏感度、同理心、積極性、 彈性、商業專業能力、運用語言能力、傳遞訊息能力、傾聽能力、和建立共識等 九個構面，並且根據這九個構面發展出每一構面的行為指標。而評鑑工具的發展 上，經過信度、效度和鑑別度的分析，確認評鑑工具的有效性。而後進行課程有 效性分析，發現課程的介入確實顯著提昇學生的職能展現。 本研究所建構的職能模型和評鑑工具皆通過考驗和證實，最後研究者提供在 教育訓練、評鑑和未來研究的建議。 / The purpose of this study is to explore what is the necessary competency for international business communication and use them to develop the assessment tool. Through literature review, expert interviews, expert panel and questionnaire survey, the study builds the international business competency model and assessment tool to offer a structure helping Taiwanese talents to go on the world stage smoothly. According to the result, there are three levels and nine dimensions in the international business competency for Taiwanese. It includes “must have”, “nice to have” and “goal” levels, which contain sensitivity, sympathy, aggressiveness, flexibility, business profession ability, language using ability, message delivering ability, listening and achieving consensus. Moreover, the research also develops behavior indicators for each dimension. In the part of assessment tool, the efficacy is confirmed by reliability, validity and discrimination analysis. The international business communication competency model and assessment tool are all confirmed the efficacy. In the end, the researcher provides the suggestions for training, assessment and follow-up academic studies.

Text in Afrikaans, abstract in Afrikaans and English / Navorsing toon dat beoordelingskale, gebaseer op spesifieke werksgedrag as geldige prestasiemetingsinstrumente gebruik kan word om die individuele ontwikkelingsbehoeftes van elke werknemer te bepaal. Die doel van die studie is die ontwikkeling en validering van 'n gedragsobservasieskaal vir senior bestuurders. Vir die doel is 49 senior bestuurders se prestasiemetings verkry op drie skale, naamlik 'n gedragsobservasieskaal wat ontwikkel is, die Werknemerbeoordelingskaal en 'n gedragsgeankerde skaal. 'n Pearson korrelasie van 0,74 is tussen die totaaltellings van die Gedragsobservasieskaal en die van die Gedragsgeankerde skaal verkry (p<0.01 ;N=49). Tussen die totaaltellings van die Gedragsobservasieskaal en die Werknemerbeoordelingskaal is 'n Pearson korrelasie van 0,75 gevind (p<0,01 ;N=49). Met hierdie resultate kan dus aanvaar word dat die Gedragsobservasieskaal 'n geldige meetinstrument van werksprestasie is en as prestasiemetingskaal gebruik kan word. / Research indicates that appraisal scales based on specific behaviour can be used as performance appraisal instruments to promote every employees' individual development need. The aim of this study is the development and validation of a behavioural observation scale for senior management. To achieve this aim 49 senior managers' performance scores were obtained on three scales, namely a behavioral observation scale which was developed, the Employee Rating Scale, and a behaviourally anchored rating scale. A Pearson correlation of 0,74 was obtained between the total scores of the Behavioral Observation Scale and the Behaviourally Anchored Rating Scale (p<0,01 ;N=49). Between the total scores of the Behavioral Observation and the Employee Rating Scales a Pearson correlation of 0,75 was found (p<0,01 ;N=49). With these results in mind, the Behavioral Observation Scale can be accepted as a valid measurement scale of work performance and can thus be applied as a performance appraisal instrument. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M. Comm. (Industrial Psychology)