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A fase alfa linha provoca uma diminuição brusca da resistência à corrosão e perda das propriedades mecânicas dos aços inoxidáveis dúplex. Neste trabalho realizaram-se ensaios mecânicos e eletroquímicos no aço inoxidável dúplex UR 52N+ envelhecido a 475ºC por vários tempos para avaliar a sensibilidade dos ensaios à presença de alfa linha. Os ensaios de dureza mostraram aumento gradual nos valores da mesma, já os ensaios de impacto revelaram que com 12h de envelhecimento o material já perde cerca de 80% da energia absorvida inicialmente pela amostra solubilizada. No entanto, os ensaios de polarização cíclica mostraram que mudanças significativas só são percebidas para tempos de envelhecimento superiores a 96h. / Alpha prime phase leads to decreased corrosion resistance and mechanical properties losses of duplex stainless steels. In this work mechanical and electrochemical tests were performed in duplex stainless steel UR 52N+ aged at 475ºC for various periods in order to determine the sensibility of these tests to alpha prime presence. Hardness tests showed a gradual increase in its values; on the other hand, impact tests revealed that the material aged for 12h losses about 80% of energy absorption capacity of the solution annealed sample. Notwithstanding cyclic polarization tests showed that significant changes are only noted for aging times greater than 96h.

A fase alfa linha provoca uma diminuição brusca da resistência à corrosão e perda das propriedades mecânicas dos aços inoxidáveis dúplex. Neste trabalho realizaram-se ensaios mecânicos e eletroquímicos no aço inoxidável dúplex UR 52N+ envelhecido a 475ºC por vários tempos para avaliar a sensibilidade dos ensaios à presença de alfa linha. Os ensaios de dureza mostraram aumento gradual nos valores da mesma, já os ensaios de impacto revelaram que com 12h de envelhecimento o material já perde cerca de 80% da energia absorvida inicialmente pela amostra solubilizada. No entanto, os ensaios de polarização cíclica mostraram que mudanças significativas só são percebidas para tempos de envelhecimento superiores a 96h. / Alpha prime phase leads to decreased corrosion resistance and mechanical properties losses of duplex stainless steels. In this work mechanical and electrochemical tests were performed in duplex stainless steel UR 52N+ aged at 475ºC for various periods in order to determine the sensibility of these tests to alpha prime presence. Hardness tests showed a gradual increase in its values; on the other hand, impact tests revealed that the material aged for 12h losses about 80% of energy absorption capacity of the solution annealed sample. Notwithstanding cyclic polarization tests showed that significant changes are only noted for aging times greater than 96h.

La problématique des émissions de particules fines, posant des risques sanitaires et environnementaux avérés, a été très médiatisée ces dernières années. La solution mise en place consiste à aider financièrement les particuliers pour renouveler le parc d’appareils. Or, une utilisation non optimisée d’un appareil dégrade de manière significative ses émissions. Afin d’amender entre autres cette réflexion, de nombreuses campagnes expérimentales ont été menées au travers de caractérisations physico-chimiques complètes et innovantes des fumées, en particulier des particules fines : la Microscopie Electronique à Balayage, la microanalyse X et la détermination du type de carbone constitutif (Carbone Elémentaire, Carbone Organique). En premier lieu, la définition des paramètres d’utilisation de l’appareil et leurs niveaux de réponse ont permis de proposer une réduction significative des émissions dont celles de particules fines. Ainsi, les impacts des paramètres comme la nature du combustible, le mode d’allumage et l’injection d’air secondaire ont été quantifiés. Ensuite, les mécanismes de formations des particules ont été définis. Dans un second temps, ce travail de thèse s’est intéressé à l’évolution des caractéristiques des particules entre la chambre de combustion de l’appareil et le champ proche, permettant d’aller au-delà de l’étude normative classique. De nouveaux savoirs sur les particules ont ainsi été mis en évidence. L’ensemble de ces nouvelles connaissances, aidant à mieux connaître les particules produites par la combustion de bois dans des appareils indépendants, permettront dans le futur de créer des systèmes de traitement spécifiques et efficaces / The issue of the emissions of fine particles, known for their health and environmental hazards, has been significantly covered in recent years. The governments made the decision to help mainly financially the private individuals in order to renew the domestic appliances stock. However, a non-optimized use of an energy-efficient appliance can degrade system performances. In order to solve this issue, many experimental campaigns have been achieved through complete and innovative physicochemical characterizations of the smoke, especially of the fine particles : Scanning Electron Microscope, X-ray microanalysis and assessment of the constitutive Carbon (Elemental Carbon, Organic Carbon). First of all, the definition of the use parameters for the appliance and their impacts allowed offering a significant reduction of the fine particles emissions. In this work, the influences of the parameters such as the nature of the fuel, the ignition mode and the air secondary injection were in this way quantified. In order to better understand the origin of these emissions produced regardless of the combustion quality, the mechanisms of formation of all kinds of particles were defined. In a second phase, this work paid attention to the evolution of the characteristics of particles from the combustion room to the near-field. This enabled to go over the classic normative study. New knowledge on particles was brought to light, helping to better know the particles generation from domestic wood appliances. This could allow in the future to create some specific and efficient treatment systems

La mesure de la hauteur des océans, des vents de surface (fortement liés aux températures des océans), ou encore de la hauteur des vagues sont un ensemble de paramètres nécessaires à l'étude des océans mais aussi au suivi de leurs évolutions : l'altimétrie spatiale est l'une des disciplines le permettant. Une forme d'onde altimétrique est le résultat de l'émission d'une onde radar haute fréquence sur une surface donnée (classiquement océanique) et de la mesure de la réflexion de cette onde. Il existe actuellement une méthode d'estimation non optimale des formes d'onde altimétriques ainsi que des outils de classifications permettant d'identifier les différents types de surfaces observées. Nous proposons dans cette étude d'appliquer la méthode d'estimation bayésienne aux formes d'onde altimétriques ainsi que de nouvelles approches de classification. Nous proposons enfin la mise en place d'un algorithme spécifique permettant l'étude de la topographie en milieu côtier, étude qui est actuellement très peu développée dans le domaine de l'altimétrie.

<p>Due to the increasing international operations for the Swedish Armed Forces these new types of opponents needs new tools to cope with these commitments. A couple of years ago the Swedish Armed Forces had no non-lethal weapons, but today the Swedish soldier has a number of tools to choose from.</p><p>The purpose of this paper is for the reader to get a presentation of which non-lethal weapons are used today by the Swedish Armed Forces and a sample of what non-lethal weapons are out on the market today. My main question is <em>which non-lethal weapons do the Swedish Armed Forces’ miss in their non-lethal capabilities set.</em></p><p>I have collected information from a wide selections of sources like reports from the Swedish Defence Research Agency, the Swedish Armed Forces’ own regulations and the Internet. The information is then processed and divided into five chapters: The development of non-lethal weapons, description of technologies, non-lethal weapons in the Swedish Armed Forces, Non-lethal weapons on the market and Results.</p><p>This paper is limited to handheld, portable and man to man non-lethal weapons, all non-lethal weapons in the Swedish Armed Forces or on the international market are not covered.</p><p>My conclusion is that the Swedish Armed Forces should acquire three 40 mm projectiles, one 12-gauge projectile and one TASER®.</p>

Due to the increasing international operations for the Swedish Armed Forces these new types of opponents needs new tools to cope with these commitments. A couple of years ago the Swedish Armed Forces had no non-lethal weapons, but today the Swedish soldier has a number of tools to choose from. The purpose of this paper is for the reader to get a presentation of which non-lethal weapons are used today by the Swedish Armed Forces and a sample of what non-lethal weapons are out on the market today. My main question is which non-lethal weapons do the Swedish Armed Forces’ miss in their non-lethal capabilities set. I have collected information from a wide selections of sources like reports from the Swedish Defence Research Agency, the Swedish Armed Forces’ own regulations and the Internet. The information is then processed and divided into five chapters: The development of non-lethal weapons, description of technologies, non-lethal weapons in the Swedish Armed Forces, Non-lethal weapons on the market and Results. This paper is limited to handheld, portable and man to man non-lethal weapons, all non-lethal weapons in the Swedish Armed Forces or on the international market are not covered. My conclusion is that the Swedish Armed Forces should acquire three 40 mm projectiles, one 12-gauge projectile and one TASER®.

A new paradigm has evolved in which multiple regulatory interactions between the skeletal and hematopoietic systems have been identified. Previous studies have demonstrated that megakaryocytes (MK) play a dual role in skeletal homeostasis by stimulating osteoblast proliferation and simultaneously inhibiting osteoclast (OC) development. Here we identify a novel regulatory pathway in which the main MK growth factor, thrombopoietin (TPO), directly regulates osteoclastogenesis. To study the role of TPO in OC development, spleen or bone marrow (BM) cells (2x10[exponent]6 cells/ml) or BM macrophages (BMM, 1x10[exponent]5 cells/ml) from C57BL/6 mice , as a source of OC precursors, were cultured with M-CSF (30 ng/ml) and RANKL (50 ng/ml) to induce OC formation. TPO (0.1-1000 ng/ml) and/or primary MK (0-0.5%), derived from C57BL/6 fetal livers, were titrated into these cultures and OC were identified as tartrate resistant acid phosphatase positive (TRAP+) giant cells with >3 nuclei. There was a significant, up to 15-fold reduction in OC formed when MK were added to all OC generating cultures, p < 0.001. Moreover, if OC generating cultures did not contain MK or MK progenitors, TPO treatment significantly enhanced OC formation up to six-fold, p < 0.01. This data demonstrates that MK are responsible for the inhibition of OC formation and that in cultures containing MK or MK progenitors such as BM or spleen cells, that TPO acts indirectly to inhibit OC formation by stimulating megakaryopoiesis, whereas in the absence of MK or MK progenitors TPO directly enhances OC formation. This conclusion is further supported by Real-Time PCR data which demonstrates that OC progenitors express c-mpl, the TPO receptor, albeit at low levels when compared to expression of c-mpl on MK. Finally, we have begun to dissect the c-mpl signaling pathway in OC progenitors. We have found that TPO induces tyrosine phosphorylation of several specific cellular proteins in the JAK/STAT pathway. Thus, TPO acts in a somewhat paradoxical manner by inhibiting OC formation through the stimulation of MK, while simultaneously playing a direct role in enhancing osteoclastogenesis.

Development of a PCI card for PCI bus based host systems, which allows for analysis of ATM data streams on ATM transmission links with a data rate of 622Mbit/s. Implementation and previous deliberations and therefrom and from given specifications arisen partial tasks Fields of application of the ATM-Analyzer board Depiction of particular development steps Functional description of the ATM-Analyzer Explanations on how to put the PCB and the employed test software into operation Assessment of test results / Entwicklung einer Einsteckkarte für PCI-Bus-basierte Hostsysteme zur Analyse von Datenströmen auf ATM-Übertragungsstrecken mit einer Geschwindigkeit von 622 Mbit/s. Realisierung und damit verbundene Vorüberlegungen und daraus und aus gegebenen Spezifikationen erwachsene Teilaufgaben Anwendungsgebiete der Analyzer-Karte Darstellung der einzelnen Entwicklungsschritte Funktionsbeschreibung des ATM-Analyzers Erläuterungen zur Inbetriebnahme der Leiterkarte und der verwendeten Testsoftware Bewertung der Testergebnisse

This study looks at characterizing the terrigenous OC sources, like permafrost, of POC and DOC through 17 rivers and six soils of the Hudson Bay (HB) using lignin biomarkers, and Δ14C. Our findings show the dominance of the OC flux (89%) from the southwest Hudson Bay Rivers, especially from DOC (93%), shedding light on the sources and fate of OC in HB sediments. With warming, organic cryosols, with high OC content in the Cz horizon, have the potential to release as much as 1.5 gOC/m2 for every cm increase in active layer depth. The [Ad/Al] ratios, when combined with 14C ages of DOM, show that older SOC is being released in some rivers and is fresher than expected due to its preservation within permafrost. S/V and C/V ratios, are well correlated to latitude in DOM, reflecting the vegetation in their drainage basins and can be used to indicate OC sources.