By using a social psychological approach, this research investigated whether occupational aspirations lead to migration. From the literature, we know that rural youth have lower occupational aspirations than their urban counterparts. We also know that rural youth often lower their occupational aspirations because of the confusion created between the benefits of moving for school and the attachment felt for home. We do not know, however the connection between occupational aspirations and migration. Are young to middle-aged adults in rural areas with higher occupational aspirations more likely to migrate out of rural areas than young to middle-aged adults with lower aspirations? The age group for this study is 14-35. Aspirations were measured using Duncan's socioeconomic index (SEI) with data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth in 1979. Results show that youth with high occupational aspirations migrate more than youth with medium and low occupational aspirations. They are also more likely to migrate from rural to urban counties and to have lived in a different county of residence in 1980 than 2002.

Thesis advisor: Sara Moorman / This research looks at the ways in which mothers influence their daughter’s educational achievements and occupational aspirations. The goal is to determine whether the Role-Model Hypothesis or Grades Hypothesis explains the relationship more. According to the literature, the Role-Model Hypothesis is based on ideas of socialization and gender-role stereotypes while the Grades Hypothesis is based on the idea of transmission of social capital, which improves test scores. In order to test these hypotheses, a series of multinomial logistic regression models were run on the responses of a sample of 7,716 female students and their mothers to the Educational Longitudinal Study, (ELS) 2002, Base Year. The results provide evidence in support of the Grades Hypothesis. A mother with higher educational attainment and a more prestigious occupation is more likely to have a daughter with higher test scores, with higher test scores leading to higher expectations and aspirations by the daughter. Implications of this finding include suggestions for the need for action, policy changes, and the decline in the importance of gender theory in influencing aspirations. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2013. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: College Honors Program. / Discipline: Sociology Honors Program. / Discipline: Sociology.

Este estudo teve como objetivo principal a comparação, uns com os outros, de grupos de Psicólogos em função das suas escolas de origem, que podiam ser públicas ou Particulares, de um lado, e de período integral, meio período diurno, ou meio período noturno, de outro. Esses grupos foram comparados em relação a: origem sócio-econômica, vida escolar anterior à Faculdade e Interesse em atuar nas diversas áreas da Psicologia. Os sujeitos foram l26 psicólogos recém-formados, com idades variando entre 24 e 25 anos; seis homens e 120 mulheres. Os instrumentos Utilizados foram: Dois questionários para caracterização dos sujeitos e para verificação de alguns objetivos e três diferenciais semânticos. Os resultados indicaram que a origem sócio-econômica diferiu nos diversos grupos, sendo que os psicólogos formados em cursos noturnos vêm de classes sociais mais baixas, que seus colegas. Essa variável afetou outras variáveis de forma significante. Os psicólogos, de uma forma geral, preferem atuar em Psicologia Clínica. Os psicólogos formados em cursos noturnos, mais que seus colegas, preferem atuar em Psicologia Industrial e os psicólogos formados em cursos de meio período diurno preferem atuar nas áreas aplicadas. Novos estudos são propostos com psicólogos formados há mais tempo, que os desta Pesquisa, para haver melhor acompanhamento de suas vidas profissionais / The purpose of this study is to compare groups of Psycho1ogists subdivided according to the fo11owing criteria: a) Type of Schoo1 (Pub1ic or Private); b) Length of Day Period (Full Time or Part Time) and c) Time of Period (Day coursesor night courses).The subjects were compared in re1ation to: fami1ies socio-economic 1eve1; schoo1 1ife previous to entrance in the sycho1ogy course; se1f eva1uations of how we11 prepared one is in the several psycho1ogy areas. Subjects were 126 recent1y graduated psycho1ogists whose age range was 24-25 y 6m. Six of them were males and 120 females. The fo11owing instruments were used: two questionnaires devised in order to get persona1 data and three semantic differentia1 sca1es. Private schoo1s subjects\' fathers from fu11 period training had higher educationa1 and occupational 1evels than those from night courses. Day students\' fathers had intermediate cores. Most subjects indicated the c1inica1 area as the most prefered one. Day part-timers preferred to work in app1ied Psycho1ogy areas. Night courses subjects were more interested in working in the Jndustria1 Psycho1ogy area than their co11eagues.It is suggested that more studies shou1d be made witho1der graduates in order to test the results of this research

The objective of this dissertation is to investigate the effect of sibling structure on women's and men's socialization and achievement outcomes in three areas: housework performance, education, and occupation. Data from China and the United States are used for analyses. The findings indicate that the effect of sibling structure largely depends on the cultural and structural contexts in each society. More specifically, although women and men on average have the same sibling structure, the meaning of sibling configuration is different for women and men because of macro-level factors, such as cultural expectations, gender stereotypes, historical legacy, and political propaganda, and micro-level factors, such as parental preferences, parent-child communication and sibling competition. To examine the effect of sibling structure on each outcome, I conduct three empirical studies. In the first study, using data from the 2006 wave of the China Health and Nutrition Survey, I investigate the effect of sibling structure on children's housework performance. The results show that sibship size, sex composition, and birth order are important predictors of children's housework performance in China. On average, children's probability of doing housework increases as number of siblings increases and singletons are least likely to do housework. In two-child families, for girls, a brother increases the likelihood of doing housework, whereas a sister has no impact. For boys, the presence of a younger brother increases the likelihood of performing housework, whereas a sister and an older brother have no impact. In the second study, I focus on the effect of sibling structure on educational attainment and the role of siblings' education in this relationship. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) are used for analyses. I find that the effects of sibship size and sibling sex composition on educational attainment are mediated through siblings' educational achievements. These effects are divergent for men and women. For women, sibship size and sex composition do not impact their educational attainment after accounting for siblings' educations. For men, only the number of brothers (but not sisters) has a negative effect on their educational attainment after controlling for siblings' educational achievements. In the third study, I investigate the influence of birth order on the prestige and sex type of adolescents' occupational aspirations using the first wave of the NLSY79. The results indicate that for both females and males, firstborn and lastborn adolescents on average expect higher prestige occupations compared to middleborns, and lastborns are more likely to have nontraditional occupational aspirations than firstborns and middleborns. Taken together, the results suggest that the gender gap in important child and adult behavioral outcomes is smaller among individuals with fewer siblings, fewer brothers, and among lastborn young adults.

Most men and women are employed in occupations largely dominated by people of their own sex. Since occupational aspirations have proven to predict future labor market behavior it is of importance to study young boys’ and girls’ occupational preferences. With the use of a survey based on Swedish 15-year-old children this study examines the association between the gender composition of parent’s occupation and the gender composition of children’s most preferred occupation. Drawing from the sex-role model that emphasizes the importance of the same-sex parents in forming children’s preferences, this study has investigated whether the gender composition of mothers’ (fathers’) occupations has an impact on the gender composition of girls’ (boys’) occupational aspirations. In line with previous research, the sex-role model received support for girls. But the observed association between fathers and sons disappear upon adding control variables. It was also hypothesized that the mothers’ generation entry into high status occupation would make children more likely to also regard their opposite sex parents as a role model. However, this hypothesis did not receive support. The result for girls can be interpreted as a sign that sex-role modeling some extent can be one reason behind the persistent sex segregation in the labor market.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Arts at the University of Zululand, (South Africa), in fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts in Research Psychology degree, 2004. / The purpose of the study was to examine certain aspects of educational and occupational development in adolescent females. Specifically, the aims were: (1) to ascertain the nature of occupational aspirations of black adolescent girls, (2) to determine the relationship between black adolescents self esteem and occupational aspirations, and (3) to find out whether parents' level of education has an influence on black adolescents' occupational aspirations. Subjects were 161 black girls, aged between 14 and 23 years, from two schools (one a private school and the other a government school) in the township of Atteridgeville, west of Pretoria. The overall results on the educational aspirations of this sample of adolescent girls indicated that these girls intend to graduate from, high school and achieve higher levels of education beyond high school. Occupational aspirations were assessed on the basis of their training requirements, on the first choice of occupation, which the students wanted more than the others; a majority of them aspired to occupations necessitating a degree. The type of schooling did play a role in influencing occupational aspirations, it is thus important to acknowledge that socioeconomic factor is the important variable , since socioeconomic influences which children go to public schools and which go to private schools. It was interesting to find that individual value for educational aspirations and social approval for educational aspirations were significantly related, and that the individual value for occupational aspirations and social approval for occupational aspirations were significant. The t-test for equality of means showed that the government school girls were slightly higher than the private school girls on school ability, while the private school girls were significantly higher on occupational aspirations than the government school girls