Les insectes coléoptères Scolytinae, ou scolytes, sont des agents biotiques majeurs de perturbation des écosystèmes forestiers à travers le monde. Ils peuvent être avoir des impacts écologiques et économiques sévères en milieu naturel et dans les plantations forestières. La dynamique et l’écologie des scolytes des forêts tempérées, boréales et méditerranéennes ont été abondamment documentées, définissant un cadre conceptuel approprié pour l’étude de ces insectes dans d’autres écosystèmes forestiers où les connaissances restent parcellaires. C’est le cas des forêts néo-tropicales équatoriales, au sein desquelles les communautés de scolytes restent à ce jour relativement méconnues, malgré leur implication croissante dans les dégâts et mortalités observés dans le cadre du changement global et du remplacement des forêts naturelles en plantations forestières. Dans cette thèse, je me suis intéressée aux facteurs climatiques et écologiques qui régissent la diversité et l’impact des scolytes dans des forêts naturelles et dans des plantations de balsa (Ochroma pyramidale) en Equateur, ainsi qu’aux associations scolytes-champignons mises en place chez certaines espèces dans ce milieu. Ce travail a permis d’enrichir les connaissances actuelles que les connaissances actuelles sur la diversité des scolytes en Equateur. J’ai pu montrer notamment que les différents types d’habitats forestiers (forêts naturelles et plantations de balsa) influencent davantage la composition en espèces que la richesse spécifique cumulée. Il existe par ailleurs des espèces indicatrices de ces habitats, dont l’une d’entre elles est un ravageur majeur du balsa dans les plantations (Coptoborus ochromactonus), et trois autres sont des espèces exotiques. L’étude spécifique de la biologie et de la dynamique des populations de C. ochromactonus dans les plantations de balsa a montré que des facteurs climatiques et d’âge des arbres influencent significativement les dégâts occasionnés par ce scolyte. Enfin, j’ai pu mettre en évidence l’association des champignons ambrosia Raffaelea sp. nr. arxii et Fusarium ambrosium avec des scolytes Xyleborus, l’un des genres les plus diversifiés et abondants en forêt naturelle et en plantation de balsa. Ma thèse de nouvelles perspectives en termes de biodiversité et de gestion des risques sanitaires liés aux scolytes dans les écosystèmes forestiers d’Equateur.Mots-clés: scolytes, richesse, abondance, composition des espèces, forêt primaire, balsa, dégâts, phénologie, interaction plante-insecte, champignon ambrosia, Xyleborus / Scolytinae insects, or bark beetles, are major biotic agents of forest ecosystem disturbance throughout the world. They can have severe ecological and economic impacts in both natural forests and commercial plantations. The dynamics and ecology of bark beetles in temperate, boreal and Mediterranean forests have been extensively documented, defining an appropriate conceptual framework for the study of these insects in other forest ecosystems where knowledge remains fragmented. This is the case of the equatorial neo-tropical forests, in which bark beetle communities remain to date relatively unknown, despite their increasing involvement in the damage and mortality observed in the context of global change and the replacement of natural forests by plantations. In this thesis, I focused on the climatic and the ecological factors driving the diversity and impact of bark beetles in natural forests and in balsa (Ochroma pyramidale) plantations in Ecuador, as well as in scolytines-fungi associations that can take place in a number of scolytine species. This work has enriched current knowledge on the diversity of bark beetles in Ecuador. In particular, I have shown that different types of forest habitats (natural forests and balsa plantations) have a greater influence on species composition than on cumulative species richness. I also identified indicator species of these habitats, one of which is a major pest of balsa in plantations (Coptoborus ochromactonus), and three others are exotic species. The specific study of the biology and population dynamics of C. ochromactonus in balsa plantations has shown that climatic and tree age factors significantly influence the damages caused by this bark beetle. Finally, I was able to highlight the association of ambrosia fungi Raffaelea sp. nr. arxii and Fusarium ambrosium with Xyleborus bark beetles, one of the most diverse and abundant genera in natural forest and balsa plantation. My thesis provides stimulating new perspectives in terms of biodiversity and management of health risks related to bark beetles in forest ecosystems of Ecuador.Key words: scolytine, richness, abundance, species composition, primary forest, damage, phenology, insect-plant interaction, ambrosia fungi, Xyleborus

Submitted by Maria Beatriz Vieira (mbeatriz.vieira@gmail.com) on 2017-05-02T12:50:45Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_daiane_gobes_de_jesus_santos.pdf: 687014 bytes, checksum: a785bb93a41c30478a5a8f868ccf5504 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-05-02T18:04:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_daiane_gobes_de_jesus_santos.pdf: 687014 bytes, checksum: a785bb93a41c30478a5a8f868ccf5504 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-05-02T18:06:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_daiane_gobes_de_jesus_santos.pdf: 687014 bytes, checksum: a785bb93a41c30478a5a8f868ccf5504 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-02T18:06:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_daiane_gobes_de_jesus_santos.pdf: 687014 bytes, checksum: a785bb93a41c30478a5a8f868ccf5504 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-18 / Sem bolsa / O pau de balsa (Ochroma pyramidale) vem se constituindo como umas das principais espécies arbóreas no ramo de reflorestamento, devido ao seu ponto de corte rápido, que varia entre cinco e sete anos. As sementes de pau de balsa apresentam dormência devido à impermeabilidade do tegumento, dificultando a sua germinação. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de métodos de superação de dormência em sementes de pau de balsa. O experimento foi conduzido na Empresa de Pesquisa, Assistência e Extensão Rural (EMPAER), situada na cidade de Guarantã do Norte - Mato Grosso. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: 1) choque térmico por 10 minutos, 2) choque térmico por 15 minutos, 3) choque térmico por 20 minutos, 4) choque térmico por 25 minutos, 5) acetona por 15 minutos e 6) hipoclorito de sódio por 15 minutos. As variáveis avaliadas foram germinação em substrato, índice de velocidade de germinação, comprimento de parte aérea, raiz e total de plântulas. Com base nos resultados é possível concluir que A imersão em água quente seguida de imersão água fria (choque térmico) é um tratamento eficiente na superação de dormência de sementes de pau de Balsa (O. pyramidale). O choque térmico com imersão em água quente e fria (80ºC/ 8ºC) por 15 minutos e recomendável para superação de dormência de sementes de pau de balsa. / Pau de balsa (Ochroma pyramidale) has been becoming as one of the main tree species in reforestation branch, due to its fast cut-off point, which ranges between five and seven years. Pau de balsa seeds presentsdormancy due to the impermeability of the seed coat, impairing seed germination. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of overcoming dormancy methods in Pau de balsa seeds. The essay was carried out at company Research, Assistance and Rural Extension (EMPAER), located in the city of Guarantã do Norte - Mato Grosso. Treatments used were: 1) thermal shock for 10 minutes, 2) thermal shock for 15 minutes 3) thermal shock for 20 min, 4) thermal shock for 25 minutes, 5) acetone for 15 minutes, and 6) hypochlorite sodium for 15 minutes. Variables evaluated were germination in substrate, germination speed index, shoot length, root length and total seedlings length. Thermal shock with soaking in hot plus cold-water (80ºC/ 8ºC) for 15 minutes is recommended in order to overcome dormancy of pau de balsa seeds.