Le toluène (TOL), le n-hexane (HEX), le cyclohexane (CHX) et l'isooctane (ISO) sont des composés organiques volatils (COVs) omniprésents dans les milieux industriels et résidentiels. L'exposition aux mélanges soulève de nombreuses interrogations en regard des possibilités d'interaction. L'inhibition métabolique étant le mécanisme d'interaction le plus plausible, pourrait aboutir à une augmentation de leur concentration interne et donc de leur toxicité. L'objectif de cette étude était de caractériser les interactions métaboliques entre le TOL, l'HEX, le CHX et l'ISO, en utilisant les préparations microsomiales de foie de rat. Nous avons donc étudié le potentiel d'inhibition du métabolisme du TOL par HEX, CHX et ISO, aussi bien que l'inhibition du métabolisme du HEX par TOL, CHX et ISO. Initialement, la mesure du coefficient de partage milieu : air (pm : air) a aussi été faite pour permettre une estimation des concentrations des inhibiteurs et des substrats dans le milieu d'incubation (CHX : 0,23 ISO : 0,21 TOL : 2,35 et HEX : 0,04). Aussi en mesurant le taux de disparition des substrats par chromatographie en phase gazeuse après des incubations de 45 min. pour TOL et de 4 min. pour HEX, le taux de métabolisme a été déterminé pour ces 2 composés incubés individuellement ou en présences des autres COVs. Les résultats suggèrent que le métabolisme du TOL est inhibé de façon compétitive par HEX et de façon incompétitive par CHX et ISO (Ki égale respectivement 0,49, 1,84 et 1,798 μM). L'inhibition de HEX par TOI est de type mixte (Ki = 4,5339 μM), alors que le CHX et l'ISO agissent sur le métabolisme de l'HEX par inhibition compétitive (Ki respectif de 0,75 et 1,54 μM). Ces données in vitro sur les interactions métaboliques pourront être intégrées dans un modèle pharmacocinétique à base physiologique (PBPK) pour prédire la dose interne résultant d'une exposition à ces mélanges chimiques. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : toluène, hexane, cyclohexane, isooctane, métabolisme in vitro

A numerical study was carried out to improve the design of an autothermal reformer for the onboard production of hydrogen to be used in fuel-cell- powered auxiliary power units (APU) to provide heating and electricity in long haul trucks when they are at rest. The development of these auxiliary power units is based upon the use of power generated by solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) system, instead of from a conventional gasoline engine. The present work was undertaken to improve the design of a prototype autothermal fuel reformer that had been developed by the Fuel Cell Research Centre (FCRC) at Queen’s University to convert liquid hydrocarbon truck fuel to a hydrogen rich product gas. In this development work and in the previous work iso-octane (C8H18) has been used as a surrogate fuel. Using this surrogate of gasoline, the reformer was simulated using various inlet steam/carbon (H2O/C), oxygen/carbon (O/C) molar ratios and gas-hourly-space-velocity (GHSV). In the reformer considered the reforming process is carried out in a compact tubular reactor with a centerline thermocouple tube using a 2% Pt-ZrCe based catalyst with a local porosity of 0.6. During the initial simulations, it was observed that near the start of the catalyst region there were large temperature gradients due to an exothermic partial oxidation reaction. In order to reduce the temperature gradients and facilitate heat transfer by conduction along the reformer, the central thermocouple tube was replaced with a central solid rod. The effects of variations in the thermal conductivity of central solid rod, of the reactor wall, of the catalyst bed, of the inert porous material near the inlet and the outlet of the catalyst bed, of the gas hourly space velocity, of the effectiveness factor of the chemical reaction mechanism on the performance of the reactor were studied. The results so obtained were analyzed to determine potential design improvements that would increase the hydrogen output. The results were compared with the previous numerical and experimental results obtained in the previous studies of the reformer and found to be in good agreement with the general trends of the temperature profiles as well as the outlet molar concentrations of product species. After the analysis and evaluation of all the results, it was found that by replacement of central thermocouple tube with central solid rod made of high conductivity material and by using material for inert porous region at the outlet that had a thermal conductivity equal to that of the catalyst bed led to more even temperature profiles within the catalyst region. It was also found that the hydrogen molar percentage output could be increased by approximately more than 25% and that the length of the reactor could be reduced by 20mm by incorporating these changes in the reformer design. / Thesis (Master, Mechanical and Materials Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2009-03-09 12:14:27.627

This thesis describes a fractionation column method of separating isobutane and isobutene to isolate isooctane.

Due to the water pollution problems created by MTBE, significant research was focused on the production of alternative oxygenates, such as ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE), tert-amyl-methyl-ether (TAME) and tert-amyl-ethyl-ether (TAEE) as octane enhancing gasoline blending components. These oxygenates are expected to improve the burning characteristics of gasoline and reduce exhaust emissions of CO and hydrocarbons. Generally, macroreticular acidic resin catalysts (Amberlyst-15) are used for the etherification reactions between C5 iso-olefins (2M1B/2M2B) and alcohols (ethanol/methanol). But in recent years, heteropoly acid compounds are being used in the production of tert-ethers to replace those macroreticular acidic resin catalysts. HPAs are known to be active catalysts for many of homogeneous and heterogeneous acid catalyzed reactions.These compounds have high acidity, high catalytic activity but they are highly soluble in polar solvents such as water,alcohol when they are used in bulk form. In this research, applicability of bulk heteropoly acid (HPA) and its supported form, to the gas-phase etherification reaction of iso-olefin (2-methyl- 2-butene) with ethyl alcohol in a continuous differential reactor was investigated. The heteropoly acid (H3PW12O40.xH2O) was supported on activated carbon, at two different loading levels, by aqueous impregnation technique. After catalyst characterization, kinetic experiments were done in a temperature range between 80&deg / C-97&deg / C with a feed concentration of 30 vol.%2M2B+70 vol.% ethanol. Supported HPA catalysts yielded lower conversion and rate of reaction than the bulk HPA. After that, to make a comparison, same experiments have been carried out with Amberlyst-15 and a different HPA (H3PMo12O40.xH2O) at 90oC. The results showed that, at this temperature, bulk tungstophosphoric acid (H3PW12O40.xH2O) was highly active among the other catalysts. Moreover, the deactivation of bulk and supported HPA were investigated and found that partial deactivation occurred when they were reused, without any treatment. In the final part of the study, the activity of alcohol-treated supported HPA catalyst and formation of side products, dimethyl or diethyl ether, at 90&deg / C were investigated. When the supported catalyst was treated with alcohol, before utilizing in the experiments, lower conversion was obtained with respect to the conversion value obtained in the presence of fresh catalyst. The studies done on the formation of side product showed that, no side product was formed at this working temperature.

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Separation of aromatic/aliphatic hydrocarbon mixtures by pervaporation has been of increasing interest in recent decades. Dozens of polymer materials have been reported for separations of benzene/cyclohexane and toluene/iso-ocatne mixtures. However, fundamental understanding of material structure and transport relations is not adequate to generalize guidelines for materials screening. The goals of this study are to tailor the structure of the polyimide materials, correlate the structure and transport relations, and establish guidelines for future materials. The 3, 5-Diaminobenzoic acid (DABA) containing polyimides were synthesized by both chemical and thermal solution imidization. The synthesized polyimides were formed into dense films by solution casting. The physical properties of the polyimides synthesized with monomers: 2, 2-bis (3, 4-dicarboxyphenyl) hexafluoropropane dianhydride (6FDA), 4, 6-trimethyl-1, 3-phenylendiamine (DAM) and DABA, were characterized by DSC, WAXD, GPC and density. The chemical structures were assessed by FTIR and NMR. The pervaporation and sorption of the synthesized polyimide membranes were tested in toluene/iso-octane mixtures at 100°C. The structure- transport property relations were established for the 6FDA-DAM/DABA membranes. The 6FDA-DAM/DABA polyimides were crosslinked by ethylene glycol. The pervaporation and sorption of the crosslinked membranes were tested in toluene/iso-octane mixtures at 100°C. Thermal imidization was found to give a higher imidization degree than chemical imidization. As a result, the polyimides made by chemical imidization contain a higher percentage of carboxylic acid groups than those made by thermal imidization. Chemical imidization gives higher film density, glass transition temperature and lower flux and higher selectivity for the toluene/iso-octane pervaporation than the thermally imidized membranes because of the higher carboxylic acid concentration. The chemically imidized membranes are slightly brittle after the crosslinking. Only the thermal imidization membranes have good flexibility and its pervaporation selectivity improves significantly after the crosslinking. Solubility selectivity and diffusivity selectivity of the 6FDA-DAM/DABA membranes were correlated with solubility parameters and fractional free volume, respectively. The structure-mass transport relations show that for the 6FDA-DAM/DABA membranes, both solubility selectivity and diffusivity selectivity contribute to the pervaporation selectivity. For the chemically imidized membranes, increased DABA concentration has a positive effect on solubility selectivity and diffusivity selectivity. For the thermally imidized membranes, increased DABA concentration has a significant effect on diffusivity selectivity only. / text

Iso-octane, n-heptane, ethanol and their blends were tested in a constant volume combustion chamber to measure laminar burning velocities. The experimental apparatus was modified from the previous version to an automatically-controlled system. Accuracy and speed of data acquisition were improved by this modification. The laminar burning velocity analysis code was also improved for minimized error and fast calculation. A large database of laminar burning velocities at elevated temperatures and pressures was established using this improved experimental apparatus and analysis code. From this large database of laminar burning velocities, laminar flame speeds were extracted. Laminar flame speeds of iso-octane, n-heptane and blends were investigated and analysed to derive new correlations to predict laminar flame speeds of any blending ratio. Ethanol and ethanol blends with iso-octane and/or n-heptane were also examined to see the role of ethanol in the blends. Generally, the results for iso-octane and n-heptane agree with published data. Additionally, blends of iso-octane and n-heptane exhibited flame speeds that followed linear blending relationships. A new flame speed model was successfully applied to these fuels. Ethanol and ethanol blends with iso-octane and/or n-heptane exhibited a strongly non-linear blending relationship and the new flame speed model was not applied to these fuels. It was shown that the addition of ethanol into iso-octane and/or n-heptane accelerated the flame speeds. / text

Th.--Sci.--Bordeaux 1, 1981. N°: 707.

Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-23T12:46:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciene Carvalho.pdf: 878421 bytes, checksum: bd74bd7628de44a85a4f2776c0680a24 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-23T12:46:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciene Carvalho.pdf: 878421 bytes, checksum: bd74bd7628de44a85a4f2776c0680a24 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Catalisadores Pt-Re-Sn/Al2O3-Cl foram avaliados na reforma de n-octano para produção de compostos aromáticos, especialmente xilenos, e foram comparados com o catalisador monometálico (Pt/Al2O3) e catalisadores bimetálicos (Pt-Re e Pt-Sn/Al2O3) correspondentes. As amostras foram preparadas por coimpregnação e impregnações sucessivas da alumina, com as soluções dos precursores metálicos. Os sólidos foram, então, secos (120oC), calcinados (500oC, 4h, ar) e reduzidos (500oC, 4h, H2). No caso das impregnações sucessivas, os sólidos foram calcinados e reduzidos após cada adição de metal. Os catalisadores contendo rênio foram previamente sulfetados com dissulfeto de carbono. As seguintes amostras foram preparadas (0,3% p/p de cada metal): Pt/Al2O3, Re/Al2O3 e Sn/Al2O3; (Pt+Re)/Al2O3, (Pt+Sn)/Al2O3, (Re+Sn)/Al2O3 e (Pt+Re+Sn)/Al2O3, preparados por coimpregnação; Pt-Re/Al2O3, Pt-Sn/Al2O3, Pt-Re-Sn/Al2O3, Pt-Sn-Re/Al2O3, Re-Pt-Sn/Al2O3, Re-Sn-Pt/Al2O3, Sn-Pt-Re/Al2O3, Sn-Re-Pt/Al2O3, preparados por impregnações sucessivas. As funções ácida e metálica dos catalisadores foram avaliadas através das reações modelo de isomerização de n-pentano e desidrogenação de ciclohexano, respectivamente. A tiotolerância dos catalisadores foi avaliada na desidrogenação de ciclo-hexano. As amostras também foram caracterizadas por análise elementar, redução à temperatura programada (TPR), espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformadas de Fourier (FTIR) de CO adsorvido, quimissorção de H2, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (TEM) e difração de elétrons (ED). Após os testes de isomerização de n-pentano e reforma de n-octano, as amostras foram analisadas por oxidação à temperatura programada (TPO). Observou-se que a atividade de desidrogenação da platina foi reduzida por rênio e/ou estanho, e este efeito foi mais forte com o estanho. As energias de ativação na desidrogenação de ciclo-hexano foram mais afetadas pelo estanho, que modificou os sítios ativos, produzindo outros de atividade mais baixa. Ambos os metais podem formar ligas com a platina, como mostrado pelos experimentos de TPR e ED. Estes metais tornam a platina mais rica em elétrons, diminuindo sua capacidade de quimissorção. A existência deste efeito eletrônico foi confirmada por FTIR de CO adsorvido. O enriquecimento eletrônico da platina também afetou a tiotolerância, uma vez que a ligação Pt-S tornou-se mais forte. Por isso, os catalisadores bimetálicos apresentaram uma tiotolerância mais baixa do que o catalisador monometálico, e os trimetálicos foram ainda mais susceptíveis ao envenenamento por enxofre, devido à ação conjunta dos dois metais sobre a platina. Nas amostras preparadas por coimpregnação, o envenenamento foi mais severo, por causa do melhor contato entre os metais. A função ácida também foi afetada pela presença de estanho e rênio, principalmente na forma de óxidos. Nos catalisadores trimetálicos, efeitos positivos foram encontrados quando o estanho foi adicionado primeiro, porque o óxido de estanho reduziu a quantidade de sítios ácidos mais fortes da alumina, produzindo uma acidez mais conveniente às reações de isomerização e ciclização. Dessa forma, o catalisador Sn-Pt-Re-S/Al2O3 foi o mais promissor em reforma de n-octano, com a mais alta seletividade a xilenos, maior estabilidade e produção de gases mais baixa. O catalisador trimetálico coimpregnado mostrou um desempenho similar e tem a vantagem adicional de não precisar ser previamente sulfetado. / Salvador

Gasoline compression ignition (GCI) engines show promise in meeting stringent new environmental regulations, as they are characterized by high efficiency and low emissions. Simulations using chemical kinetic models provide an important platform for investigating the behaviors of the fuels inside these engines. However, because real fuels are complex, simulations require surrogate mixtures of small numbers of species that can replicate the properties of real fuels. Accordingly, the development of high fidelity, well-validated kinetic models for surrogates is critical in order to accurately replicate the combustion chemistry of different fuels under engine-related conditions. This work focuses on the development of combustion kinetic models to better understand gasoline fuel combustion in GCI engines. An updated iso-octane detailed kinetic model was developed based on new thermodynamic group values and recently evaluated rate coefficients from literature. The model was validated against a wide range of experimental data and conditions. The iso-octane model was further used in 0D simulations for a homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine. The results showed that the low-temperature heat release in engines increases with engine boosting when the addition of alky radicals to molecular oxygen is more favored. Ethanol addition was also found to act as a radical sink which inhibits the radical pool formation and results in lower reactivity. Although detailed models provide clarification of the combustion chemistry, their high computational cost impedes their utilization in 3-D engine simulations. Hence, a reduced model for toluene primary reference fuels was developed and validated against ignition delay time and flame speed experiments from literature. The model was then used in numerically investigating the effects of the fuel’s physical properties using hollow-cone and multi-hole injectors in a partially premixed compression ignition (PPCI) engine. It was concluded that the effects of physical properties are evident in multi-hole injection cases, which is attributable to the differences in mixture stratification. Finally, reduced models for multi-components surrogates for three full-blend fuels (light naphtha-Haltermann straight-run naphtha and GCI fuels) were developed. The models were validated against ignition delay time experiments from the literature and tested in 3D engine simulations.