Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1972. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

During the late 19th century, a number of large marble eyes were discovered near the Athenian naval facilities at Zea. Although initially published as the eyes of ancient Greek warships, many scholars have doubted the validity of this attribution. A range of hypotheses have been presented in attempts both to discredit the notion that they are ship eyes, and to re-classify these objects. Recent excavations of a Classical Period merchantman at TektaŸ Burnu uncovered a pair of marble discs that again raise questions relating to the identity of the marble eyes from Zea. A review of alternative hypotheses relating to the identity of these objects based on textual, archaeological, and representational evidence, coupled with technical analyses of their construction, form, and decoration, leads to the conclusion that the marble eyes discovered at Zea, as well as the objects from TektaŸ Burnu, adorned the bows of ancient Greek ships between the 5th and the 3rd centuries BC. Evidence for the function of these objects is found in the works of Greek authors who show that the eyes of ancient ships marked the presence of a supernatural consciousness that guided the ship and helped to avoid hazards. Studies of eye representations on Archaic and Classical Greek domestic articles and parallels in architectural decoration suggest that ship eyes may have also worked as apotropaions to counter forces such as envy. As early as the 5th century BC Greek and Latin authors attest to a fear and understanding of envy's destructive power, which was believed to attack through the actions of both gods and mortals. Theories related to the use of eyes as apotropaions that could counter envy are presented based on analysis of material from the Archaic and Classical Periods. Links are made between Hellenistic and Roman mariners and their fear of this force, which was expressed in their use of devices that functioned to protect them from its ill effects. It is possible that ship eyes in ancient Greece served as both epiphanies and apotropaions used to counter envy.

As próteses oculares têm a função de restabelecer a estética simultaneamente à manutenção da forma anatômica da cavidade orbital, preservando o tônus muscular palpebral e inibindo o colapso palpebral. Como poucos trabalhos científicos foram realizados para avaliar a recuperação de tônus muscular em indivíduos com necessidade de próteses oculares, este trabalho teve o objetivo de quantificar, por meio da eletromiografia, essa qualidade muscular e observar a atividade dos músculos óculo motores em pacientes não reabilitados, reabilitados e controle. A atividade eletromiográfica foi captada durante os repousos inicial e final e atividades que envolveram efetiva participação da musculatura nas seguintes condições clínicas: abertura e fechamento normais das pálpebras e abertura e fechamento forçados das pálpebras. Diante dos resultados apresentados nesse estudo, observou-se que a prótese ocular individualizada não interfere nos músculos óculo motores da hemiface contralateral à reabilitada; o contato da prótese ocular nos tecidos musculares remanescentes da cavidade anoftálmica realiza efeito mioestimulador e tanto no grupo reabilitado como no grupo controle, houve maior atividade eletromiográfica nos músculos orbiculares inferiores na ação de abertura e fechamento. / The ocular prosthesis is meant to restore the aesthetics while maintaining the anatomical shape of the orbital cavity, preserving the eyelid muscle tone by inhibiting the breakdown of the eyelid. As few scientific studies were conducted to evaluate the recovery of muscle tone in individuals that need ocular prosthesis, this study aimed through electromyography evaluate this muscle quality and observe the activity of eye muscles in patients not rehabilitated, rehabilitated and control. Electromyographic activity was captured during initial and final rest positions and activities involving active participation of muscles in the following clinical conditions: normal opening and closing eyelid and forced opening and closing eyelid. From the results presented in this study, it was concluded that the ocular prosthesis does not interfered in individual ocular motor muscles of the rehabilitated contralateral hemiface; the ocular prosthesis contact on the remaining tissue of the anophthalmic cavity did myostimulator effects, in the rehabilitated and control groups, EMG activities were greater in lower orbicular muscles at opening and closing actions.

As próteses oculares têm a função de restabelecer a estética simultaneamente à manutenção da forma anatômica da cavidade orbital, preservando o tônus muscular palpebral e inibindo o colapso palpebral. Como poucos trabalhos científicos foram realizados para avaliar a recuperação de tônus muscular em indivíduos com necessidade de próteses oculares, este trabalho teve o objetivo de quantificar, por meio da eletromiografia, essa qualidade muscular e observar a atividade dos músculos óculo motores em pacientes não reabilitados, reabilitados e controle. A atividade eletromiográfica foi captada durante os repousos inicial e final e atividades que envolveram efetiva participação da musculatura nas seguintes condições clínicas: abertura e fechamento normais das pálpebras e abertura e fechamento forçados das pálpebras. Diante dos resultados apresentados nesse estudo, observou-se que a prótese ocular individualizada não interfere nos músculos óculo motores da hemiface contralateral à reabilitada; o contato da prótese ocular nos tecidos musculares remanescentes da cavidade anoftálmica realiza efeito mioestimulador e tanto no grupo reabilitado como no grupo controle, houve maior atividade eletromiográfica nos músculos orbiculares inferiores na ação de abertura e fechamento. / The ocular prosthesis is meant to restore the aesthetics while maintaining the anatomical shape of the orbital cavity, preserving the eyelid muscle tone by inhibiting the breakdown of the eyelid. As few scientific studies were conducted to evaluate the recovery of muscle tone in individuals that need ocular prosthesis, this study aimed through electromyography evaluate this muscle quality and observe the activity of eye muscles in patients not rehabilitated, rehabilitated and control. Electromyographic activity was captured during initial and final rest positions and activities involving active participation of muscles in the following clinical conditions: normal opening and closing eyelid and forced opening and closing eyelid. From the results presented in this study, it was concluded that the ocular prosthesis does not interfered in individual ocular motor muscles of the rehabilitated contralateral hemiface; the ocular prosthesis contact on the remaining tissue of the anophthalmic cavity did myostimulator effects, in the rehabilitated and control groups, EMG activities were greater in lower orbicular muscles at opening and closing actions.

Thesis (MScEng)-- Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Diabetic- and hypertensive retinopathy are two common causes of blindness that can be prevented by managing the underlying conditions. Patients suffering from these conditions are encouraged to undergo regular examinations to monitor the retina for signs of deterioration. For these routine examinations an ophthalmoscope is used. An ophthalmoscope is a relatively inexpensive device that allows an examiner to directly observe the ocular fundus (the interior back wall of the eye that contains the retina). These devices are analog and do not allow the capture of digital imagery. Fundus cameras, on the other hand, are larger devices that o er high quality digital images. They do, however, come at an increased cost and are not practical for use in the eld. In this thesis the design and implementation of a system that digitises imagery from an ophthalmoscope is discussed. The main focus is the development of software algorithms to increase the quality of the images to yield results of a quality closer to that of a fundus camera. The aim is not to match the capabilities of a fundus camera, but rather to o er a cost-e ective alternative that delivers su cient quality for use in conducting routine monitoring of the aforementioned conditions. For the digitisation the camera of a mobile phone is proposed. The camera is attached to an ophthalmoscope to record a video of an examination. Software algorithms are then developed to parse the video frames and combine those that are of better quality. For the parsing a method of rapidly selecting valid frames based on colour thresholding and spatial ltering techniques are developed. Registration is the process of determining how the selected frames t together. Spatial cross-correlation is used to register the frames. Only translational transformations are assumed between frames and the designed algorithms focuses on estimating this relative translation in a large set of frames. Methods of optimising these operations are also developed. For the combination of the frames, averaging is used to form a composite image. The results obtained are in the form of enhanced grayscale images of the fundus. These images do not match those captured with fundus cameras in terms of quality, but do show a signi cant increase when compared to the individual frames that they consists of. Collectively a set of video frames can cover a larger region of the fundus than what they do individually. By combining these frames an e ective increase in the eld of view is obtained. Due to low light exposure, the individual frames also contain signi cant noise. In the results the noise is reduced through the averaging of several frames that overlap at the same location. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Diabetiese- en hipertensiewe retinopatie is twee algemene oorsake van blindheid wat deur middel van die behandeling van die onderliggende oorsake voorkom kan word. Pasiënte met hierdie toestande word aangemoedig om gereeld ondersoeke te ondergaan om die toestand van die retina te monitor. 'n Oftalmoskoop word gebruik vir hierdie roetine ondersoeke. 'n Oftalmoskoop is 'n relatiewe goedkoop, analoë toestel wat 'n praktisyn toelaat om die agterste interne wand van die oog the ondersoek waar die retina geleë is. Fundus kameras, aan die ander kant, is groter toestelle wat digitale beelde van 'n hoë gehalte kan neem. Dit kos egter aansienlik meer en is dus nie geskik vir gebruik in die veld nie. In hierdie tesis word die ontwerp en implementering van 'n stelsel wat beelde digitaliseer vanaf 'n oftalmoskoop ondersoek. Die fokus is op die ontwikkeling van sagteware algoritmes om die gehalte van die beelde te verhoog. Die doel is nie om die vermoëns van 'n fundus kamera te ewenaar nie, maar eerder om 'n koste-e ektiewe alternatief te lewer wat voldoende is vir gebruik in die veld tydens die roetine monitering van die bogenoemde toestande. 'n Selfoonkamera word vir die digitaliserings proses voorgestel. Die kamera word aan 'n oftalmoskoop geheg om 'n video van 'n ondersoek af te neem. Sagteware algoritmes word dan ontwikkel om die videos te ontleed en om videogrepe van goeie kwaliteit te selekteer en te kombineer. Vir die aanvanklike ontleding van die videos word kleurband drempel tegnieke voorgestel. Registrasie is die proses waarin die gekose rame bymekaar gepas word. Direkte kruiskorrelasie tegnieke word gebruik om die videogrepe te registreer. Daar word aanvaar dat die videogrepe slegs translasie tussen hulle het en die voorgestelde registrasie metodes fokus op die beraming van die relatiewe translasie van 'n groot versameling videogrepe. Vir die kombinering van die grepe, word 'n gemiddeld gebruik om 'n saamgestelde beeld te vorm. Die resultate wat verkry word, word in die vorm van verbeterde gryskleur beelde van die fundus ten toon gestel. Hierdie beelde is nie gelykstaande aan die kwaliteit van beelde wat deur 'n fundus kamera geneem is nie. Hulle toon wel 'n beduidende verbetering teenoor individuele videogrepe. Deur dat 'n groot versameling videogrepe wat gesamentlik 'n groter area van die fundus dek gekombineer word, word 'n e ektiewe verhoging van data in die area van die saamgestelde beeld verkry. As gevolg van lae lig blootstelling van die individuele grepe bevat hul beduidende ruis. In die saamgestelde beelde is die ruis aansienlik minder as gevolg van 'n groter hoeveelheid data wat gekombineer is om sodoende die ruis uit te sluit.